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Canadian Medical Association Journal Jan 1960
Topics: Procaine; Rejuvenation
PubMed: 13856940
DOI: No ID Found -
Biology of Reproduction Nov 2019Procaine directly triggers pH-dependent cytokinesis in equine oocytes and induces hypermotility in stallion spermatozoa, an important event during capacitation. However,...
Procaine directly triggers pH-dependent cytokinesis in equine oocytes and induces hypermotility in stallion spermatozoa, an important event during capacitation. However, procaine-induced hyperactivated motility is abolished when sperm is washed to remove the procaine prior to sperm-oocyte co-incubation. To understand how procaine exerts its effects, the external Ca2+ and Na+ and weak base activity dependency of procaine-induced hyperactivation in stallion spermatozoa was assessed using computer-assisted sperm analysis. Percoll-washed stallion spermatozoa exposed to Ca2+-depleted (+2 mM EGTA) procaine-supplemented capacitating medium (CM) still demonstrated hyperactivated motility, whereas CM without NaCl or Na+ did not. Both procaine and NH4Cl, another weak base, were shown to trigger a cytoplasmic pH increase (BCECF-acetoxymethyl (AM)), which is primarily induced by a pH rise in acidic cell organelles (Lysosensor green dnd-189), accompanied by hypermotility in stallion sperm. As for procaine, 25 mM NH4Cl also induced oocyte cytokinesis. Interestingly, hyperactivated motility was reliably induced by 2.5-10 mM procaine, whereas a significant cytoplasmic cAMP increase and tail-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation were only observed at 10 mM. Moreover, 25 mM NH4Cl did not support the latter capacitation characteristics. Additionally, cAMP levels were more than 10× higher in boar than stallion sperm incubated under similar capacitating conditions. Finally, stallion sperm preincubated with 10 mM procaine did not fertilize equine oocytes. In conclusion, 10 mM procaine causes a cytoplasmic and acidic sperm cell organelle pH rise that simultaneously induces hyperactivated motility, increased levels of cAMP and tail-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation in stallion spermatozoa. However, procaine-induced hypermotility is independent of the cAMP/protein tyrosine phosphorylation pathway.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Cytoplasm; DNA; Embryonic Development; Fertilization in Vitro; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Oocytes; Organelles; Procaine; Semen Analysis; Sodium; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 31373616
DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz131 -
Medicine Jul 2022Post COVID-19 syndrome (PC-19S) appears to be independent of acute illness severity and humoral response. The involvement of the autonomic nervous system (ANS),...
BACKGROUND
Post COVID-19 syndrome (PC-19S) appears to be independent of acute illness severity and humoral response. The involvement of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), expressed by dysautonomia, has been hypothesized as a contributor. Several studies have associated the therapeutic effects of local anesthetics (LA) to their action on the ANS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of therapeutic injections with LA linked to clinical improvement in a patient with PC-19S.
PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSES
This was a 54-year-old-man with postCOVID-19 symptoms lasting 14 weeks, including fatigue, breathlessness, diarrhea, muscle pain, and emotional lability.
INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOME
Injections of 0.5% procaine in the stellate ganglion (SG) and sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), and in clinically relevant points in the scalp, thorax, and abdomen were performed 3 times over 3 months. The patient reported progressive improvement and was asymptomatic upon completing the treatment. Prescribed medications were discontinued. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) score showed significant improvement across all SF-36-domains.
CONCLUSION
Subanesthetic doses of LA injected in clinically relevant points led to rapid and complete symptom resolution in this patient with PC-19S. Targeted LA injections may have therapeutic benefits in PC-19S and in other chronic diseases linked to stress and inflammation.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; COVID-19; Humans; Middle Aged; Procaine; Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
PubMed: 35839020
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000029358 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2020To ameliorate ischemia-induced graft injury, optimal organ preservation remains a critical hallmark event in solid organ transplantation. Although numerous preservation... (Review)
Review
To ameliorate ischemia-induced graft injury, optimal organ preservation remains a critical hallmark event in solid organ transplantation. Although numerous preservation solutions are in use, they still have functional limitations. Here, we present a concise review of a modified Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarate (HTK) solution, named HTK-N. Its composition differs from standard HTK solution, carrying larger antioxidative capacity and providing inherent toxicity as well as improved tolerance to cold aiming to attenuate cold storage injury in organ transplantation. The amino acids glycine, alanine and arginine were supplemented, N-acetyl-histidine partially replaced histidine, and aspartate and lactobionate substituted chloride. Several in vitro studies confirmed the superiority of HTK-N in comparison to HTK, being tested in vivo in animal models for liver, kidney, pancreas, small bowel, heart and lung transplantation to adjust ingredients for required conditions, as well as to determine its innocuousness, applicability and potential advantages. HTK-N solution has proven to be advantageous especially in the preservation of liver and heart grafts in vivo and in vitro. Thus, ongoing clinical trials and further studies in large animal models and consequently in humans are inevitable to show its ability minimizing ischemia-induced graft injury in the sequel of organ transplantation.
Topics: Alanine; Animals; Arginine; Cryopreservation; Glucose; Glycine; Humans; Liver; Mannitol; Organ Preservation; Organ Preservation Solutions; Organ Transplantation; Pancreas; Potassium Chloride; Procaine; Reperfusion Injury
PubMed: 32899772
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186468 -
Neurotoxicology Jan 2022Spinally-administered local anesthetics provide effective perioperative anesthesia and/or analgesia for children of all ages. New preparations and drugs require...
Spinally-administered local anesthetics provide effective perioperative anesthesia and/or analgesia for children of all ages. New preparations and drugs require preclinical safety testing in developmental models. We evaluated age-dependent efficacy and safety following 1 % preservative-free 2-chloroprocaine (2-CP) in juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats. Percutaneous lumbar intrathecal 2-CP was administered at postnatal day (P)7, 14 or 21. Mechanical withdrawal threshold pre- and post-injection evaluated the degree and duration of sensory block, compared to intrathecal saline and naive controls. Tissue analyses one- or seven-days following injection included histopathology of spinal cord, cauda equina and brain sections, and quantification of neuronal apoptosis and glial reactivity in lumbar spinal cord. Following intrathecal 2-CP or saline at P7, outcomes assessed between P30 and P72 included: spinal reflex sensitivity (hindlimb thermal latency, mechanical threshold); social approach (novel rat versus object); locomotor activity and anxiety (open field with brightly-lit center); exploratory behavior (rearings, holepoking); sensorimotor gating (acoustic startle, prepulse inhibition); and learning (Morris Water Maze). Maximum tolerated doses of intrathecal 2-CP varied with age (1.0 μL/g at P7, 0.75 μL/g at P14, 0.5 μL/g at P21) and produced motor and sensory block for 10-15 min. Tissue analyses found no significant differences across intrathecal 2-CP, saline or naïve groups. Adult behavioral measures showed expected sex-dependent differences, that did not differ between 2-CP and saline groups. Single maximum tolerated in vivo doses of intrathecal 2-CP produced reversible spinal anesthesia in juvenile rodents without detectable evidence of developmental neurotoxicity. Current results cannot be extrapolated to repeated dosing or prolonged infusion.
Topics: Animals; Caspase 3; Cauda Equina; Female; Injections, Spinal; Male; Morris Water Maze Test; Motor Activity; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Procaine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Gating
PubMed: 34801587
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.11.010 -
British Medical Journal Jan 1953
Topics: Procainamide; Procaine
PubMed: 13009170
DOI: No ID Found -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Oct 1947
Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Humans; Procaine
PubMed: 20264799
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Jan 2021Since January 2019, surgical castration of male piglets must be performed using local anaesthesia, if farmers deliver pigs to the primary exporting slaughterhouses...
BACKGROUND
Since January 2019, surgical castration of male piglets must be performed using local anaesthesia, if farmers deliver pigs to the primary exporting slaughterhouses according to the "Danish quality scheme"; a voluntary initiative taken by the Danish pig industry. The approved procedure for local anaesthesia in Denmark is a three-step injection method with procaine. A comparison of lidocaine and procaine with the same concentration and injection methods of local anaesthetics has not previously been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two injection methods and two local anaesthetics on piglets' avoidance behaviour (vocalisation and resistance movements) as well as the time spent on the procedures. The study included 203 male piglets that were randomly assigned to one of five treatments: 1.
CONTROL
Sham-handling without injection of local anaesthesia, 2. Pro3: Procaine injection using a three-step method, 3. Pro2: Procaine injection using a two-step method, 4. Lid3: Lidocaine injection using a three-step method, 5. Lid2: Lidocaine injection using a two-step method. During injection of local anaesthesia and castration, vocalisation was measured using a decibel meter and resistance movements were registrated by video recordings.
RESULTS
During castration, piglets treated with local anaesthesia showed significantly reduced vocalisation and resistance movements and time spent on castration was also significantly reduced compared to the control group. During injection of the local anaesthesia, the piglets had significantly increased vocalisation and resistance movements compared to the control group. Piglets injected with lidocaine had a significantly reduced resistance movement score and a tendency to reduced vocalisation compared to piglets injected with procaine. No differences in avoidance behaviour were found between the injection methods.
CONCLUSIONS
The use of local anaesthesia, irrespective of the method and local anaesthetic, was effective in reducing vocalisation and resistance movements during surgery as well as the time spent on castration.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Castration; Industry; Lidocaine; Male; Meat; Pain Measurement; Procaine; Swine; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33407757
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00566-8 -
The Journal of General Physiology Nov 1960The interactions of veratridine, cevadine, veracevine, and veratramine with monolayers of stearic acid show marked differences. Veratridine and cevadine, at...
The interactions of veratridine, cevadine, veracevine, and veratramine with monolayers of stearic acid show marked differences. Veratridine and cevadine, at concentrations that are known from potential, ionic flux, and other measurements to affect living membranes, react strongly with the film and appear to cause an "interfacial dissolution" whereby both the alkaloid and the stearate leave the surface. Veracevine at the same concentration does not interact with the film. The veratramine reaction is weak, much like that of the local anesthetic procaine. The veratridine and cevadine effects are antagonized by 10(-3)M Ca(++), low pH, and 3.7 and 7.4 x 10(-3)M procaine. These differences among the veratrum alkaloids and the antagonisms parallel effects observed in living systems. Such parallelism suggests that similar physical interactions are involved in the stearate film and in natural membranes.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Calcium; Procaine; Stearates; Stearic Acids; Veratrine; Veratrum; Veratrum Alkaloids
PubMed: 13750673
DOI: 10.1085/jgp.44.2.345 -
Japanese Journal of Pharmacology Apr 1977We examined the effects of pretreatment with phenobarbital and tricresylphosphates, TOCP and TCP, on the metabolism and toxicity of procaine in rats. A single...
We examined the effects of pretreatment with phenobarbital and tricresylphosphates, TOCP and TCP, on the metabolism and toxicity of procaine in rats. A single administration of procaine at a dose of 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally to adult rats caused convulsion, however, phenobarbital (80 mg/kg intraperitoneally daily, 4 days) pretreatment protected against the toxicity or procaine. In contrast, pretreatment of rats with TOCP (10 mg/kg per os) or TCP (10 mg/kg per os) revealed a higher incidence of toxicity as compared to control rats. Mortality in procaine-treated rats was significantly decreased with phenobarbital-pretreatment and, conversely, increased with TOCP and TCP. Paralysis, convulsion and death were induced at the brain level of procaine of 0.303 +/- 0.025, 0.480 +/- 0.026 and 0.565 +/- 0.018 mumole/g brain wet weight, respectively. Toxic effects of procaine were, therefore, concluded to be due to the accumulation of the drug in the brain.
Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Animals; Brain; Cresols; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Esterases; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Phenobarbital; Procaine; Rats; Tritolyl Phosphates
PubMed: 301955
DOI: 10.1254/jjp.27.233