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Assessment of Chitosan-Based Hydrogel and Photodynamic Inactivation against Propionibacterium acnes.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2018Chitosan (CH) is a biopolymer that exhibits a number of interesting properties such as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity and is also a promising platform for...
Chitosan (CH) is a biopolymer that exhibits a number of interesting properties such as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity and is also a promising platform for the incorporation of photosensitizing agents. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial activity of chitosan hydrogel formulation alone and in combination with the methylene blue (MB) associated with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against planktonic and biofilm phase of . Suspensions were sensitized with 12.5, 25.0, 37.5, 50.0 μg/mL of MB for 10 min and biofilms to 75, 100 and 150 μg/mL for 30 min then exposed to red light (660 nm) at 90 J/cm² and 150 J/cm² respectively. After treatments, survival fractions were calculated by counting the number of colony-forming units. The lethal effect of aPDT associated with CH hydrogel in planktonic phase was achieved with 12.5 µg/mL MB and 1.9 log biofilm reduction using 75 µg/mL MB. Rheological studies showed that formulations exhibited pseudoplastic non-Newtonian behavior without thixotropy. Bioadhesion test evidenced that the formulations are highly adhesive to skin and the incorporation of MB did not influence the bioadhesive force of the formulations.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Chitosan; Humans; Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; Methylene Blue; Photochemotherapy; Propionibacterium acnes; Rheology
PubMed: 29470387
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020473 -
International Journal of Medical... Nov 2016Propionibacterium acnes has been detected in diseased human prostate tissue, and cell culture experiments suggest that the bacterium can establish a low-grade...
Propionibacterium acnes has been detected in diseased human prostate tissue, and cell culture experiments suggest that the bacterium can establish a low-grade inflammation. Here, we investigated its impact on human primary prostate epithelial cells. Microarray analysis confirmed the inflammation-inducing capability of P. acnes but also showed deregulation of genes involved in the cell cycle. qPCR experiments showed that viable P. acnes downregulates a master regulator of cell cycle progression, FOXM1. Flow cytometry experiments revealed that P. acnes increases the number of cells in S-phase. We tested the hypothesis that a P. acnes-produced berninamycin-like thiopeptide is responsible for this effect, since it is related to the FOXM1 inhibitor siomycin. The thiopeptide biosynthesis gene cluster was strongly expressed; it is present in subtype IB of P. acnes, but absent from type IA, which is most abundant on human skin. A knock-out mutant lacking the gene encoding the berninamycin-like peptide precursor was unable to downregulate FOXM1 and to halt the cell cycle. Our study reveals a novel host cell-interacting activity of P. acnes.
Topics: Cell Cycle; Epithelial Cells; Forkhead Box Protein M1; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Knockout Techniques; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Male; Microarray Analysis; Peptides; Propionibacterium acnes; Prostate; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 27424770
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.06.006 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Apr 2012Propionibacterium acnes is a commensal of human skin but is also implicated in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris, in biofilm-associated infections of medical devices and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Propionibacterium acnes is a commensal of human skin but is also implicated in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris, in biofilm-associated infections of medical devices and endophthalmitis, and in infections of bone and dental root canals. Recent studies associate P. acnes with prostate cancer. As the species includes evolutionary lineages with distinct association with health and disease, there is a need for a high-resolution typing scheme. Recently, two multilocus sequence typing (MLST) schemes were reported, one based on nine and one based on seven housekeeping genes. In the present study, the two schemes were compared with reference to a phylogenetic tree based on 78 P. acnes genomes and their gene contents. Further support for a basically clonal population structure of P. acnes and a scenario of the global spread of epidemic clones of P. acnes was obtained. Compared to the Belfast scheme, the Aarhus MLST scheme (http://pacnes.mlst.net/), which is based on nine genes, offers significantly enhanced resolution and phylogenetic inferences more concordant with analyses based on a comprehensive sampling of the entire genomes, their gene contents, and their putative pathogenic potential.
Topics: Algorithms; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Genes, Bacterial; Genes, Essential; Humans; Models, Genetic; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phenotype; Phylogeny; Propionibacterium acnes
PubMed: 22259216
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.r06129-11 -
AAPS PharmSciTech Apr 2014The objective of this study was to study the effect of formulation compositions on physicochemical properties and anti-Propionibacterium acnes activity of film-forming...
The objective of this study was to study the effect of formulation compositions on physicochemical properties and anti-Propionibacterium acnes activity of film-forming solutions containing alpha-mangostin-rich extract (AM). Film-forming solution bases and film-forming solutions containing AM were prepared by using Eudragit RL PO or Klucel LF or combinations of them as film-forming polymers. Rheological properties, pH values of the solutions, and mechanical properties of the dry films were investigated. An optimized formulation was selected and evaluated for the film surface, in vitro AM release, an anti-P. acnes activity, and potential for being a skin irritant. It was found that mechanical properties of the dry films were affected by total polymer contents, ratios of Klucel LF/Eudragit RL PO, AM, and contents of triethyl citrate. The film-forming solutions containing AM had pH values around 7.0. Their flow curves exhibited Newtonian flow behaviors. The optimized formulation provided films possessing smooth and nonporous surfaces. These films showed greater anti-P. acnes activity than their base films without toxicity to skin fibroblasts. Furthermore, AM released from the film matrix obeyed Higuchi's equation. In conclusion, the film-forming solutions containing AM had potential for treatment of acne vulgaris caused by P. acnes. However, further in vivo study is necessary to determine their efficacy and safety for using in patients suffering from acne vulgaris.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Garcinia mangostana; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts; Propionibacterium acnes; Solutions; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Xanthones
PubMed: 24327275
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-0057-8 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2018Accumulating evidence suggests that () is a novel pathogenic factor promoting intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). However, the underlying mechanisms by which...
Accumulating evidence suggests that () is a novel pathogenic factor promoting intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). However, the underlying mechanisms by which induces IVDD have been unclear. In this study, we quantified the severity of IVDD, as well as the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2)/prostaglandin (PGE) in human intervertebral discs (IVDs) infected with . Compared with -negative IVDs, -positive IVDs showed increased iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE activity concomitant with more severe IVDD. In order to detect the potential correlation between iNOS/NO expression, COX-2/PGE expression, and IVDD, we developed a -induced IVDD rat model and found that the upregulation of iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE was essential to the occurrence of -induced IVDD. This finding was supported by the fact that the inhibition of iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE activity ameliorated IVDD significantly, as evidenced by restored aggrecan and collagen II expression both and . Mechanistically, we found that induced iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE expressions via a reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) dependent NF-B cascade. Furthermore, NADPH oxidase participated in -induced ROS, iNOS/NO, and COX-2/PGE expressions. Overall, these findings further validated the involvement of in the pathology of IVDD and provided evidence that -induced iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE activation via the ROS-dependent NF-B pathway is likely responsible for the pathology of IVDD.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Cyclooxygenase 2; Female; Humans; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration; Male; Middle Aged; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Propionibacterium acnes; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 30210652
DOI: 10.1155/2018/3692752 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Nov 2010The predominant cultivable microbiota from 20 refractory endodontic lesions (9 with abscesses and 11 without abscesses) were determined, and Propionibacterium acnes and...
The predominant cultivable microbiota from 20 refractory endodontic lesions (9 with abscesses and 11 without abscesses) were determined, and Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis were among the most predominant organisms. The number of species identified from lesions with abscesses (14.1 ± 2.6) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than the number from lesions without abscesses (7.4 ± 5.9). Comparison of perioral isolates using repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR of the same species from the same subjects demonstrated that the endodontic and skin populations were significantly different. The P. acnes isolates were typed on the basis of recA gene sequence comparison, and only three types (types I, II, and III) were identified among 125 isolates examined. However, we found that type I (type IA and IB) isolates were primarily isolated from the skin, while types II and III were significantly more likely to be isolated from the endodontic lesions (P < 10(-10)). We found that the robustness of the recA phylotypes was not strong by comparing the partial gene sequences of six putative virulence determinants, PAmce, PAp60, PA-25957, PA-5541, PA-21293, and PA-4687. The resulting neighbor-joining trees were incongruent, and significant (phi test; P = 2.2 × 10(-7)) evidence of recombination was demonstrated, with significant phylogenetic heterogeneity being apparent within the clusters. P. acnes and S. epidermidis isolated from refractory endodontic infections, with or without periapical abscesses, are likely to be nosocomial infections.
Topics: Abscess; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Cluster Analysis; Genotype; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Mouth; Opportunistic Infections; Phylogeny; Propionibacterium acnes; Pulpitis; Rec A Recombinases; Skin; Staphylococcus epidermidis
PubMed: 20739494
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01326-10 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 2014Propionibacterium acnes is known primarily as a skin commensal. However, it can present as an opportunistic pathogen via bacterial seeding to cause invasive infections... (Review)
Review
Propionibacterium acnes is known primarily as a skin commensal. However, it can present as an opportunistic pathogen via bacterial seeding to cause invasive infections such as implant-associated infections. These infections have gained more attention due to improved diagnostic procedures, such as sonication of explanted foreign materials and prolonged cultivation time of up to 14 days for periprosthetic biopsy specimens, and improved molecular methods, such as broad-range 16S rRNA gene PCR. Implant-associated infections caused by P. acnes are most often described for shoulder prosthetic joint infections as well as cerebrovascular shunt infections, fibrosis of breast implants, and infections of cardiovascular devices. P. acnes causes disease through a number of virulence factors, such as biofilm formation. P. acnes is highly susceptible to a wide range of antibiotics, including beta-lactams, quinolones, clindamycin, and rifampin, although resistance to clindamycin is increasing. Treatment requires a combination of surgery and a prolonged antibiotic treatment regimen to successfully eliminate the remaining bacteria. Most authors suggest a course of 3 to 6 months of antibiotic treatment, including 2 to 6 weeks of intravenous treatment with a beta-lactam. While recently reported data showed a good efficacy of rifampin against P. acnes biofilms, prospective, randomized, controlled studies are needed to confirm evidence for combination treatment with rifampin, as has been performed for staphylococcal implant-associated infections.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Metagenome; Microbiota; Propionibacterium acnes; Prostheses and Implants; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Virulence
PubMed: 24982315
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00092-13 -
PloS One 2015Breast cancer is one of the most invasive cancers with high mortality. The immune stimulating Propionibacterium acnes is a Gram positive bacterium that has the ability...
Breast cancer is one of the most invasive cancers with high mortality. The immune stimulating Propionibacterium acnes is a Gram positive bacterium that has the ability to cause inflammation and activate Th1-type cytokine immune response. Antitumor response was associated with the inflammation induced by P. acnes, but the antitumor effect of this bacterium was not evaluated in combination with other agents. The aim of this study was to test the antitumor potential of a combination of melatonin and P. acnes against breast cancer implanted in mice. Balb/C mice were transplanted with EMT6/P cell line and in vivo antitumor effect was assessed for P. acnes, melatonin, and a combination of melatonin and P. acnes. Tumor and organs sections were examined using hematoxylin/eosin staining protocol, and TUNEL colorimetric assay was used to detect apoptosis. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured in tumor sections and serum levels of INF-γ, and IL-4 were measured to evaluate the immune system function. To evaluate the toxicity of our combination, AST and ALT levels were measured in the serum of treated mice. The combination of melatonin and P. acnes has high efficiency in targeting breast cancer in mice. Forty percent of treated mice were completely cured using this combination and the combination inhibited metastasis of cancer cells to other organs. The combination therapy reduced angiogenesis, exhibited no toxicity, induced apoptosis, and stimulates strong Th1-type cytokine antitumor immune response. The combination of melatonin and P. acnes represents a promising option to treat breast cancer. However, carful preclinical and clinical evaluation is needed before considering this combination for human therapy.
Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Colorimetry; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Immunologic Factors; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-4; Liver Neoplasms; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Melatonin; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neoplasm Transplantation; Propionibacterium acnes; Staining and Labeling; Tumor Burden; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
PubMed: 25919398
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124384 -
PloS One 2014Recent reports on Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) suggest that this bacterium is prevalent in the prostate, is associated with acute and chronic prostatic...
BACKGROUND
Recent reports on Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) suggest that this bacterium is prevalent in the prostate, is associated with acute and chronic prostatic inflammation, and might have a role in prostate carcinogenesis.
METHODS
To evaluate the pathogenic role of this indigenous bacterium, we screened for the bacterium in radical prostatectomy specimens using enzyme immunohistochemistry with a novel P. acnes-specific monoclonal antibody (PAL antibody), together with an anti-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) antibody. We examined formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections of radical prostatectomy specimens from 28 patients with prostate cancer and 18 age-matched control patients with bladder cancer, but without prostate cancer.
RESULTS
Immunohistochemistry with the PAL antibody revealed small round bodies within some non-cancerous glandular epithelium and stromal macrophages in most prostate samples. Prostate cancer samples had higher frequencies of either cytoplasmic P. acnes or nuclear NF-κB expression of glandular epithelium and higher numbers of stromal macrophages with P. acnes than control samples. These parameters were also higher in the peripheral zone than in the transitional zone of the prostate, especially in prostate cancer samples. Nuclear NF-κB expression was more frequent in glands with P. acnes than in glands without P. acnes. The number of stromal macrophages with the bacterium correlated with the grade of chronic inflammation in both the PZ and TZ areas and with the grade of acute inflammation in the TZ area.
CONCLUSIONS
Immunohistochemical analysis with a novel monoclonal antibody for detecting P. acnes in the prostate suggested that intraepithelial P. acnes infection in non-cancerous prostate glands and inflammation caused by the bacterium may contribute to the development of prostate cancer.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Epithelial Cells; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; NF-kappa B; Propionibacterium acnes; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 24587325
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090324 -
European Journal of Clinical... Feb 2015Propionibacterium acnes belongs to the normal skin microbiota, but it is also responsible for acne vulgaris and causes serious infections such as endocarditis and...
Propionibacterium acnes belongs to the normal skin microbiota, but it is also responsible for acne vulgaris and causes serious infections such as endocarditis and surgical site infections (SSI). The P. acnes population is structured into phylogenetic groups, with phylotype I being associated with acne. Herein, we explore the link between phylotypes and clinical origins in a collection of P. acnes isolated from different body sites, involved in deep infections or healthcare-associated infections (HAI), with particular emphasis on strains from cardiac SSI. Cardiac SSI have been further studied in terms of P. acnes population dynamics during the care pathway. The recA and tly genes phylotypes were compared to hemolytic behavior, susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, and clinical origins. An original approach of recA polymerase chain reaction temporal temperature gel electrophoresis (PCR-TTGE) was developed and applied for the direct identification of P. acnes phylotypes in surgical samples, in order to assess their temporal dynamics during the surgical course. Our results underlined the preferential involvement of IA-2/IB and II phylogroups in HAI and SSI. Unlike IA and II, type IA-2/IB presented a gradual increase with the depth of sampling in the peroperative phase of cardiac surgery. Phylotypes IA and IA-2/IB were both predominant in scar tissues and on postoperative skin, suggesting a specific predisposition to recolonize skin. Particular association of the phylotype IA-2/IB with SSI and its propensity to colonize wounds in cardiac surgery was observed. We assumed that the follow-up of P. acnes phylotypes during pathological processes could give new clues for P. acnes pathogenicity.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Sequence; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Phenotype; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Propionibacterium acnes; Rec A Recombinases; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Skin
PubMed: 25169966
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2228-2