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American Journal of Human Genetics Nov 1998
Review
Topics: Adult; Brassicaceae; Dietary Fats; Feeding Behavior; Food Preferences; Genetic Markers; Humans; Propylthiouracil; Taste; Vegetables
PubMed: 9792854
DOI: 10.1086/302124 -
Addictive Behaviors Apr 2019The popularity of E-cigarettes is due in part to their flavorings. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on smokers' sensory perceptions and liking of...
BACKGROUND
The popularity of E-cigarettes is due in part to their flavorings. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on smokers' sensory perceptions and liking of various e-cigarette flavorings, and the degree to which those perceptions are influenced by nicotine level, sex, and PROP bitter taster phenotype.
METHODS
We recruited 132 non-treatment-seeking, daily cigarette smokers. In repeated trials in one laboratory session participants vaped the Joyetech eGo-C e-cigarette with each of the following flavorings (in random order): unflavored, tobacco, cherry, chocolate, and menthol. Participants vaped the e-juice first without nicotine and then with high nicotine (18 mg/ml), and provided sensory (bitterness/sourness, irritation, sweetness) and liking ratings. Perceived intensity of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) was used to classify the participants as non-tasters (n = 28), medium-tasters (n = 74), or supertasters (n = 28). Mixed-effects linear models and generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate ratings as a function of flavor interacting with nicotine content, sex and taster phenotype, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, menthol use, and nicotine dependence.
RESULTS
Regardless of nicotine level, cherry (β = 1.76, p < .001) and chocolate (β = 0.69, p < .001) were rated as sweeter, but were not better liked, than unflavored e-juice. Menthol elicited the highest liking rating, especially for women (β = 12.23, p < .05) and supertasters (β = 20.52, p < .05). Regardless of flavor, high nicotine was rated as more irritating (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.02-2.01) than the no-nicotine e-juice. Irritation (β = -13.65, p < .001), bitterness/sourness (β = -11.38, p < .001), and sweetness (β = 4.79, p < .001) were associated with liking.
CONCLUSION
Menthol may enhance e-cigarette palatability for some smokers, which may increase e-cigarette utility in smoking cessation.
Topics: Adult; Consumer Behavior; E-Cigarette Vapor; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Female; Flavoring Agents; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Phenotype; Propylthiouracil; Taste Perception; Vaping; Young Adult
PubMed: 30470456
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.014 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2022Adult-onset hypothyroidism is associated with learning and cognitive dysfunctions, which may be related to alterations in synaptic plasticity. Local reduced levels of...
Adult-onset hypothyroidism is associated with learning and cognitive dysfunctions, which may be related to alterations in synaptic plasticity. Local reduced levels of thyroid hormones (THs) may impair glia morphology and activity, and promote the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels mainly in the hippocampus. Given that neuroinflammation induces memory impairments, hypothyroidism-related glia dysfunction may participate in brain disorders. Thus, we investigated the mechanisms linking hypothyroidism and neuroinflammation, from a protective perspective. We induced hypothyroidism in adult C57BL/6J and wild-derived WSB/EiJ male mice by a seven-week propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment. We previously showed that WSB/EiJ mice were resistant to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, showing no neuroinflammatory response through adaptive abilities, unlike C57BL/6J. As PTU and HFD treatments are known to induce comparable inflammatory responses, we hypothesized that WSB/EiJ mice might also be protected against hypothyroidism-induced neuroinflammation. We showed that hypothyroid WSB/EiJ mice depicted no hippocampal neuroinflammatory response and were able to maintain their hippocampal thyroid signalling despite low circulatisng TH levels. In contrast, C57BL/6J mice exhibited disturbed hippocampal TH signalling, accompanied by neuroinflammation and memory impairment. Our results reinforce the preponderance of the hippocampal TH regulatory system over TH circulating levels in the hippocampal glial reactivity.
Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Hippocampus; Hypothyroidism; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuroglia; Propylthiouracil; Thyroid Hormones
PubMed: 36233235
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911938 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2022This study investigated whether PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil) taster status and other individual factors (gender, ethnicity, BMI, and age) are markers of variation in...
This study investigated whether PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil) taster status and other individual factors (gender, ethnicity, BMI, and age) are markers of variation in perceptions of astringency and other flavor attributes. Participants ( = 125) evaluated cranberry juice cocktail samples (CJC) supplemented with cranberry-derived polyphenol extract (CPE, added at 0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.75 g/L), as well as control samples, unsweetened cranberry juice (CJ) and an aqueous solution of 0.75 g/L CPE. Subjects evaluated samples for key sensory attributes and overall liking using a 15 cm line scale. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA and machine learning tools (regression trees and random forest modeling) to examine if the latter approach would extract more meaningful insights about the roles of personal factors in sensory perceptions of cranberry-derived stimuli. ANCOVA revealed robust stimulus effects, but no effect of PROP taster status on astringency perception was observed. Several effects of PROP×gender, ethnicity, and other factors were observed on other sensory attributes and liking. ANCOVA and machine learning tools yielded similar findings, but regression trees provided a more visualized framework. These data show that PROP taster status has a limited role in astringency perception in complex samples and that other personal factors deserve greater focus in future research on astringency perception.
Topics: Astringents; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Perception; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Propylthiouracil; Taste; Vaccinium macrocarpon
PubMed: 36231300
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911995 -
Thyroid : Official Journal of the... Oct 2014Propylthiouracil (PTU) used in the treatment of maternal hyperthyroidism in early pregnancy may be associated with a higher prevalence of birth defects in the face and...
BACKGROUND
Propylthiouracil (PTU) used in the treatment of maternal hyperthyroidism in early pregnancy may be associated with a higher prevalence of birth defects in the face and neck region and in the urinary system but the severity of these complications remains to be elucidated.
METHODS
Review of hospital-registered cases of birth defects in the face and neck region and in the urinary system after PTU exposure in early pregnancy. We obtained information on maternal redeemed prescription of PTU and child diagnosis of birth defect from nationwide registers for all children born in Denmark between 1996 and 2008 (n=817,093). The children were followed until December 31, 2010 (median age, 8.3 years) and the Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for having a birth defect after PTU exposure versus nonexposed children (n=811,730).
RESULTS
Fourteen cases of birth defects were identified in the face and neck region and in the urinary system after PTU exposure in early pregnancy; 11 children were exposed to PTU only (n=564), whereas 3 children were born to mothers who switched from methimazole (MMI)/carbimazole (CMZ) to PTU in early pregnancy (n=159). Among children exposed to PTU only, the adjusted HR for having a birth defect in the face and neck region was 4.92 (95% CI 2.04-11.86) and in the urinary system 2.73 (1.22-6.07). Looking into details of the 14 cases, 7 children were diagnosed with a birth defect in the face and neck region (preauricular and branchial sinus/fistula/cyst) and 7 children had a birth defect in the urinary system (single cyst of kidney and hydronephrosis). Surgical treatment was registered in 6 of the cases with a birth defect in the face and neck region and 3 of the cases with a birth defect in the urinary system. Two of the children with a birth defect in the urinary system also had other birth defects (genital organs).
CONCLUSIONS
We report details on possible PTU-associated birth defects. They tend to be less severe than the defects observed after MMI/CMZ exposure. Yet, the majority of affected children had to undergo surgery.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Antithyroid Agents; Case-Control Studies; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Denmark; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Proportional Hazards Models; Propylthiouracil; Registries; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Time Factors; Urogenital Abnormalities
PubMed: 24963758
DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0150 -
Endocrinology Aug 2010Copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and iodine/thyroid hormone (TH) deficiencies lead to similar defects in late brain development, suggesting that these micronutrient deficiencies...
Copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and iodine/thyroid hormone (TH) deficiencies lead to similar defects in late brain development, suggesting that these micronutrient deficiencies share a common mechanism contributing to the observed derangements. Previous studies in rodents (postweanling and adult) and humans (adolescent and adult) indicate that Cu and Fe deficiencies affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, leading to altered TH status. Importantly, however, relationships between Fe and Cu deficiencies and thyroidal status have not been assessed in the most vulnerable population, the developing fetus/neonate. We hypothesized that Cu and Fe deficiencies reduce circulating and brain TH levels during development, contributing to the defects in brain development associated with these deficiencies. To test this hypothesis, pregnant rat dams were rendered Cu deficient (CuD), FeD, or TH deficient from early gestation through weaning. Serum thyroxine (T(4)) and triiodothyronine (T(3)), and brain T(3) levels, were subsequently measured in postnatal d 12 (P12) pups. Cu deficiency reduced serum total T(3) by 48%, serum total T(4) by 21%, and whole-brain T(3) by 10% at P12. Fe deficiency reduced serum total T(3) by 43%, serum total T(4) by 67%, and whole-brain T(3) by 25% at P12. Brain mRNA analysis revealed that expression of several TH-responsive genes were altered in CuD or FeD neonates, suggesting that reduced TH concentrations were sensed by the FeD and CuD neonatal brain. These results indicate that at least some of the brain defects associated with neonatal Fe and Cu deficiencies are mediated through reductions in circulating and brain TH levels.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Male; Pregnancy; Propylthiouracil; RNA, Messenger; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones
PubMed: 20573724
DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0252 -
Endocrine Regulations Apr 2017We investigated the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Nigella sativa (NS) on renal tissue oxidative damage associated with propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced...
OBJECTIVE
We investigated the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Nigella sativa (NS) on renal tissue oxidative damage associated with propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism during neonatal and juvenile growth in rats.
METHODS
Pregnant rats were divided into five groups designated as: 1) control; 2) propylthiouracil (PTU); 3) PTU-NS100; 4) PTU-NS200, and 5) PTU-NS400. All mothers except the control group received 0.005% PTU in their drinking water during lactation. Besides PTU, mothers in groups 3-5 received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of NS extract. After lactation period, the off spring continued to receive the same experimental treatment for the first 8 weeks of their life. Ten male off springs of each group were randomly selected, blood samples collected, and the kidney tissues removed.
RESULTS
The serum thyroxin concentration in PTU group was lower than control group and improved by extract. PTU increased the renal malondialdehyde (MDA), while reduced the total thiols concentrations and catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity compared to control group. Administration of 200 and 400 mg/kg of NS extract decreased MDA level, while it increased the total thiols and 400 mg/kg increased CAT and SOD activity in renal tissues compared to PTU group. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in PTU group was higher than in comparison with the control group. 400 mg/kg decreased creatinine, but both 200 and 400 mg/kg improved BUN concentration compared to PTU group.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study demonstrate that the hydroalcoholic extract of NS has a protective effect on the renal tissue oxidative damage associated with PTU-induced hypothyroidism during neonatal and juvenile growth in rats.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antithyroid Agents; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Catalase; Creatinine; Female; Hypothyroidism; Kidney; Male; Malondialdehyde; Nigella sativa; Oxidative Stress; Plant Extracts; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Propylthiouracil; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Superoxide Dismutase; Thyroxine
PubMed: 28609286
DOI: 10.1515/enr-2017-0010 -
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... May 2010The thionamide antithyroid drugs methimazole and propylthiouracil are the mainstay of pharmacologic therapy for Graves' disease. However, little is known about the rate...
CONTEXT
The thionamide antithyroid drugs methimazole and propylthiouracil are the mainstay of pharmacologic therapy for Graves' disease. However, little is known about the rate of use of these drugs and the prescribing practices of physicians treating hyperthyroidism.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the study was to examine the frequency of methimazole and propylthiouracil use from years 1991 to 2008.
METHODS
The data were acquired by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Division of Epidemiology through two databases: IMS National Sales Perspectives and the Surveillance Data, Inc. Vector One: National database.
RESULTS
There was a 9-fold increase in the annual number of methimazole prescriptions during the study period, from 158,000 to 1.36 million per year. There was a 19% increase in the annual number of propylthiouracil prescriptions, from 348,000 to 415,000 per year. Propylthiouracil, which held two thirds of the market from 1991 to 1995, was surpassed by methimazole in 1996. Patient demographic data indicated that although 72% of methimazole prescriptions were for females, males were more likely to be on methimazole (82%) than females (74%) (P < 0.001, two tailed chi(2) test). The only demographic group in which methimazole use decreased was women of child-bearing age (5% decrease, P < 0.001, two tailed chi(2)). The incidence of hyperthyroidism in 2008 was estimated based on the number of new prescriptions of thionamides by age group and data from the 2008 U.S. census: 0.44 per 1000 for ages 0-11 yr, 0.26 per 1000 for ages 12-17 yr, 0.59 per 1000 for ages 18-44 yr, 0.78 per 1000 for ages 45-64 yr, and 1.01 per 1000 for ages 65+ yr.
CONCLUSIONS
Methimazole has become the most frequently prescribed antithyroid drug. The remarkable increase in the total number of dispensed thionamide prescriptions over the last 18 yr may indicate a trend toward pharmacological treatment as primary treatment of Graves' disease in the United States.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Antithyroid Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Prescriptions; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Incidence; Male; Methimazole; Middle Aged; Prescription Drugs; Propylthiouracil; Sex Characteristics; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration
PubMed: 20335447
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2752 -
BMJ Case Reports Jul 2017Thionamides, such as methimazole and propylthiouracil, are used for the management of hyperthyroidism. Agranulocytosis is a rare adverse effect of thionamides and... (Review)
Review
Thionamides, such as methimazole and propylthiouracil, are used for the management of hyperthyroidism. Agranulocytosis is a rare adverse effect of thionamides and elderly patients are especially vulnerable. Here we discuss a case of an 80-year-old woman who developed agranulocytosis and pneumonia approximately 4 weeks after starting low dose methimazole therapy. Despite aggressive treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics and granulocyte colony stimulating factor, she developed multiorgan failure and died. Our goals are to identify risk factors common to elderly patients and hopefully improve outcomes in this population when prescribed thionamides.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged, 80 and over; Agranulocytosis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antithyroid Agents; Fatal Outcome; Female; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Methimazole; Propylthiouracil; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28716776
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220924 -
Folia Histochemica Et Cytobiologica 2023Among the plant ingredients, some compounds interfere with the functions of the thyroid gland. However, there is limited research on the effect of curcumin (CMN) on the...
INTRODUCTION
Among the plant ingredients, some compounds interfere with the functions of the thyroid gland. However, there is limited research on the effect of curcumin (CMN) on the functions of this gland. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of CMN on morphology, histochemical reactivity of cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) and secretion functions of the thyroid gland under conditions of hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil (PTU).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The rats were treated for 30 days by gavage with CMN (100 mg/kg b.w.) and/or PTU (1 mg/kg b.w.). Control rats received vehicle only. Histomorphometric tests were performed on the thyroid glands, cytochrome c oxidase activity was visualized using the histochemical method, and the levels of thyroid hormones were measured using the radioimmunoassay method.
RESULTS
Rats receiving PTU showed compensatory changes in their thyroid glands, including a significant increase in thyroid epithelium height, a decrease in colloid volumen density, a decrease in the percentage of small follicles, an increase in medium-sized follicles compared to the control group, as well as a significant increase in CCO histochemical reactivity in the columnar epithelium and a decrease in FT4 serum level compared to the control group. The administration of CMN reversed these adverse changes caused by PTU. The PTU + CMN group exhibited a significant decrease in the height of the thyroid follicle epithelium compared to the PTU group. The percentage of small and medium-size follicles in the CMN + PTU group did not differ from the control group. Furthermore, CCO reactivity in the cubic epithelium and serum FT4 levels increased compared to the PTU group. Administration of CMN alone resulted in a significant increase in FT4 levels compared to the control group.
CONCLUSIONS
The administration of CMN to rats with induced hypothyroidism resulted in a reduction of hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and increase in secretory activity of the thyroid gland. These findings suggest the protective effect of CMN against induced hypothyroidism.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Propylthiouracil; Curcumin; Electron Transport Complex IV; Hypothyroidism
PubMed: 37724034
DOI: 10.5603/fhc.96497