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Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2022Prostaglandins (PGs) are lipid-derived autacoids that are synthesized from arachidonic acid by the action of cyclooxygenases and PG terminal synthases. PGs consist of... (Review)
Review
Prostaglandins (PGs) are lipid-derived autacoids that are synthesized from arachidonic acid by the action of cyclooxygenases and PG terminal synthases. PGs consist of PGD, PGE, PGF, prostacyclin (PGI), and thromboxane A, which act through G protein-coupled receptors. PGs sustain homeostatic functions and exert a variety of pathophysiological roles to regulate the development of various diseases such as obesity and dyslipidemia. Adipocytes (fat cells) have the unique capacity to accumulate large amounts of lipids as energy source in lipid droplets. Adipogenesis is the process of differentiation from preadipocytes to mature adipocytes, which is regulated by various adipogenic transcription factors. Obesity is defined as an abnormal increase in adipose tissue mass and is considered to be a risk factor for the development of lifestyle-related diseases including cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review summarizes insights into the roles of PGD, PGF, and their synthases in the regulation of adipogenesis and obesity.
Topics: Adipogenesis; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Obesity; Prostaglandin D2; Prostaglandins; Prostaglandins F
PubMed: 35908908
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00210 -
PloS One 2021Prostaglandins are thought to be important mediators in the initiation of human labour, however the evidence supporting this is not entirely clear. Determining how, and...
Prostaglandins are thought to be important mediators in the initiation of human labour, however the evidence supporting this is not entirely clear. Determining how, and which, prostaglandins change during pregnancy and labour may provide insight into mechanisms governing labour initiation and the potential to predict timing of labour onset. The current study systematically searched the existing scientific literature to determine how biofluid levels of prostaglandins change throughout pregnancy before and during labour, and whether prostaglandins and/or their metabolites may be useful for prediction of labour. The databases EMBASE and MEDLINE were searched for English-language articles on prostaglandins measured in plasma, serum, amniotic fluid, or urine during pregnancy and/or spontaneous labour. Studies were assessed for quality and risk of bias and a qualitative summary of included studies was generated. Our review identified 83 studies published between 1968-2021 that met the inclusion criteria. As measured in amniotic fluid, levels of PGE2, along with PGF2α and its metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α were reported higher in labour compared to non-labour. In blood, only 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α was reported higher in labour. Additionally, PGF2α, PGF1α, and PGE2 were reported to increase in amniotic fluid as pregnancy progressed, though this pattern was not consistent in plasma. Overall, the evidence supporting changes in prostaglandin levels in these biofluids remains unclear. An important limitation is the lack of data on the complexity of the prostaglandin pathway outside of the PGE and PGF families. Future studies using new methodologies capable of co-assessing multiple prostaglandins and metabolites, in large, well-defined populations, will help provide more insight as to the identification of exactly which prostaglandins and/or metabolites consistently change with labour. Revisiting and revising our understanding of the prostaglandins may provide better targets for clinical monitoring of pregnancies. This study was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Body Fluids; Databases, Factual; Dinoprost; Female; Humans; Labor Onset; Labor, Obstetric; Oxytocics; Plasma; Pregnancy; Prostaglandins; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F; Serum; Urine
PubMed: 34793529
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260115 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Jul 1976One of Montagna's greatest contributions to study of the biology of the skin has been his demolition of the artificial walls that traditionally separated the histologist... (Review)
Review
One of Montagna's greatest contributions to study of the biology of the skin has been his demolition of the artificial walls that traditionally separated the histologist from the physiologist. He has shown that only by relating function with structure can we shed light on the workings of the skin. He has stressed the fallacy of studying a single structural or functional unit in isolation from others. The skin represents an organization of many different functional units, and physiology of skin is the study of this organization. My purpose is to make a personal commentary on the achievements, failures, and prospects of understanding some aspects of the organization of the functional units. Twenty-five years ago, the importance of relating skin to internal organs and systems received much attention. We have long been aware that skin sometimes reacts to internal disease, but only recently has the impact of skin disorders on the circulatory, renal, and gastrointestinal systems been recognized. As a result, our patients are now less likely to suffer from neglect of the whole which follows narrow over-specialized attention to the part. Increased interest in endocrine effects on the skin has revealed that several important physiologic activities of the skin are either partly or wholly regulated by hormones secreted by endocrine glands. Nevertheless, some physiologic activities in skin seems to be independent, their regulation being carried out by local mediating hormones. Other activities involve both central and local regulation. The nature and roles of these two control mechanisms and their interrelation constitute by far the most promising physiologic research in skin.
Topics: Animals; Histamine; Humans; Lymph; Pain; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F; Pruritus; Receptors, Adrenergic; Sexual Behavior; Skin; Skin Diseases; Skin Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 778297
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12512496 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Sep 2021We determined a comprehensive immunohistochemistry of putative isoforms of enzymes for prostaglandin (PG) Fα and PGE biosynthesis and these PGs levels in placenta and...
Prostaglandins Fα and E in rat placenta and fetal membrane: a comprehensive immunohistochemistry of their synthetic enzymes and in vivo tissue levels during normal pregnancy.
We determined a comprehensive immunohistochemistry of putative isoforms of enzymes for prostaglandin (PG) Fα and PGE biosynthesis and these PGs levels in placenta and fetal membrane of normal pregnant rats in vivo. Placenta and fetal membrane showed positive immunoreactions for phospholipase A group 4A, but not group 2A, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 rather than COX-2. They showed positive immunoreactions for at least one isoform of each of PGF synthase and PGE synthase with tissue-dependent variations. PGFα and PGE levels in both tissues were highest on day 12 and declined and remained low thereafter. Obtained data would be the basic information on the primary PGs synthesis in rat placenta and fetal membrane in normal pregnancy.
Topics: Animals; Cyclooxygenase 2; Dinoprost; Extraembryonic Membranes; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Placenta; Pregnancy; Prostaglandins; Prostaglandins F; Rats
PubMed: 34334510
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0183 -
British Journal of Pharmacology Apr 2019In contrast to the availability of potent and selective antagonists of several prostaglandin receptor types (including DP , DP , EP and TP receptors), there has been a... (Review)
Review
In contrast to the availability of potent and selective antagonists of several prostaglandin receptor types (including DP , DP , EP and TP receptors), there has been a paucity of well-characterized, selective FP receptor antagonists. The earliest ones included dimethyl amide and dimethyl amine derivatives of PGF , but these have failed to gain prominence. The fluorinated PGF analogues, AL-8810 and AL-3138, were subsequently discovered as competitive and non-competitive FP receptor antagonists respectively. Non-prostanoid structures, such as the thiazolidinone AS604872, the D-amino acid-based oligopeptide PDC31 and its peptidomimic analogue PDC113.824 came next, but the latter two are allosteric inhibitors of FP receptor signalling. AL-8810 has a sub-micromolar in vitro potency and ≥2 log unit selectivity against most other PG receptors when tested in several cell- and tissue-based functional assays. Additionally, AL-8810 has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy as an FP receptor antagonist in animal models of stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, allodynia and endometriosis. Consequently, it appears that AL-8810 has become the FP receptor antagonist of choice. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Eicosanoids 35 years from the 1982 Nobel: where are we now? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.8/issuetoc.
Topics: Animals; Dinoprost; Drug Discovery; Humans; Prostaglandins F, Synthetic; Receptors, Prostaglandin
PubMed: 29679483
DOI: 10.1111/bph.14335 -
The Journal of Reproduction and... Apr 2022Prostaglandin F (PGF) and its analogs are used to induce luteolysis in estrus synchronization programs to terminate unwanted pregnancies or to promote ovulation in... (Review)
Review
Prostaglandin F (PGF) and its analogs are used to induce luteolysis in estrus synchronization programs to terminate unwanted pregnancies or to promote ovulation in certain cow subpopulations. In the past few decades, the luteolytic dose of PGF has remained unchanged. This review explores the clinical implications of increasing the standard dose for these applications in high-producing dairy cows. Ultrasonography may assist in selecting the most appropriate PGF dose and improve the results. A reference has been used for PGF for promoting ovulation in herds showing poor reproductive performance.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Dinoprost; Estrus Synchronization; Female; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Insemination, Artificial; Lactation; Ovulation; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Prostaglandins F
PubMed: 34980770
DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2021-119 -
BMC Ophthalmology Apr 2017The aim of this work is to evaluate efficacy and tolerability of preservative containing 0.0015% tafluprost and preservative-free 0.0015% tafluprost using a prospective... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
The aim of this work is to evaluate efficacy and tolerability of preservative containing 0.0015% tafluprost and preservative-free 0.0015% tafluprost using a prospective crossover study.
METHODS
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and normotensive glaucoma (NTG) patients were randomized enrolled. Group 1 ("NPT to PT") patients used preservative-free 0.0015% tafluprost (NPT) for 6 months and then changed to preservative containing 0.0015% tafluprost(PT) for 6 months. Group 2 ("PT to NPT") patients used preservative containing 0.0015% tafluprost for 6 months and changed to preservative-free 0.0015% tafluprost for 6 months. At 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, and 12 months, we measured intraocular pressure for efficacy and graded corneal erosion, tear break-up time (TBUT), and subjective discomfort.
RESULTS
A total of 20 patients and 20 eyes were enrolled. In Group 1 and 2, intraocular pressure was well controlled to approximately 14 mmHg (9.38-18.46% decrease). Generally, subjective satisfaction was improved after changing from PT to NPT (p = 0.03) and TBUT using PT was numerically inferior to that using NPT (p = 0.06) but not when changing from NPT to PT.
CONCLUSION
Both preservative containing and preservative-free 0.0015% tafluprost reduced intraocular pressure significantly. In addition, changing medication from PT to NPT might improve subjective satisfaction and tear break up time.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
The trial registration number is NCT 03104621 (Apr/1/2017). Retrospectively registered.
Topics: Cross-Over Studies; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Tolerance; Female; Glaucoma; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Middle Aged; Ophthalmic Solutions; Prospective Studies; Prostaglandins F; Tonometry, Ocular; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28454526
DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0453-z -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Sep 1981Chronic, non-specific `toddler diarrhoea' in young children is often accompanied by an increase in plasma prostaglandins, particularly PGFα. Although treatment with...
Chronic, non-specific `toddler diarrhoea' in young children is often accompanied by an increase in plasma prostaglandins, particularly PGFα. Although treatment with drugs is generally unnecessary, aspirin is effective in most children with high prostaglandins, and treatment with loperamide is effective in most children with toddler diarrhoea, regardless of the plasma prostaglandin levels. The source of the increased plasma prostaglandins is not known.
Topics: Aspirin; Diarrhea, Infantile; Dinoprostone; Humans; Infant; Loperamide; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F
PubMed: 6945825
DOI: 10.1136/adc.56.9.705 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... May 2022Although feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) distresses of many cats, its pathogenesis is unknown and the diagnosis is challenging. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are...
Although feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) distresses of many cats, its pathogenesis is unknown and the diagnosis is challenging. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are metabolized into various lipid mediators. Lipid mediators such as prostaglandins (PGs) modulate inflammation and many of them are excreted into the urine. Thus, the investigation of the urinary lipid profile may reveal pathogenesis and help diagnosis of FIC. We collected urine samples from five FIC cats by spontaneous urination and analyzed 158 types of lipid mediators in urines using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The urinary levels of PUFAs were higher in FIC compared to those of the healthy group. The excretions of a major inflammatory mediator, PGD, were less in FIC. Other well-known inflammatory mediators such as PGE, PGI, and their metabolites did not show a difference. In contrast, the levels of PGF and its 2 metabolites and PGF were higher in FIC. These results may provide new insights into the future management of cat FIC.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Chromatography, Liquid; Cystitis; Lipids; Mass Spectrometry; Prostaglandins F
PubMed: 35387958
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0049 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Dec 1980Prostaglandins E and F have been shown to be present in breast milk in over 100 times the concentrations found in adult plasma. The ratio of the concentration of the...
Prostaglandins E and F have been shown to be present in breast milk in over 100 times the concentrations found in adult plasma. The ratio of the concentration of the principal circulating metabolite of prostaglandin F (13, 14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin F) to prostaglandin F itself is low (0.3 to 0.5, compared with 15.8 in adult plasma), implying that prostaglandins may have a relatively long half-life in milk. In addition inactive metabolites of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin are also found in significant amounts. It is speculated that milk prostaglandin play a role in modulating neonatal physiology--for example, gut motility.
Topics: Female; Humans; Milk, Human; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F
PubMed: 7458394
DOI: 10.1136/adc.55.12.950