-
British Journal of Pharmacology Jun 1984Ginsenosides (saponins extracted from Panax ginseng) elicit qualitatively and quantitatively different responses in isolated, contracted ring preparations of different...
Ginsenosides (saponins extracted from Panax ginseng) elicit qualitatively and quantitatively different responses in isolated, contracted ring preparations of different blood vessels from rabbits, dogs and humans. Ginsenosides themselves did not affect the tone of 'resting' isolated blood vessels directly, but contracted slightly the renal vein of rabbits at the maximum concentration tested. The mixture caused relaxation of the noradrenaline (NA) or prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha)-induced contraction of the pulmonary artery and intrapulmonary artery of rabbits, and the PGF 2 alpha-induced contraction of the canine mesenteric vein. Ginsenosides potentiated, in a concentration-dependent manner, the contractile responses of renal veins of dogs and rabbits to PGF2 alpha The reason for such heterogeneous responses of different blood vessels to ginsenosides in unknown. It is suggested that either potentiation of contraction or relaxation of contracted blood vessels might be mediated by interaction with endogenous vasoactive substances. The potentiation of PGF2 alpha-induced contraction may be related to the reduction of renal blood flow observed in anaesthetized dogs. The simultaneous contraction and relaxation effects may explain its biphasic actions on blood pressure.
Topics: Aged; Animals; Dinoprost; Dogs; Ginsenosides; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Norepinephrine; Prostaglandins F; Rabbits; Saponins; Species Specificity
PubMed: 6587929
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1984.tb10784.x -
Fertility and Sterility Jan 1984To study the presence of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), prostacyclin (PGI2), and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) in the human ovary, follicular fluid samples were collected...
To study the presence of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), prostacyclin (PGI2), and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) in the human ovary, follicular fluid samples were collected with puncture at laparoscopy in 17 women with pelvic endometriosis, 17 women with tubal occlusion and healthy ovaries, and 5 women with tubal occlusion and induced ovarian hyperstimulation between menstrual cycle days 8 and 18. The concentrations of the metabolites of PGF2 alpha, PGI2, and TxA2, i.e., 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2 alpha (M-PGF2 alpha), 6-keto PGF1 alpha, and TxB2, respectively, were measured with radioimmunoassays. Each prostanoid was detected in follicular fluid, but their concentrations were unrelated to the menstrual cycle day at collection. Moreover, these concentrations were similar in various groups of patients. The data suggest that the human ovary produces PGF2 alpha, PGI2, and TxA2 in vivo and that these prostanoids, as measured from follicular fluid, may not be of primary significance in ovulation or endometriosis.
Topics: 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; Adult; Dinoprost; Endometriosis; Epoprostenol; Female; Humans; Ovarian Follicle; Ovary; Ovulation Induction; Prostaglandins; Prostaglandins F; Thromboxane A2; Thromboxane B2
PubMed: 6363141
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)47543-6 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Sep 2008To compare the conjunctival and corneal reactions of commercially available solution of latanoprost (Xalatan) and preservative-free (PF) tafluprost in rabbits.
Conjunctival and corneal reactions in rabbits following short- and repeated exposure to preservative-free tafluprost, commercially available latanoprost and 0.02% benzalkonium chloride.
AIM
To compare the conjunctival and corneal reactions of commercially available solution of latanoprost (Xalatan) and preservative-free (PF) tafluprost in rabbits.
METHODS
The rabbits received 50 microl of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), PF-tafluprost 0.0015%, latanoprost 0.005% or benzalkonium chloride (BAK) 0.02%; all solutions were applied at 5 min intervals for a total of 15 times. The ocular surface toxicity was investigated using slit-lamp biomicroscopy examination, flow cytometry (FCM) and on imprints for CD45 and tumour necrosis factor-receptor 1 (TNFR1) conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) and corneal in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). Standard immunohistology also assessed inflammatory/apoptotic cells.
RESULTS
Clinical observation and IVCM images showed the highest ocular surface toxicity with latanoprost and BAK, while PF-tafluprost and PBS eyes presented almost normal corneoconjunctival aspects. FCM showed a higher expression of CD45+ and TNFR1+ in latanoprost- or BAK-instilled groups, compared with PF-tafluprost and PBS groups. Latanoprost induced fewer positive cells for inflammatory marker expressions in CIC specimens compared with BAK-alone, both of which were higher than with PF-tafluprost or PBS. Immunohistology showed the same tendency of toxic ranking.
CONCLUSION
The authors confirm that rabbit corneoconjunctival surfaces presented a better tolerance when treated with PF-tafluprost compared with commercially available latanoprost or BAK solution.
Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Benzalkonium Compounds; Benzoxazines; Coloring Agents; Conjunctiva; Cornea; Epithelial Cells; Immunohistochemistry; Keratoconjunctivitis; Latanoprost; Male; Ophthalmic Solutions; Oxazines; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Prostaglandins F; Prostaglandins F, Synthetic; Rabbits
PubMed: 18723745
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2008.138768 -
The Journal of Physiology 1981Neuro-effector transmission in the smooth muscle layer of the dog trachea was studied in vitro using the micro-electrode and double sucrose gap methods.1. Electrical...
Neuro-effector transmission in the smooth muscle layer of the dog trachea was studied in vitro using the micro-electrode and double sucrose gap methods.1. Electrical field stimulations with short duration (50-100 musec) applied to the whole tissue produced an excitation of the intrinsic nerves, and evoked excitatory junction potentials (e.j.p.s) followed by twitch tension development and subsequent long lasting relaxation of the smooth muscle tissue.2. The effects of field stimulations were abolished by tetrodotoxin (2 x 10(-7)m), and atropine (1.7 x 10(-5)m) selectively blocked both the e.j.p. and twitch tension. On the other hand, propranolol (1.9 x 10(-5)m) suppressed the generation of the prolonged relaxation evoked by the field stimulations.3. E.j.p.s recorded by the double sucrose gap method showed gradual and continuous reduction in amplitude during prolonged exposure in Krebs solution (1-2 hr), and there were no changes in the membrane potential or in the input membrane resistance.4. With application of indomethacin (10(-5)m), a gradual and continuous reduction in the amplitude of e.j.p. was no longer observed, and (after the initial increase in the amplitude) e.j.p.s with a constant amplitude were obtained during 1-1.5 hr. Indomethacin (10(-5)m) modified neither the resting membrane potential nor the input membrane resistance of smooth muscle cells.5. After pre-treatment with indomethacin, low concentrations (10(-11)-10(-8)m) of prostaglandin E(1) or E(2) (PGE series) markedly suppressed the amplitude of e.j.p. with no changes in the resting membrane potential or in the input membrane resistance.6. During the repetitive field stimulation at the stimulus frequency of 0.1-1 Hz, the amplitude of the e.j.p.s was gradually reduced (the depression process). The depression was not affected by applications of prostaglandins, indomethacin or alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blockers.7. These results indicate that in the dog tracheal smooth muscles, the endogenous PGE series may play an important role in feed-back inhibitory mechanisms, at the nerve terminals related to acetylcholine release.
Topics: Animals; Dinoprost; Dogs; Electric Stimulation; Feedback; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Indomethacin; Male; Membrane Potentials; Muscle, Smooth; Neuroeffector Junction; Prostaglandins; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F; Synaptic Transmission; Trachea
PubMed: 6275074
DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013915 -
Gut Apr 1975The effect of intravenous infusions of prostaglandins E-2 and F(-2alpha) at various dose levels on basal, or on maximally or submaximally pentagastrin-stimulated acid...
The effect of intravenous infusions of prostaglandins E-2 and F(-2alpha) at various dose levels on basal, or on maximally or submaximally pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion, was studied in 40 male subjects. Intraluminal antral pressures were also measured. Prostaglandin F (0.08 mug kg-minus 1 min-minus 1) transiently, but significantly, inhibited submaximal acid output and increased the frequency of antral contractions. Prostaglandin E(2)(0.08 mug kg-minus 1 min-minus 1) inhibited basal acid secretion.
Topics: Dyspepsia; Gastric Juice; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Male; Pentagastrin; Peptic Ulcer; Pressure; Prostaglandins; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F; Pyloric Antrum; Stomach
PubMed: 1132802
DOI: 10.1136/gut.16.4.272 -
Gut Sep 1983The effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostaglandins E(2) and F(2alpha) on the secretory and electrical activity of isolated rabbit fundic mucosa have...
The effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostaglandins E(2) and F(2alpha) on the secretory and electrical activity of isolated rabbit fundic mucosa have been studied. Spontaneous acid secretion was inhibited by serosal side application of sodium thiocyanate (6x10(-2)M) and the resulting alkali secretion measured by pH stat tiration. Serosal side application of indomethacin (10(-5)M) or aspirin (3x10(-3)M) inhibited alkali secretion (0.55+/-0.06 to 0.12+/-0.06 mumol/cm(2)/h, n=6, p<0.01 and 0.28+/-0.06 to 0.11+/-0.03 mumol/cm(2)/h, n=7, p<0.02 respectively). Mucosal or serosal side prostaglandin E(2) (10(-5) to 10(-10)M) and F(2alpha) (10(-4) to 10(-10)M) failed to alter the rate of alkalinisation but secretion was significantly increased by serosal side 16,16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E(2) (10(-6)M) (0.90+/-0.20 to 1.50+/-0.30 mumol/cm(2)/h, n=6, p<0.01). Serosal side application of 10(-6)M prostaglandin E(2) to fundic mucosae pretreated with either aspirin (5x10(-3)M) or indomethacin (10(-5)M), to reduce endogenous E(2) formation, also failed to alter alkali secretion. Pretreatment of the mucosa with 16,16-dimethyl-E(2) (10(-6)M) abolished the inhibitory effect of indomethacin (10(-5)M) on alkali secretion (n=6) but did not modify the secretory response to aspirin (3x10(-3)M) (fall in alkali secretion with aspirin = 81+/-11% and with aspirin plus 16,16-dimethyl-E(2) = 72+/-10%, n=7). In the doses used, none of the prostaglandins or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs altered transmucosal potential difference or electrical resistance. These results show that the damaging agents, aspirin and indomethacin, both inhibit gastric alkali secretion but that modes of action may differ. The observation that prostaglandins, E(2) and F(2alpha) failed to increase alkali production suggests that their protective activity against a variety of damaging agents as shown by others, may be mediated by another mechanism.
Topics: Alkalies; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Aspirin; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Gastric Fundus; In Vitro Techniques; Indomethacin; Mucous Membrane; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F; Rabbits; Serous Membrane
PubMed: 6576966
DOI: 10.1136/gut.24.9.784 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... May 1984Concentrations of prostaglandins E, F, and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha were estimated in central venous blood and amniotic fluid in 21 women with eclampsia and 16...
Concentrations of prostaglandins E, F, and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha were estimated in central venous blood and amniotic fluid in 21 women with eclampsia and 16 healthy pregnant controls. Central venous blood concentrations of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and prostaglandin E were significantly lower in patients than controls before delivery and remained reduced for at least 48 hours after delivery. Low concentrations of prostaglandins E and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha are probably directly related to the pathogenesis of eclampsia.
Topics: 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; Adolescent; Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Eclampsia; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F
PubMed: 6426613
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.288.6429.1487 -
The Journal of Physiology Aug 19751. In unanaesthetized restrained rats kept at an ambient temperature of 21-23degrees C, rectal temperature was continuously monitored and the temperature effects of...
1. In unanaesthetized restrained rats kept at an ambient temperature of 21-23degrees C, rectal temperature was continuously monitored and the temperature effects of injections of prostaglandins, endotoxin from Salmonella abortus equi, lipid A, and antipyretics were examined. 2. Fever occurred when prostaglandin E1, E2, F1alpha or F2alpha (PGE1, PGE2, PGF1alpha, PGF2alpha) was injected into the cerebral ventricles in doses of 200 ng and 2 mug. PGE2 was the most potent prostaglandin followed in descending order by PGE1, PGF2alpha, and PGF1alpha. The fever produced by 2 mug of PGE1 and PGE2 was short and followed by a fall in temperature to below the pre-injection level. 3. I.V. injections of endotoxin and lipid A in doses of 3 or 10 mug usually caused a long lasting fall in temperature, but when injected into the cerebral ventricles in doses of 400 ng or 1 mug, they produced long lasting fevers. 4. Injected I.V. or I.P., indomethacin and paracetamol had a hypothermic action of their own. Indomethacin was more potent than paracetamol and both were more potent than injected I.P. 5. I.V. and I.P. injections of indomethacin and paracetamol did not reverse the hypothermia in response to I.V. endotoxin or lipid A, but the fever responses to their injection into the cerebral ventricles were prevented and abolished by the antipyretics. 6. It is concluded that in rats endotoxin and lipid A, or the endogenous pyrogens produced by them, do not readily pass through the blood-brain barrier into the brain tissue. If they do reach brain tissue, as when injected into the cerebral ventricles, they stimulate synthesis and release of prostaglandin in rats as they do in other species, and thereby produce fever. The hypothermia in response to I.V. endotoxin or lipid A, on the other hand, is thought to be independent of prostaglandin synthesis and to result from a direct toxic action on the skin vessels.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Animals; Body Temperature; Cerebral Ventricles; Endotoxins; Female; Fever; Indomethacin; Lipids; Male; Prostaglandins; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F; Rats
PubMed: 1177107
DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp011033 -
Fertility and Sterility Nov 1978
Topics: Adult; Fallopian Tubes; Female; Humans; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F
PubMed: 720643
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)43637-x -
British Journal of Cancer Apr 1984Prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha) were measured by Gas Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GLC-MS) in extracts of 100 human mammary carcinomas....
Prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha) were measured by Gas Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GLC-MS) in extracts of 100 human mammary carcinomas. All tumours contained measurable amounts of both prostaglandins but wide variations between individual tumours were observed. Values for PGE2 ranged from 7 to 762 ng g-1 tissue with a median of 100 ng g-1 tissue. Values for PGF2 alpha ranged from 3 to 475 ng g-1 tissue (median 60 ng g-1 tissue). There was a highly significant positive correlation between amounts of the 2 prostaglandins in individual tumours. Amounts of both PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were not significantly related to the menopausal status of the patients or the presence of oestrogen and progesterone receptors.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Cell Count; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Female; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Menopause; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, Progesterone
PubMed: 6585216
DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1984.73