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Current Oncology (Toronto, Ont.) Mar 2022Adenoid cystic carcinoma/basaloid cell carcinoma of the prostate (ACC/BCC) is a very rare variant of prostate cancer with uncertain behavior. Few cases are reported in... (Review)
Review
Adenoid cystic carcinoma/basaloid cell carcinoma of the prostate (ACC/BCC) is a very rare variant of prostate cancer with uncertain behavior. Few cases are reported in the literature. Data on treatment options are scarce. The aim of our work was to retrospectively review the published reports. Thirty-three case reports or case series were analyzed (106 patients in total). Pathological features, management, and follow-up information were evaluated. Despite the relatively low level of evidence given the unavoidable lack of prospective trials for such a rare prostate tumor, the following considerations were made: prostate ACC/BCC is an aggressive tumor often presenting with locally advanced disease and incidental diagnosis occurs during transurethral resection of the prostate for urinary obstructive symptoms. Prostate-specific antigen was not a reliable marker for diagnosis nor follow-up. Adequate staging with Computed Tomography (CT) scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) should be performed before treatment and during follow-up, while there is no evidence for the use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Radical surgery with negative margins and possibly adjuvant radiotherapy appear to be the treatments of choice. The response to androgen deprivation therapy was poor. Currently, there is no evidence of the use of truly effective systemic therapies.
Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Skin Neoplasms; Transurethral Resection of Prostate
PubMed: 35323352
DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29030152 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... 2023In India, prostate carcinoma is the fifth most common cause of carcinoma in men, and the fourth in cancer mortality. Incidence of prostate malignancy is increasing in...
INTRODUCTION
In India, prostate carcinoma is the fifth most common cause of carcinoma in men, and the fourth in cancer mortality. Incidence of prostate malignancy is increasing in India by one percent every year. Prostate carcinoma is graded using the Gleason scoring system. The Gleason score is very useful for predicting the prognosis of prostate carcinoma. The collaborative use of clinical features, combined with the size of the prostate, prostate-specific antigen levels, and histopathological features helps in making an accurate and early diagnosis of the patients.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
This present prospective study included all histologically proven cases of prostate carcinoma in the Department of Pathology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical Hospital over a period of one year. A detailed histopathological examination of the H and E stained sections is carried out under light microscope including histological typing, Gleason scoring and grading. The Gleason grade was correlated with serum PSA levels.
RESULTS
Out of 80 cases, 28 (35%) were reported as Gleason grade group 3 with a Gleason score of 7 (4 + 3). 12 cases (15%) showed a Gleason grade group 2 with a Gleason score of 7 (3 + 4). Grade group 4 (Gleason score 8) and grade group 5 were observed in 22 cases (27.5%) and 18 cases (22.5%), respectively. Whereas, no case of Gleason grade group 1 with Gleason score of 6 (3 + 3) was seen.
CONCLUSION
Gleason's Group Grade 3 outnumbered all the group grades, contributing 35% (28 cases) of the total cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Serum PSA levels were raised (>10 ng/ml) in 100% of cases. Henceforth, it signifies the importance of serum PSA levels in prostate carcinoma. Lymphovascular invasion was associated with higher group grade of prostatic adenocarcinoma.
Topics: Male; Humans; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostate; Neoplasm Grading; Tertiary Care Centers; Prospective Studies; Prostatic Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Adenocarcinoma
PubMed: 37787299
DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1719_21 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2022Prostate cancer, which is also known as prostatic adenocarcinoma, is an unconstrained growth of epithelial cells in the prostate and has become one of the leading causes...
Prostate cancer, which is also known as prostatic adenocarcinoma, is an unconstrained growth of epithelial cells in the prostate and has become one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The survival of patients with prostate cancer relies on detection at an early, treatable stage. In this paper, we introduce a new comprehensive framework to precisely differentiate between malignant and benign prostate cancer. This framework proposes a noninvasive computer-aided diagnosis system that integrates two imaging modalities of MR (diffusion-weighted (DW) and T2-weighted (T2W)). For the first time, it utilizes the combination of functional features represented by apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps estimated from DW-MRI for the whole prostate in combination with texture features with its first- and second-order representations, extracted from T2W-MRIs of the whole prostate, and shape features represented by spherical harmonics constructed for the lesion inside the prostate and integrated with PSA screening results. The dataset presented in the paper includes 80 biopsy confirmed patients, with a mean age of 65.7 years (43 benign prostatic hyperplasia, 37 prostatic carcinomas). Experiments were conducted using different well-known machine learning approaches including support vector machines (SVM), random forests (RF), decision trees (DT), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification models to study the impact of different feature sets that lead to better identification of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Using a leave-one-out cross-validation approach, the diagnostic results obtained using the SVM classification model along with the combined feature set after applying feature selection (88.75% accuracy, 81.08% sensitivity, 95.35% specificity, and 0.8821 AUC) indicated that the system's performance, after integrating and reducing different types of feature sets, obtained an enhanced diagnostic performance compared with each individual feature set and other machine learning classifiers. In addition, the developed diagnostic system provided consistent diagnostic performance using 10-fold and 5-fold cross-validation approaches, which confirms the reliability, generalization ability, and robustness of the developed system.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 35270995
DOI: 10.3390/s22051848 -
Pathology Oct 2023The presence of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDCP) correlates with late-stage disease and poor outcomes for patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma, but the...
The presence of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDCP) correlates with late-stage disease and poor outcomes for patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma, but the accurate and reliable staging of disease severity remains challenging. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been utilised to overcome problems in assessing IDCP morphology, but the current markers have only demonstrated limited utility in characterising the complex biology of this lesion. In a retrospective study of a cohort of patients who had been diagnosed with IDCP, we utilised IHC on radical prostatectomy sections with a biomarker panel of Appl1, Sortilin and Syndecan-1, to interpret different architectural patterns and to explore the theory that IDCP occurs from retrograde spread of high-grade invasive prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cribriform IDCP displayed strong Appl1, Sortilin and Syndecan-1 labelling patterns, while solid IDCP architecture had high intensity Appl1 and Syndecan-1 labelling, but minimal Sortilin labelling. Notably, the expression pattern of the biomarker panel in regions of IDCP was similar to that of adjacent invasive prostatic adenocarcinoma, and also comparable to prostate cancer showing perineural and vascular invasion. The Appl1, Sortilin, and Syndecan-1 biomarker panel in IDCP provides evidence for the model of retrograde spread of invasive prostatic carcinoma into ducts/acini, and supports the inclusion of IDCP into the five-tier Gleason grading system.
Topics: Male; Humans; Prostate; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Retrospective Studies; Immunohistochemistry; Syndecan-1; Prostatic Neoplasms; Neoplasm Grading
PubMed: 37422404
DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2023.05.004 -
Radiation Oncology (London, England) Apr 2021The study objective was to establish the local effect model (LEM) rectum constraints for 12-, 8-, and 4-fraction carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) in patients with...
BACKGROUND
The study objective was to establish the local effect model (LEM) rectum constraints for 12-, 8-, and 4-fraction carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) in patients with localized prostate carcinoma (PCA) using microdosimetric kinetic model (MKM)-defined and LEM-defined constraints for 16-fraction CIRT.
METHODS
We analyzed 40 patients with PCA who received 16- or 12-fraction CIRT at our center. Linear-quadratic (LQ) and RBE-conversion models were employed to convert the constraints into various fractionations and biophysical models. Based on them, the MKM LQ strategy converted MKM rectum constraints for 16-fraction CIRT to 12-, 8-, and 4-fraction CIRT using the LQ model. Then, MKM constraints were converted to LEM using the RBE-conversion model. Meanwhile the LEM LQ strategy converted MKM rectum constraints for 16-fraction CIRT to LEM using the RBE-conversion model. Then, LEM constraints were converted from 16-fraction constraints to the rectum constraints for 12-, 8-, and 4-fraction CIRT using the LQ model. The LEM constraints for 16- and 12-fraction CIRT were evaluated using rectum doses and clinical follow-up. To adapt them for the MKM LQ strategy, CNAO LEM constraints were first converted to MKM constraints using the RBE-conversion model.
RESULTS
The NIRS (i.e. D|v, V-20%, 10%, 5%, and 0%) and CNAO rectum constraints (i.e. D|v, V-10 cc, 5 cc, and 1 cc) were converted for 12-fraction CIRT using the MKM LQ strategy to LEM 37.60, 49.74, 55.27, and 58.01 Gy (RBE), and 45.97, 51.70, and 55.97 Gy (RBE), and using the LEM LQ strategy to 39.55, 53.08, 58.91, and 61.73 Gy (RBE), and 49.14, 55.30, and 59.69 Gy (RBE). We also established LEM constraints for 8- and 4-fraction CIRT. The 10-patient RBE-conversion model was comparable to 30-patient model. Eight patients who received 16-fraction CIRT exceeded the corresponding rectum constraints; the others were within the constraints. After a median follow-up of 10.8 months (7.1-20.8), No ≥ G1 late rectum toxicities were observed.
CONCLUSIONS
The LEM rectum constraints from the MKM LQ strategy were more conservative and might serve as the reference for hypofractionated CIRT. However, Long-term follow-up plus additional patients is necessary.
Topics: Carcinoma; Dose Fractionation, Radiation; Heavy Ion Radiotherapy; Humans; Kinetics; Male; Principal Component Analysis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiometry; Radiotherapy; Radiotherapy Dosage; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; Rectum; Relative Biological Effectiveness
PubMed: 33849589
DOI: 10.1186/s13014-021-01801-w -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Mar 2007Prostate cancer is the most common cancer of men in the United States and is third only to lung and colon cancer as a cause of cancer death. In 2006, 27,350 Americans... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer of men in the United States and is third only to lung and colon cancer as a cause of cancer death. In 2006, 27,350 Americans will die of prostate cancer, and 234,460 new cases will be diagnosed. Treatment changes in the benign and cancerous prostate create diagnostic challenges in pathologic interpretation, particularly in needle biopsy specimens and in evaluation of extraprostatic metastases.
OBJECTIVE
To summarize therapy-related pathologic findings in the prostate with emphasis on recognition of treated adenocarcinoma.
DATA SOURCES
Extensive review of published literature and the authors' experience.
CONCLUSIONS
Following therapy for prostate cancer, it is critical that the clinician provide the pertinent history of androgen deprivation or radiation therapy to assist the pathologist in rendering the correct diagnosis.
Topics: 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors; Adenocarcinoma; Androgen Antagonists; Cryosurgery; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Hyperthermia, Induced; Male; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiotherapy
PubMed: 17516739
DOI: 10.5858/2007-131-360-DOPCAT -
RoFo : Fortschritte Auf Dem Gebiete Der... Apr 2024Imaging biomarkers are quantitative parameters from imaging modalities, which are collected noninvasively, allow conclusions about physiological and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Imaging biomarkers are quantitative parameters from imaging modalities, which are collected noninvasively, allow conclusions about physiological and pathophysiological processes, and may consist of single (monoparametric) or multiple parameters (bi- or multiparametric).
METHOD
This review aims to present the state of the art for the quantification of multimodal and multiparametric imaging biomarkers. Here, the use of biomarkers using artificial intelligence will be addressed and the clinical application of imaging biomarkers in breast and prostate cancers will be explained. For the preparation of the review article, an extensive literature search was performed based on Pubmed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The results were evaluated and discussed for consistency and generality.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
Different imaging biomarkers (multiparametric) are quantified based on the use of complementary imaging modalities (multimodal) from radiology, nuclear medicine, or hybrid imaging. From these techniques, parameters are determined at the morphological (e. g., size), functional (e. g., vascularization or diffusion), metabolic (e. g., glucose metabolism), or molecular (e. g., expression of prostate specific membrane antigen, PSMA) level. The integration and weighting of imaging biomarkers are increasingly being performed with artificial intelligence, using machine learning algorithms. In this way, the clinical application of imaging biomarkers is increasing, as illustrated by the diagnosis of breast and prostate cancers.
KEY POINTS
· Imaging biomarkers are quantitative parameters to detect physiological and pathophysiological processes.. · Imaging biomarkers from multimodality and multiparametric imaging are integrated using artificial intelligence algorithms.. · Quantitative imaging parameters are a fundamental component of diagnostics for all tumor entities, such as for mammary and prostate carcinomas..
CITATION FORMAT
· Bäuerle T, Dietzel M, Pinker K et al. Identification of impactful imaging biomarker: Clinical applications for breast and prostate carcinoma. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; 196: 354 - 362.
Topics: Humans; Male; Artificial Intelligence; Biomarkers; Carcinoma; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Nuclear Medicine; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Female
PubMed: 37944934
DOI: 10.1055/a-2175-4446 -
Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of... Apr 2022Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men and has a high incidence and associated mortality worldwide. It is an androgen-driven disease in which tumor growth... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men and has a high incidence and associated mortality worldwide. It is an androgen-driven disease in which tumor growth is triggered via ligand-mediated signaling through the androgen receptor (AR). Recent evidence suggests that the widespread use of effective AR pathway inhibitors may increase the occurrence of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), an aggressive and treatment-resistant AR-negative variant; however, mechanisms controlling NEPC development remain to be elucidated. Various preclinical models have recently been developed to investigate the mechanisms driving the NEPC differentiation. In the present study, we summarized strategies for the development of NEPC models and proposed a novel method for model evaluation, which will help in the timely and accurate identification of NEPC by virtue of its ability to recapitulate the heterogeneity of prostate cancer. Moreover, we discuss the origin and the mechanism of NEPC. The understanding of the regulatory network mediating neuroendocrine differentiation presented in this review could provide valuable insights into the identification of novel drug targets for NEPC as well as into the causes of antiandrogenic drug resistance.
Topics: Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Cell Line, Tumor; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34937865
DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00716-0 -
The Oncologist Dec 2022Challenges with sequencing tissue samples from patients with prostate cancer have been reported in clinical trials. To assess the success rate of comprehensive genomic...
Challenges with sequencing tissue samples from patients with prostate cancer have been reported in clinical trials. To assess the success rate of comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) for prostate cancer patients, we analyzed a real-world cohort who underwent sequencing of their prostate tissue sample as well as a subset of patients with a reflex liquid biopsy. Overall, a significant majority (82%) of tissue prostate carcinoma samples yielded reportable CGP results. Of those samples that were unsuccessful, most (75%) were inadequate samples that did not meet pre-established criteria to advance into sequencing. For cases where liquid CGP was performed if tissue CGP was unsuccessful, mutations that were likely attributable to prostate carcinoma were observed in most cases and all cases were successful in generating a report. These results suggest that, for CGP testing, prostate cancer tissue is a reasonable matrix type and that liquid samples can be effectively used as an alternative to tissue.
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Carcinoma
PubMed: 36069892
DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac181 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... 2021Prostate cancer is a very common cause of morbidity and mortality in India. The commonest type of prostate carcinoma is adenocarcinoma, most of them are confined to...
Prostate cancer is a very common cause of morbidity and mortality in India. The commonest type of prostate carcinoma is adenocarcinoma, most of them are confined to prostate at the time of presentation. Bone is the preferred site for metastasis. The following is a case of neuroendocrine carcinoma of prostate arising in a 36 years old male who presented with ascitis and jaundice to the emergency department. The ascitic tap was positive for malignant cells. CECT done to detect primary showed osteoblastic secondaries in the spine along with lesions in the liver. DRE revealed grade 2 prostatomegaly. A TRUS guided biopsy showed neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate. Neuroendocrine carcinoma is a very rare type of prostatic carcinoma, with presentation of the same as ascitis is very uncommon. The following case is presented due to its rarity.
Topics: Adult; Ascites; Biopsy; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Spinal Neoplasms
PubMed: 34121712
DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_772_17