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The Keio Journal of Medicine Mar 1988
Review
Topics: Biopsy; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 3286957
DOI: 10.2302/kjm.37.10 -
Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology May 2017The increasing potency of therapies that target the androgen receptor (AR) signalling axis has correlated with a rise in the proportion of patients with prostate cancer... (Review)
Review
The increasing potency of therapies that target the androgen receptor (AR) signalling axis has correlated with a rise in the proportion of patients with prostate cancer harbouring an adaptive phenotype, termed treatment-induced lineage crisis. This phenotype is characterized by features that include soft-tissue metastasis and/or resistance to standard anticancer therapies. Potent anticancer treatments might force cancer cells to evolve and develop alternative cell lineages that are resistant to primary therapies, a mechanism similar to the generation of multidrug- resistant microorganisms after continued antibiotic use. Herein, we assess the hypothesis that treatment-adapted phenotypes harbour reduced AR expression and/or activity, and acquire compensatory strategies for cell survival. We highlight the striking similarities between castration-resistant prostate cancer and triple-negative breast cancer, another poorly differentiated endocrine malignancy. Alternative treatment paradigms are needed to avoid therapy-induced resistance. Herein, we present a new clinical trial strategy designed to evaluate the potential of rapid drug cycling as an approach to delay the onset of resistance and treatment-induced lineage crisis in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; Receptors, Androgen; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 27874061
DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.181 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2013In order to successfully cure patients with prostate cancer (PCa), it is important to detect the disease at an early stage. The existing clinical biomarkers for PCa are... (Review)
Review
In order to successfully cure patients with prostate cancer (PCa), it is important to detect the disease at an early stage. The existing clinical biomarkers for PCa are not ideal, since they cannot specifically differentiate between those patients who should be treated immediately and those who should avoid over-treatment. Current screening techniques lack specificity, and a decisive diagnosis of PCa is based on prostate biopsy. Although PCa screening is widely utilized nowadays, two thirds of the biopsies performed are still unnecessary. Thus the discovery of non-invasive PCa biomarkers remains urgent. In recent years, the utilization of urine has emerged as an attractive option for the non-invasive detection of PCa. Moreover, a great improvement in high-throughput "omic" techniques has presented considerable opportunities for the identification of new biomarkers. Herein, we will review the most significant urine biomarkers described in recent years, as well as some future prospects in that field.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; DNA, Neoplasm; Exosomes; Humans; Male; Metabolome; MicroRNAs; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 23774836
DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612620 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2017The importance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the pathogenesis of various malignancies has been uncovered over the last few years. Their dysregulation often... (Review)
Review
The importance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the pathogenesis of various malignancies has been uncovered over the last few years. Their dysregulation often contributes to or is a result of tumour progression. In prostate cancer, the most common malignancy in men, lncRNAs can promote castration resistance, cell proliferation, invasion, and metastatic spread. Expression patterns of lncRNAs often change during tumour progression; their expression levels may constantly rise (e.g., HOX transcript antisense RNA, HOTAIR), or steadily decrease (e.g., downregulated RNA in cancer, DRAIC). In prostate cancer, lncRNAs likewise have diagnostic (e.g., prostate cancer antigen 3, PCA3), prognostic (e.g., second chromosome locus associated with prostate-1, SChLAP1), and predictive (e.g., metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript-1, MALAT-1) functions. Considering their dynamic role in prostate cancer, lncRNAs may also serve as therapeutic targets, helping to prevent development of castration resistance, maintain stable disease, and prohibit metastatic spread.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Male; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; RNA, Long Noncoding
PubMed: 28241429
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020473 -
Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.) Jul 2007Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) emerged as the world's first clinically useful tumor marker in the 1940s and 1950s. With the introduction of the prostate-specific... (Review)
Review
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) emerged as the world's first clinically useful tumor marker in the 1940s and 1950s. With the introduction of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test in the 1980s, which performed significantly better than PAP in terms of screening and monitoring response to treatment, PAP fell into disfavor. An increasing number of recent studies have identified PAP as a significant prognostic factor for patients with intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer. PAP appears to be particularly valuable in predicting distant failure in higher-risk patients for whom high levels of local control are achieved with aggressive initial local treatment. As prostate cancer care becomes increasingly focused on identifying the minority of patients who would benefit from aggressive systemic therapy, a reevaluation of the potential contribution of the prostatic acid phosphatase test seems timely.
Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
PubMed: 17715699
DOI: No ID Found -
Archivos Espanoles de Urologia Mar 2018
Topics: Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 29633942
DOI: No ID Found -
American Society of Clinical Oncology... Jan 2019Oligometastatic prostate cancer (OMPC), generally defined by presence of five or fewer metastatic sites on imaging, represents a transitional state between localized and... (Review)
Review
Oligometastatic prostate cancer (OMPC), generally defined by presence of five or fewer metastatic sites on imaging, represents a transitional state between localized and widespread metastatic disease and encompasses a wide spectrum of disease biologies and clinical behaviors. A collaborative effort is ongoing to determine the genomics of OMPC. The prevalence of OMPC varies significantly in the literature and is likely to change further as substantial improvements in imaging improve our ability to reclassify a subset of patients with biochemical recurrence by conventional imaging as OMPC and another subset from OMPC to polymetastatic disease. The mainstay of OMPC treatment remains systemic therapy, either with androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) alone or in combination with other agents (docetaxel, abiraterone, etc.). Focal therapies, including resection or radiotherapy (RT), to the primary tumor have demonstrated an improvement in outcomes, including failure-free survival in several retrospective studies. RT to the prostate has specifically demonstrated an overall survival (OS) advantage in patients with low-volume disease in a clinical trial. Improvement in outcomes has been observed with focal therapies for retroperitoneal and more distant metastatic sites in retrospective studies. Advancements in our understanding of the biology, imaging modalities, and treatments may allow for aggressive multimodality therapies in an effort to obtain deeper responses and, potentially, cures for selected patients with OMPC with favorable clinicopathologic characteristics. Participation in clinical trials or institutional registries is strongly encouraged for patients with OMPC who opt for an aggressive multimodality approach.
Topics: Clinical Decision-Making; Combined Modality Therapy; Disease Management; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genomics; Humans; Male; Multimodal Imaging; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prevalence; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Burden
PubMed: 31099652
DOI: 10.1200/EDBK_239041 -
Nutrients Mar 2020Prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous disease and ranked as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in males worldwide. The global burden of PCa keeps... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous disease and ranked as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in males worldwide. The global burden of PCa keeps rising regardless of the emerging cutting-edge technologies for treatment and drug designation. There are a number of treatment options which are effectively treating localised and androgen-dependent PCa (ADPC) through hormonal and surgery treatments. However, over time, these cancerous cells progress to androgen-independent PCa (AIPC) which continuously grow despite hormone depletion. At this particular stage, androgen depletion therapy (ADT) is no longer effective as these cancerous cells are rendered hormone-insensitive and capable of growing in the absence of androgen. AIPC is a lethal type of disease which leads to poor prognosis and is a major contributor to PCa death rates. A natural product-derived compound, curcumin has been identified as a pleiotropic compound which capable of influencing and modulating a diverse range of molecular targets and signalling pathways in order to exhibit its medicinal properties. Due to such multi-targeted behaviour, its benefits are paramount in combating a wide range of diseases including inflammation and cancer disease. Curcumin exhibits anti-cancer properties by suppressing cancer cells growth and survival, inflammation, invasion, cell proliferation as well as possesses the ability to induce apoptosis in malignant cells. In this review, we investigate the mechanism of curcumin by modulating multiple signalling pathways such as androgen receptor (AR) signalling, activating protein-1 (AP-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases/the serine/threonine kinase (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), wingless (Wnt)/ß-catenin signalling, and molecular targets including nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and cyclin D1 which are implicated in the development and progression of both types of PCa, ADPC and AIPC. In addition, the role of microRNAs and clinical trials on the anti-cancer effects of curcumin in PCa patients were also reviewed.
Topics: Androgens; Clinical Trials as Topic; Curcumin; Humans; Male; MicroRNAs; Neoplasm Proteins; Prostatic Neoplasms; RNA, Neoplasm; Wnt Signaling Pathway
PubMed: 32131560
DOI: 10.3390/nu12030679 -
Molecular Medicine Today Nov 1998Prostate cancer is the most common neoplasm in men and a significant cause of mortality in affected patients. Despite significant advances, current methods of treatment... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is the most common neoplasm in men and a significant cause of mortality in affected patients. Despite significant advances, current methods of treatment are effective only in the absence of metastatic disease. Gene therapy offers a renewed hope of using the differential characteristics of normal and malignant tissue in constructing treatment strategies. Several clinical trials in prostate cancer gene therapy are currently under way, using immunomodulatory genes, anti-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and suicide genes. A continued understanding of the etiological mechanisms involved in the establishment and progression of prostate cancer, along with advances in gene therapy technology, should make gene therapy for prostate cancer therapeutically valuable in the future.
Topics: Cancer Vaccines; Clinical Trials as Topic; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetic Markers; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 9857369
DOI: 10.1016/s1357-4310(98)01334-3 -
Pathobiology : Journal of... 2018Prostate cancer is a paradigm tumor model for heterogeneity in almost every sense. Its clinical, spatial, and morphological heterogeneity divided by the high-level...
Prostate cancer is a paradigm tumor model for heterogeneity in almost every sense. Its clinical, spatial, and morphological heterogeneity divided by the high-level molecular genetic diversity outline the complexity of this disease in the clinical and research settings. In this review, we summarize the main aspects of prostate cancer heterogeneity at different levels, with special attention given to the spatial heterogeneity within the prostate, and to the standard morphological heterogeneity, with respect to tumor grading and modern classifications. We also cover the complex issue of molecular genetic heterogeneity, discussing it in the context of the current evidence of the genetic characterization of prostate carcinoma; the interpatient, intertumoral (multifocal disease), and intratumoral heterogeneity; tumor clonality; and metastatic disease. Clinical and research implications are summarized and serve to address the most pertinent problems stemming from the extreme heterogeneity of prostate cancer.
Topics: Clonal Evolution; Genetic Heterogeneity; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Grading; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 29393241
DOI: 10.1159/000477852