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Urology Sep 2021Intraductal cribriform (IDC) and invasive cribriform morphologies are associated with worse prostate cancer outcomes. Limited retrospective studies have associated IDC... (Review)
Review
Intraductal cribriform (IDC) and invasive cribriform morphologies are associated with worse prostate cancer outcomes. Limited retrospective studies have associated IDC and cribriform morphology with germline mutations in DNA repair genes, particularly BRCA2. These findings, which prompted the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines for Prostate Cancer and Genetic/Familial High- Risk Assessment to consider germline testing for individuals with IDC/cribriform histology, have been questioned in a recent prospective study. A deepened understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving disease aggressiveness in cribriform morphology is critical to provide more clarity in clinical decision making. This review summarizes the current understanding of IDC and cribriform prostate cancer, with an emphasis on clinical outcomes and molecular alterations.
Topics: Humans; Male; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Neoplasm Grading; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 34058243
DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.05.028 -
Seminars in Nuclear Medicine Nov 2016The use of positron emission tomography (PET) with F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in prostate cancer depends on the phase of the disease along the natural history of this... (Review)
Review
The use of positron emission tomography (PET) with F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in prostate cancer depends on the phase of the disease along the natural history of this prevalent malignancy in men. Incidental high FDG uptake in the prostate gland, although rare, should prompt further investigation with at least a measurement of serum prostate specific antigen level. Although in general FDG uptake level may significantly overlap among normal, benign, and malignant tissues, aggressive primary tumors with Gleason score > 7 tend to display high FDG uptake. PET with FDG may be useful in staging of those patients with aggressive primary tumors and can localize the site of disease in a small fraction of men with biochemical failure and negative conventional imaging studies. FDG-PET may be quite useful in treatment response assessment and prognostication of patients with castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer.
Topics: Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prostatic Neoplasms; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27825430
DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.07.004 -
Archivos Espanoles de Urologia Nov 2023Prostate cancer remains a significant global health challenge. Traditionally anchored by the Gleason score/Grade Group (GS/GG), the landscape of prostate cancer... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer remains a significant global health challenge. Traditionally anchored by the Gleason score/Grade Group (GS/GG), the landscape of prostate cancer diagnosis is undergoing transformative steps, particularly in the domain of biopsy procedures. GS/GG continues to be pivotal in malignancy grading, but recent technological strides have augmented the diagnostic relevance of biopsies. Integral to this progression is the adoption of advanced imaging techniques, especially magnetic resonance imaging, which has refined biopsy accuracy and efficiency. A deep understanding of prostate cancer pathology reveals a cribriform pattern and intraductal carcinoma of the prostate as independent forms of malignancy, suggesting a potentially aggressive disease course. Furthermore, the distinct behaviour of ductal adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma of the prostate, compared with acinar adenocarcinoma, necessitates their accurate differentiation during biopsy. The genomic era ushers in a renewed emphasis on tissue samples obtained from prostate biopsies, especially as mutations in genes, such as /, and paves the way for precision medicine. This review encapsulates the evolving dynamics of prostate biopsy, from technological advancements to the profound implications on prostate cancer management and therapy.
Topics: Male; Humans; Prostate; BRCA1 Protein; BRCA2 Protein; Prostatic Neoplasms; Biopsy; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Neoplasm Grading
PubMed: 38053418
DOI: 10.56434/j.arch.esp.urol.20237609.78 -
Seminars in Nuclear Medicine Jul 2019Accurate tumor detection and establishment of disease extent are important for optimal management of prostate cancer. Disease stage, beginning with identification of the... (Review)
Review
Accurate tumor detection and establishment of disease extent are important for optimal management of prostate cancer. Disease stage, beginning with identification of the index prostate lesion, followed by primary tumor, lymph node, and distant metastasis evaluation, provide crucial clinical information that not only have prognostic and predictive value, but guide patient management. A wide array of radiological imaging modalities including ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging have been used for the purpose of prostate cancer staging with variable diagnostic performance. Especially, the last years have seen remarkable technological advances in magnetic resonance imaging technology, enabling referring clinicians and radiologists to obtain even more valuable data regarding staging of prostate cancer. Marked improvements have been seen in detection of the index prostate lesion and evaluation of extraprostatic extension while further improvements are still needed in identifying metastatic lymph nodes. Novel approaches such as whole-body MRI are emerging for more accurate and reproducible assessment of bone metastasis. Post-treatment assessment of prostate cancer using radiological imaging is a topic with rapidly changing clinical context and special consideration is needed for the biochemical setting, that is, the relatively high serum prostate-specific antigen levels in studies assessing the value of radiological imaging for post-treatment assessment and emerging therapeutic approaches such as early salvage radiation therapy. The scope of this review is to provide the reader insight into the various ways radiology contribute to staging of prostate cancer in the context of both primary staging and post-treatment assessment. The strengths and limitations of each imaging modality are highlighted as well as topics that warrant future research.
Topics: Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiology
PubMed: 31227052
DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2019.02.007 -
Nature Reviews. Urology Jan 2017Advanced prostate cancer is a classic example of the intractability and consequent lethality that characterizes metastatic carcinomas. Novel treatments have improved the... (Review)
Review
Advanced prostate cancer is a classic example of the intractability and consequent lethality that characterizes metastatic carcinomas. Novel treatments have improved the survival of men with prostate cancer; however, advanced prostate cancer invariably becomes resistant to these therapies and ultimately progresses to a lethal metastatic stage. Consequently, detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that control prostate cancer cell survival and progression towards this lethal stage of disease will benefit the development of new therapeutics. The transcription factor endothelial transcription factor GATA-2 (GATA2) has been reported to have a key role in driving prostate cancer aggressiveness. In addition to being a pioneer transcription factor that increases androgen receptor (AR) binding and activity, GATA2 regulates a core subset of clinically relevant genes in an AR-independent manner. Functionally, GATA2 overexpression in prostate cancer increases cellular motility and invasiveness, proliferation, tumorigenicity, and resistance to standard therapies. Thus, GATA2 has a multifaceted function in prostate cancer aggressiveness and is a highly attractive target in the development of novel treatments against lethal prostate cancer.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; GATA2 Transcription Factor; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 27872477
DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.225 -
Experimental Biology and Medicine... Aug 2015Prostate cancer is a frequently diagnosed cancer in males with high mortality in the world. As a heterogeneous tissue, the tumor mass contains a subpopulation that is... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is a frequently diagnosed cancer in males with high mortality in the world. As a heterogeneous tissue, the tumor mass contains a subpopulation that is called as cancer stem cells and displays stem-like properties such as self-renewal, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and drug resistance. Cancer stem cells have been identified in variant tumors and shown to be regulated by various molecules including microRNAs. MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs, which can influence tumorigenesis via different mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the functions of microRNAs on regulating the stemness of prostate cancer stem cells with different mechanisms and propose the potential roles of microRNAs in prostate cancer therapy.
Topics: Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Gene Targeting; Humans; Male; MicroRNAs; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Prostatic Neoplasms; RNA, Neoplasm
PubMed: 25966983
DOI: 10.1177/1535370215584935 -
Cell Adhesion & Migration 2012Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of death from cancer in men. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of death from cancer in men. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which cancer cells invade and migrate, and is characterized by loss of cell-cell adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin and increased expression of mesenchymal proteins such as vimentin; EMT is also associated with resistance to therapy. Snail, a master regulator of EMT, has been extensively studied and reported in cancers such as breast and colon; however, its role in prostate cancer is not as widely reported. The purpose of this review is to put together recent facts that summarize Snail signaling in human prostate cancer. Snail is overexpressed in prostate cancer and its expression and activity is controlled via phosphorylation and growth factor signaling. Snail is involved in its canonical role of inducing EMT in prostate cancer cells; however, it plays a role in non-canonical pathways that do not involve EMT such regulation of bone turnover and neuroendocrine differentiation. Thus, studies indicate that Snail signaling contributes to prostate cancer progression and metastasis and therapeutic targeting of Snail in prostate cancer holds promise in future.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Adhesion; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Extracellular Matrix; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Prostatic Neoplasms; Reactive Oxygen Species; Signal Transduction; Snail Family Transcription Factors; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 23076049
DOI: 10.4161/cam.21687 -
CA: a Cancer Journal For Clinicians 1986As noted at the beginning, a discussion of prostate cancer yields as many questions as answers. Yet, as this review has suggested, major advances in our understanding of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
As noted at the beginning, a discussion of prostate cancer yields as many questions as answers. Yet, as this review has suggested, major advances in our understanding of the nature and treatment of prostate cancer have been made in recent years. As more unified and rational approaches to treatment emerge, some of the marked diversity in attitudes toward prostate cancer may lessen, and the controversies about management that characterize our present state of knowledge may abate. Carefully designed studies involving larger numbers of accurately staged and stratified patients are necessary to determine preferred treatment approaches for a disease that has such a tremendous impact on the health and well-being of so many.
Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Actuarial Analysis; Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Neoplasms; Hormones; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphography; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radionuclide Imaging; United States
PubMed: 3093014
DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.36.5.274 -
Seminars in Cancer Biology Dec 2015Androgen receptor (AR) is the main target for prostate cancer therapy. Clinical approaches for AR inactivation include chemical castration, inhibition of androgen... (Review)
Review
Androgen receptor (AR) is the main target for prostate cancer therapy. Clinical approaches for AR inactivation include chemical castration, inhibition of androgen synthesis and AR antagonists (anti-androgens). However, treatment resistance occurs for which an important number of therapy escape mechanisms have been identified. Herein, we summarise the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying therapy resistance in prostate cancer. Moreover, the tumour escape mechanisms are arranged into the concepts of target modification, bypass signalling, histologic transformation, cancer stem cells and miscellaneous mechanisms. This may help researchers to compare and understand same or similar concepts of therapy resistance in prostate cancer and other cancer types.
Topics: Animals; Cell Transdifferentiation; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Male; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Mutation; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; Radiation Tolerance; Receptors, Androgen; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 26299608
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.08.005 -
Current Urology Reports May 2015Nodal staging is important in prostate cancer treatment. While surgical lymph node dissection is the classic method of determining whether lymph nodes harbor malignancy,... (Review)
Review
Nodal staging is important in prostate cancer treatment. While surgical lymph node dissection is the classic method of determining whether lymph nodes harbor malignancy, this is a very invasive technique. Current noninvasive approaches to identifying malignant lymph nodes are limited. Conventional imaging methods rely on size and morphology of lymph nodes and have notoriously low sensitivity for detecting malignant nodes. New imaging techniques such as targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and magnetic resonance lymphography (MRL) with iron oxide particles are promising for nodal staging of prostate cancer. In this review, the strengths and limitations of imaging techniques for lymph node staging of prostate cancer are discussed.
Topics: Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Multimodal Imaging; Neoplasm Staging; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 25773350
DOI: 10.1007/s11934-015-0505-y