-
Mikrochimica Acta Jul 2017Screening serum for the presence of prostate specific antigen (PSA) belongs to the most common approach for the detection of prostate cancer. This review (with 156... (Review)
Review
Screening serum for the presence of prostate specific antigen (PSA) belongs to the most common approach for the detection of prostate cancer. This review (with 156 refs.) addresses recent developments in PSA detection based on the use of various kinds of nanomaterials. It starts with an introduction into the field, the significance of testing for PSA, and on current limitations. A first main section treats electrochemical biosensors for PSA, with subsections on methods based on the use of gold electrodes, graphene or graphene-oxide, carbon nanotubes, hybrid nanoparticles, and other types of nanoparticles. It also covers electrochemical methods based on the enzyme-like activity of PSA, on DNA-, aptamer- and biofuel cell-based methods, and on the detection of PSA via its glycan part. The next main section covers optical biosensors, with subsections on methods making use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), localized SPR and plasmonic ELISA-like schemes. This is followed by subsections on methods based on the use of fiber optics, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, Raman scattering and SERS, electrochemiluminescence and cantilever-based methods. The most sensitive biosensors are the electrochemical ones, with lowest limits of detection (down to attomolar concentrations), followed by mass cantilever sensing and electrochemilumenescent strategies. Optical biosensors show lower performance, but are still more sensitive compared to standard ELISA. The most commonly applied nanomaterials are metal and carbon-based ones and their hybrid composites used for different amplification strategies. The most attractive sensing schemes are summarized in a Table. The review ends with a section on conclusions and perspectives.
Topics: Animals; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biosensing Techniques; Electrochemical Techniques; Equipment Design; Fiber Optic Technology; Humans; Luminescence; Male; Nanostructures; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
PubMed: 29109592
DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2410-1 -
British Journal of Pharmacology Nov 2016Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) otherwise known as glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a membrane bound protein that is highly expressed in prostate... (Review)
Review
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) otherwise known as glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a membrane bound protein that is highly expressed in prostate cancer and in the neovasculature of a wide variety of tumours including glioblastomas, breast and bladder cancers. This protein is also involved in a variety of neurological diseases including schizophrenia and ALS. In recent years, there has been a surge in the development of both diagnostics and therapeutics that take advantage of the expression and activity of PSMA/GCPII. These include gene therapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this review, we discuss the biological roles that PSMA/GCPII plays, both in normal and diseased tissues, and the current therapies exploiting its activity that are at the preclinical stage. We conclude by giving an expert opinion on the future direction of PSMA/GCPII based therapies and diagnostics and hurdles that need to be overcome to make them effective and viable.
Topics: Antigens, Surface; Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II; Humans; Kallikreins; Male; Nervous System Diseases; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 27526115
DOI: 10.1111/bph.13576 -
Journal of the National Cancer Institute Nov 2008
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Male; Mass Screening; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 18957671
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn368 -
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis Nov 2017In this paper, a novel, sensitive and rapid method to simultaneously determine the free and total prostate-specific antigen (fPSA and tPSA) in serum by combining a...
OBJECTIVES
In this paper, a novel, sensitive and rapid method to simultaneously determine the free and total prostate-specific antigen (fPSA and tPSA) in serum by combining a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) and immunomagnetic separation was described.
METHODS
The new approach uses magnetic particles as an immobilization matrix and means of separation, whereas the luminescent europium (Eu) and samarium (Sm) chelates are used as probes. The proposed method was evaluated via a single-step, sandwich-type TRFIA immunoassay of tPSA and fPSA as model analytes in serum.
RESULTS
A new one-step method to simultaneously detect fPSA and tPSA in less than 15 minutes was built up with the detection limits 0.006 ng/mL for fPSA and 0.05 ng/mL for tPSA. The assay ranges for fPSA and tPSA were both 0.5-100 ng/mL, whereas the average recovery of those two obtained by our original mode were 95.9% and 95.3%, respectively. The present new TRFIA method carrying larger reproducibility, higher recovery, and sensitive specificity was demonstrated to be widely acceptable.
CONCLUSIONS
This simultaneous determination method containing a fast and sensitive approach can be put into an important position to screening large quantities of specimen, and be commonly applied to the clinical determination of fPSA and tPSA in human serum.
Topics: Fluoroimmunoassay; Humans; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Magnets; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 28102570
DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22137 -
Minerva Urologica E Nefrologica = the... Apr 2020Prostate specific antigen and Prostate specific antigen-density are used for the initial evaluation of patient with LUTS due to benign prostatic enlargement in order to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Role of prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen density as biomarkers for medical and surgical treatment response in men with lower urinary tract symptoms.
INTRODUCTION
Prostate specific antigen and Prostate specific antigen-density are used for the initial evaluation of patient with LUTS due to benign prostatic enlargement in order to discriminate between benign conditions and prostate cancer. Conversely, the role of these markers during the follow up of benign prostatic enlargement patients is still unclear. The aim of our study is to evaluate the role of prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen density as outcome parameter for both medical and surgical treatment in patients with male LUTS.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis based on data from clinical trials evaluating the clinical effect of medical or surgical therapy on LUTS/benign prostatic enlargement. Meta-regression analyses were done to evaluate the effects of several factors on IPSS score improvement.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
We selected 12 studies out of 433, including data on 1959 patients. Both medical and surgical treatment lead to a significant reduction of PSA levels as compared to baseline (P<0.001). However, after medical treatment, lower PSA values are associated with more significant improvements in lower urinary tract symptoms as measured with the IPSS, while after surgery (P<0.05), the recovery of urinary function does not correlate with the decline in PSA values (P=0.59). After medical treatment, the improvement in LUTS correlate with a decline of PSAD, while the opposite holds true in men treated with surgery (both: P<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
PSAD may represent an objective treatment outcome parameter and should be evaluated during the follow up of men treated for LUTS due to BPE as marker of treatment response.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers; Humans; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Treatment Outcome; Urologic Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 31920062
DOI: 10.23736/S0393-2249.19.03585-9 -
The Canadian Journal of Urology Jun 2010
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Finasteride; Humans; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 20566008
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2014Prostate-specific antigen (PSA or kallikrein-related peptidase-3, KLK3) exerts chymotrypsin-like proteolytic activity. The main biological function of PSA is the...
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA or kallikrein-related peptidase-3, KLK3) exerts chymotrypsin-like proteolytic activity. The main biological function of PSA is the liquefaction of the clot formed after ejaculation by cleavage of semenogelins I and II in seminal fluid. PSA also cleaves several other substrates, which may explain its putative functions in prostate cancer and its antiangiogenic activity. We compared the proteolytic efficiency of PSA towards several protein and peptide substrates and studied the effect of peptides stimulating the activity of PSA with these substrates. An endothelial cell tube formation model was used to analyze the effect of PSA-degraded protein fragments on angiogenesis. We showed that PSA degrades semenogelins I and II much more efficiently than other previously identified protein substrates, e.g., fibronectin, galectin-3 and IGFBP-3. We identified nidogen-1 as a new substrate for PSA. Peptides B2 and C4 that stimulate the activity of PSA towards small peptide substrates also enhanced the proteolytic activity of PSA towards protein substrates. Nidogen-1, galectin-3 or their fragments produced by PSA did not have any effect on endothelial cell tube formation. Although PSA cleaves several other protein substrates, in addition to semenogelins, the physiological importance of this activity remains speculative. The PSA levels in prostate are very high, but several other highly active proteases, such as hK2 and trypsin, are also expressed in the prostate and may cleave protein substrates that are weakly cleaved by PSA.
Topics: Fibronectins; Galectin 3; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; Kinetics; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Peptides; Prostate; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Proteolysis
PubMed: 25237904
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107819 -
Investigative and Clinical Urology Jul 2017
Review
Topics: Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 28681029
DOI: 10.4111/icu.2017.58.4.217 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2020guidelines issued by different organizations worldwide differ on the use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer. However, no local data is available...
INTRODUCTION
guidelines issued by different organizations worldwide differ on the use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer. However, no local data is available describing how PSA testing is offered by our healthcare facilities in the country. The objectives of this study were to describe PSA testing and subsequent prostate biopsy uptake in a South African urban population.
METHODS
this was a descriptive retrospective study. Data of all PSA tests and prostate biopsies performed at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH) laboratory for 2013 calendar year was extracted from the laboratory information system.
RESULTS
a total of 20 365 PSA tests were performed on 17 481 men during the study period. The majority of men were Black African (79%). The mean age for Black Africans (55.5 years, SD 13.3) was significantly lower than other racial groups (62.9 years, SD 12.6, p < 0.0005). PSA level was lower in Black Africans compared to others. Prostate biopsy uptake across all age groups was lower in Black African men compared to others (2% versus 4%, p = 0.01). Of the 423 men who had a prostate biopsy, 50% had prostate cancer. More Black African men were diagnosed with prostate cancer on biopsy compared to men of other racial groups (54% versus 43%, p = 0.03).
CONCLUSION
our study confirms that PSA testing is prevalent in healthcare facilities in South Africa. Black African men are tested for PSA levels but have low biopsy uptake and are more likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Black People; Data Mining; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Laboratories; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Racial Groups; Retrospective Studies; South Africa
PubMed: 32537065
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.35.61.21331 -
The Journal of Urology Apr 2012There are scant data available on the relationship between smoking and total prostate specific antigen, free prostate specific antigen and percent-free prostate specific...
PURPOSE
There are scant data available on the relationship between smoking and total prostate specific antigen, free prostate specific antigen and percent-free prostate specific antigen. Given the high prevalence of smoking and the frequency of prostate specific antigen screening, it is important to determine any association between smoking and prostate specific antigen values using nationally representative data.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Included in the final study population were 3,820 men 40 years old or older who participated in the 2001-2006 NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) and met the eligibility criteria for prostate specific antigen testing. The distributions of total, free and percent free prostate specific antigen were estimated by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Multivariate linear regression models were fit to determine the adjusted relationship between smoking and total and percent free prostate specific antigen while simultaneously controlling for these characteristics.
RESULTS
For all ages combined the median total and free prostate specific antigen levels were 0.90 (0.81-0.90) and 0.26 (0.25-0.28) ng/ml, respectively. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that total prostate specific antigen was 7.9% and 12.2% lower among current and former smokers, respectively, than among never smokers. High body mass index and diabetes were also statistically significantly associated with a lower total prostate specific antigen. Approximately a third of the men had a percent free prostate specific antigen less than 25%. Current smokers had a significantly lower percent free prostate specific antigen than former smokers.
CONCLUSIONS
Our finding that smoking is inversely associated with total prostate specific antigen may have potential implications for the interpretation of prostate specific antigen levels in men who are current or former smokers. Given the high prevalence of smoking, obesity and diabetes, additional research on the combined effect of these health risk factors is warranted.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Smoking
PubMed: 22335864
DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.11.086