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The British Journal of Radiology May 2014One in six males will develop prostate cancer during their lifetime. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in American males, behind only lung... (Review)
Review
One in six males will develop prostate cancer during their lifetime. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in American males, behind only lung cancer. Unfortunately, even though this disease is so common, clinical screening methods such as prostate-specific antigen test and transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy lack sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing prostate cancer. In recent years, multiparametric prostate MRI has emerged as a very important tool in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma with a high accuracy. However, diagnostic difficulty is often encountered even with an experienced abdominal radiologist. That is mainly because many normal and abnormal entities can mimic prostate carcinoma at multiparametric MRI. Therefore, the purpose of this pictorial review is to discuss the usefulness of multiparametric prostate MRI in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma, emphasizing the key MRI features that help to make a distinction of prostate carcinoma from its mimics.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Risk Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 24646125
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20130659 -
Urology Mar 1999Of the hundreds of species of mammals, all of which have prostate glands, only humans and dogs are known to suffer from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate... (Review)
Review
Of the hundreds of species of mammals, all of which have prostate glands, only humans and dogs are known to suffer from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate carcinoma. In humans, prostate carcinoma is common, yet carcinomas of other sex accessory tissues are rare. In addition, different anatomic regions within the prostate gland have very different rates of BPH and carcinoma. In this article, we explore ideas and potential mechanisms relating to these paradoxical findings that may help explain the species, organ, and zone specificity of BPH and prostate cancer. We present an evolutionary argument that attempts to relate a high-fat diet, with its potential for generating oxidative DNA damage, to the species selectivity of prostate cancer. In addition, we outline an argument based on our preliminary studies indicating that chronic inflammation and the associated increase in cell turnover in the setting of increased oxidative stress may help to account for the organ selectivity of genitourinary carcinomas.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; DNA Damage; Diet; Epithelium; Genes, Tumor Suppressor; Glutathione Transferase; Humans; Male; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Seminal Vesicles; Species Specificity; Stem Cells; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
PubMed: 10094098
DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00536-6 -
The Canadian Journal of Urology Aug 2014
Topics: Clinical Coding; Cystitis; Humans; International Classification of Diseases; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Reimbursement Mechanisms; United States; World Health Organization
PubMed: 25171273
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Noninvasive methods for the early identify diagnosis of prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa) are current clinical challenges.
BACKGROUND
Noninvasive methods for the early identify diagnosis of prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa) are current clinical challenges.
METHODS
The serum metabolites of 20 healthy individuals and patients with prostatitis, BPH, or PCa were identified using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In addition, targeted LC-MS was used to verify the organic acid metabolites in the serum of a validation cohort.
RESULTS
Organic acid metabolites had good sensitivity and specificity in differentiating prostatitis, BPH, and PCa. Three diagnostic models identified patients with PROSTATITIS: phenyllactic acid (area under the curve [AUC]=0.773), pyroglutamic acid (AUC=0.725), and pantothenic acid (AUC=0.721). Three diagnostic models identified BPH: citric acid (AUC=0.859), malic acid (AUC=0.820), and D-glucuronic acid (AUC=0.810). Four diagnostic models identified PCa: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (AUC=0.804), citric acid (AUC=0.918), malic acid (AUC=0.862), and phenyllactic acid (AUC=0.713). Two diagnostic models distinguished BPH from PCa: phenyllactic acid (AUC=0.769) and pyroglutamic acid (AUC=0.761). Three diagnostic models distinguished benign BPH from PROSTATITIS: citric acid (AUC=0.842), ethylmalonic acid (AUC=0.814), and hippuric acid (AUC=0.733). Six diagnostic models distinguished BPH from prostatitis: citric acid (AUC=0.926), pyroglutamic acid (AUC=0.864), phenyllactic acid (AUC=0.850), ethylmalonic acid (AUC=0.843), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (AUC=0.817), and hippuric acid (AUC=0.791). Three diagnostic models distinguished PCa patients with PROSTATITISA < 4.0 ng/mL from those with PSA > 4.0 ng/mL: 5-hydromethyl-2-furoic acid (AUC=0.749), ethylmalonic acid (AUC=0.750), and pyroglutamic acid (AUC=0.929). Conclusions: These results suggest that serum organic acid metabolites can be used as biomarkers to differentiate prostatitis, BPH, and PCa.
Topics: Male; Humans; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatitis; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Meglutol; Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid; Prostatic Neoplasms; Biomarkers
PubMed: 36685547
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.998447 -
Acta Bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis Oct 2023We report the case of a 63-year-old male who came to the urology clinic with an increasing value of the prostate specific antigen and an asymmetrical enlargement at the...
We report the case of a 63-year-old male who came to the urology clinic with an increasing value of the prostate specific antigen and an asymmetrical enlargement at the digital rectal examination. The man was subjected to an MRI of the prostate following which a convincing radiological diagnosis of prostate cancer was made. The patient was assigned a provisional stage of disease T3a N0. In order to confirm this diagnosis, a prostate biopsy was performed but the histological analysis reported non-specific granulomatous prostatitis (GP). It is an uncommon condition that both clinically and radiologically on TRUS and MRI usually mimics prostate cancer (PCa), representing a diagnostic challenge due to its non-specific symptoms and aspecific radiological findings. In this case report we discuss the magnetic resonance imaging features of this rare clinical condition in order to help radiologists in the timely diagnosis for a correct diagnostic framing.
Topics: Male; Humans; Middle Aged; Prostatitis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Carcinoma; Adenocarcinoma
PubMed: 37850783
DOI: 10.23750/abm.v94i5.13751 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jan 2021In the last years, the need to look for an accurate and precise diagnosis of prostatic diseases in dogs has grown. Among other diagnostic tools, the seric CPSE has been... (Review)
Review
In the last years, the need to look for an accurate and precise diagnosis of prostatic diseases in dogs has grown. Among other diagnostic tools, the seric CPSE has been studied and identified as a valid and specific biomarker for prostatic disorders, since it can result significantly more elevated in dogs affected by several prostatic abnormalities, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, bacterial prostatitis and prostatic carcinoma. Therefore, dosing CPSE in serum represents a new diagnostic and screening tool. Dosing CPSE in everyday clinical practice has three objectives: (a) the diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia; (b) the preventive screening of prostatic disorders in healthy dogs; (c) the medical follow-up in subjects with prostatic disorders during and after medical therapy. Neither circadian rhythms nor transrectal palpation performed during the andrological examination do affect CPSE. A sexual rest of at least 24 hr before dosing CPSE is recommended as it is affected by ejaculation.
Topics: Andrology; Animals; Biomarkers; Carcinoma; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Esterases; Genital Neoplasms, Male; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatitis
PubMed: 32881401
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.349 -
International Journal of Urology :... Mar 2008Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common cause of urinary outflow obstruction in aging men leading to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). alpha(1)-Adrenoceptors... (Review)
Review
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common cause of urinary outflow obstruction in aging men leading to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). alpha(1)-Adrenoceptors (alpha(1)ARs) antagonists (blockers) have become a mainstay of LUTS treatment because they relax prostate smooth muscle and decrease urethral resistance, as well as relieving bladder LUTS symptoms. A review of key recent clinical trials suggests new insights into the role of specific alpha(1)AR subtypes in the treatment of LUTS.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Male; Prostatism; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1
PubMed: 18304211
DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2007.01956.x -
Computer Methods and Programs in... Sep 2023With emerging evidence to improve prostate cancer (PCa) screening, multiparametric magnetic prostate imaging is becoming an essential noninvasive component of the...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
With emerging evidence to improve prostate cancer (PCa) screening, multiparametric magnetic prostate imaging is becoming an essential noninvasive component of the diagnostic routine. Computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) tools powered by deep learning can help radiologists interpret multiple volumetric images. In this work, our objective was to examine promising methods recently proposed in the multigrade prostate cancer detection task and to suggest practical considerations regarding model training in this context.
METHODS
We collected 1647 fine-grained biopsy-confirmed findings, including Gleason scores and prostatitis, to form a training dataset. In our experimental framework for lesion detection, all models utilized 3D nnU-Net architecture that accounts for anisotropy in the MRI data. First, we explore an optimal range of b-values for diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) modality and its effect on the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) and prostatitis using deep learning, as the optimal range is not yet clearly defined in this domain. Next, we propose a simulated multimodal shift as a data augmentation technique to compensate for the multimodal shift present in the data. Third, we study the effect of incorporating the prostatitis class alongside cancer-related findings at three different granularities of the prostate cancer class (coarse, medium, and fine) and its impact on the detection rate of the target csPCa. Furthermore, ordinal and one-hot encoded (OHE) output formulations were tested.
RESULTS
An optimal model configuration with fine class granularity (prostatitis included) and OHE has scored the lesion-wise partial Free-Response Receiver Operating Characteristic (FROC) area under the curve (AUC) of 1.94 (CI 95%: 1.76-2.11) and patient-wise ROC AUC of 0.874 (CI 95%: 0.793-0.938) in the detection of csPCa. Inclusion of the auxiliary prostatitis class has demonstrated a stable relative improvement in specificity at a false positive rate (FPR) of 1.0 per patient, with an increase of 3%, 7%, and 4% for coarse, medium, and fine class granularities.
CONCLUSIONS
This paper examines several configurations for model training in the biparametric MRI setup and proposes optimal value ranges. It also shows that the fine-grained class configuration, including prostatitis, is beneficial for detecting csPCa. The ability to detect prostatitis in all low-risk cancer lesions suggests the potential to improve the quality of the early diagnosis of prostate diseases. It also implies an improved interpretability of the results by the radiologist.
Topics: Male; Humans; Prostatitis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Prostate; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37271051
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107624 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2022Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) belong to the most frequent diseases in ageing men. It has been proposed that prostate chronic inflammation... (Review)
Review
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) belong to the most frequent diseases in ageing men. It has been proposed that prostate chronic inflammation is a risk factor for the development of both BPH and PCa. However, potential stimuli that cause or maintain inflammation in the prostate gland are still poorly characterized. Bacterial infections seems to be one of the potential sources of prostatitis. Recent studies show that is the most prevalent microorganism in the prostate gland and may be a predisposing factor for inflammation of prostatic tissue. It indicates that may contribute to cancer development by enhancing proinflammatory responses, as well as by modifying the prostate extracellular environment. In this review, we discuss the potential role of in the development of BPH and PCa and highlight the importance of regulatory T CD4(+)FoxP3(+) (Treg) and Th17 cells in response to infection in the context of both prostate diseases.
Topics: Humans; Immunity; Inflammation; Male; Propionibacterium acnes; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Th17 Cells
PubMed: 36012113
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168849 -
California Medicine Feb 1949A study of 310 patients with prostatism who were not operated upon within a month following the first examination, was made in an effort to determine indications for...
A study of 310 patients with prostatism who were not operated upon within a month following the first examination, was made in an effort to determine indications for operation in the patient with mild symptoms of prostatism. This study showed that long duration of symptoms, residual urine of more than 60 cc. and enlargement of the gland beyond Grade I are criteria for the necessity of operation. Palliative treatment is not always indicated. Patients with a soft, boggy prostate and those with more than a slight amount of infection in the prostate are benefited by light prostatic massage once weekly and stilbestrol given in doses of 1 mg. twice daily. Severe infection is treated by chemotherapy and bladder irrigations.
Topics: Disease; Humans; Male; Palliative Care; Prostate; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatism
PubMed: 18109363
DOI: No ID Found