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Aging Jan 2019
Topics: Animals; Protein S; Thrombosis
PubMed: 30683834
DOI: 10.18632/aging.101798 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Sep 2022Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been widely associated with increased thrombotic risk, with many different proposed mechanisms. One such mechanism is acquired... (Review)
Review
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been widely associated with increased thrombotic risk, with many different proposed mechanisms. One such mechanism is acquired deficiency of protein S (PS), a plasma protein that regulates coagulation and inflammatory processes, including complement activation and efferocytosis. Acquired PS deficiency is common in patients with severe viral infections and has been reported in multiple studies of COVID-19. This deficiency may be caused by consumption, degradation, or clearance of the protein, by decreased synthesis, or by binding of PS to other plasma proteins, which block its anticoagulant activity. Here, we review the functions of PS, the evidence of acquired PS deficiency in COVID-19 patients, the potential mechanisms of PS deficiency, and the evidence that those mechanisms may be occurring in COVID-19.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Protein S; Protein S Deficiency; Thrombosis
PubMed: 36494145
DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2022.101376 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Glioma is the most malignant cancer in the brain. As a major vitamin-K-dependent protein in the central nervous system, PROS1 not only plays a vital role in blood...
BACKGROUND
Glioma is the most malignant cancer in the brain. As a major vitamin-K-dependent protein in the central nervous system, PROS1 not only plays a vital role in blood coagulation, and some studies have found that it was associated with tumor immune infiltration. However, the prognostic significance of PROS1 in glioma and the underlying mechanism of PROS1 in shaping the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) remains unclear.
METHODS
The raw data (including RNA-seq, sgRNA-seq, clinicopathological variables and prognosis, and survival data) were acquired from public databases, including TCGA, GEPIA, CGGA, TIMER, GEO, UALCAN, and CancerSEA. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses were performed using "cluster profiler" package and visualized by the "ggplot2" package. GSEA was conducted using R package "cluster profiler". Tumor immune estimation resource (TIMER) and spearman correlation analysis were applied to evaluate the associations between infiltration levels of immune cells and the expression of PROS1. qRT-PCR and WB were used to assay the expression of PROS1. Wound-healing assay, transwell chambers assays, and CCK-8 assays, were performed to assess migration and proliferation. ROC and KM curves were constructed to determine prognostic significance of PROS1 in glioma.
RESULTS
The level of PROS1 expression was significantly increased in glioma in comparison to normal tissue, which was further certificated by qRT-PCR and WB in LN-229 and U-87MG glioma cells. High expression of PROS1 positively correlated with inflammation, EMT, and invasion identified by CancerSEA, which was also proved by downregulation of PROS1 could suppress cells migration, and proliferation in LN-229 and U-87MG glioma cells. GO and KEGG analysis suggested that PROS1 was involved in disease of immune system and T cell antigen receptor pathway. Immune cell infiltration analysis showed that expression of PROS1 was negatively associated with pDC and NK CD56 bright cells while positively correlated with Macrophages, Neutrophils in glioma. Immune and stromal scores analysis indicated that PROS1 was positively associated with immune score. The high level of PROS1 resulted in an immune suppressive TIME the recruitment of immunosuppressive molecules. In addition, Increased expression of PROS1 was correlated with T-cell exhaustion, M2 polarization, poor Overall-Survival (OS) in glioma. And it was significantly related to tumor histological level, age, primary therapy outcome. The results of our experiment and various bioinformatics approaches validated that PROS1 was a valuable poor prognostic marker.
CONCLUSION
Increased expression of PROS1 was correlated with malignant phenotype and associated with poor prognosis in glioma. Besides, PROS1 could be a possible biomarker and potential immunotherapeutic target through promoting the glioma immunosuppressive microenvironment and inducing tumor-associated macrophages M2 polarization.
Topics: Humans; Tumor Microenvironment; Glioma; Immunosuppression Therapy; Central Nervous System; Immunosuppressive Agents; Protein S
PubMed: 36685506
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1052692 -
Biosensors Apr 2018The present paper highlights the application of bacterial surface (S-) layer proteins as versatile components for the fabrication of biosensors. One technologically...
The present paper highlights the application of bacterial surface (S-) layer proteins as versatile components for the fabrication of biosensors. One technologically relevant feature of S-layer proteins is their ability to self-assemble on many surfaces and interfaces to form a crystalline two-dimensional (2D) protein lattice. The S-layer lattice on the surface of a biosensor becomes part of the interface architecture linking the bioreceptor to the transducer interface, which may cause signal amplification. The S-layer lattice as ultrathin, highly porous structure with functional groups in a well-defined special distribution and orientation and an overall anti-fouling characteristics can significantly raise the limit in terms of variety and the ease of bioreceptor immobilization, compactness of bioreceptor molecule arrangement, sensitivity, specificity, and detection limit for many types of biosensors. The present paper discusses and summarizes examples for the successful implementation of S-layer lattices on biosensor surfaces in order to give a comprehensive overview on the application potential of these bioinspired S-layer protein-based biosensors.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Humans; Membrane Glycoproteins; Protein S
PubMed: 29641511
DOI: 10.3390/bios8020040 -
Current Opinion in Hematology Sep 2021Protein S (PS) is an essential natural anticoagulant. PS deficiency is a major contributor to acquired hypercoagulability. Acquired hypercoagulability causes myocardial... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Protein S (PS) is an essential natural anticoagulant. PS deficiency is a major contributor to acquired hypercoagulability. Acquired hypercoagulability causes myocardial infarction, stroke, and deep vein thrombosis in millions of individuals. Yet, despite its importance in hemostasis, PS is the least understood anticoagulant. Even after 40 years since PS was first described, we are still uncovering information about how PS functions. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent findings that advance our understanding of the functions of PS and explain hypercoagulability caused by severe PS deficiency.
RECENT FINDINGS
PS has long been described as a cofactor for Activated Protein C (APC) and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI). However, a recent report describes direct inhibition of Factor IXa (FIXa) by PS, an activity of PS that had been completely overlooked. Thrombophilia is becoming a more frequently reported disorder. Hereditary PS deficiency is an anticoagulant deficiency that results eventually in thrombophilia. In addition, PS deficiency is a predisposing factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE), but an effect of PS deficiency in arterial thrombosis, such as arterial ischemic stroke, is uncertain. Plasma PS concentration decreases in pregnant women. Inherited thrombophilias are important etiologies for recurrent pregnancy loss, and anticoagulation therapy is of benefit to women with recurrent pregnancy loss who had documented only PS deficiency.Hypoxia is a risk factor for VTE, and hypoxia downregulates plasma PS level. Importantly, COVID-19 can lead to hypoxemia because of lung damage from IL6-driven inflammatory responses to the viral infection. Because hypoxia decreases the abundance of the key anticoagulant PS, we surmise that the IL6-induced cytokine explosion combined with hypoxemia causes a drop in PS level that exacerbates the thrombotic risk in COVID-19 patients.
SUMMARY
This review is intended to advance understanding of the anticoagulant function of an important plasma protein, PS. Despite 40+ years of research, we have not had a complete description of PS biology as it pertains to control of blood coagulation. However, the picture of PS function has become sharper with the recent discovery of FIXa inhibition by PS. Hemostasis mediated by PS now includes regulation of FIXa activity alongside the cofactor activities of PS in the TFPI/APC pathways. In addition, the direct inhibition of FIXa by PS suggests that PS, particularly a small derivative of PS, could be used to treat individuals with PS deficiencies or abnormalities that cause thrombotic complications.
Topics: COVID-19; Hemostasis; Humans; Protein S; SARS-CoV-2; Thrombophilia
PubMed: 34224431
DOI: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000663 -
Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis :... Nov 2020Protein S is a critical regulator of coagulation that functions as a cofactor for the activated protein C (APC) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) pathways. It... (Review)
Review
Protein S is a critical regulator of coagulation that functions as a cofactor for the activated protein C (APC) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) pathways. It also has direct anticoagulant functions, inhibiting the intrinsic tenase and prothrombinase complexes. Through these functions, protein S regulates coagulation during both its initiation and its propagation phases. The importance of protein S in hemostatic regulation is apparent from the strong association between protein S deficiencies and increased risk for venous thrombosis. This is most likely because both APC and TFPIα are inefficient anticoagulants in the absence of any cofactors. The detailed molecular mechanisms involved in protein S cofactor functions remain to be fully clarified. However, recent advances in the field have greatly improved our understanding of these functions. Evidence suggests that protein S anticoagulant properties often depend on the presence of synergistic cofactors and the formation of multicomponent complexes on negatively charged phospholipid surfaces. Their high affinity binding to negatively charged phospholipids helps bring the anticoagulant proteins to the membranes, resulting in efficient and targeted regulation of coagulation. In this review, we provide an update on protein S and how it functions as a critical hemostatic regulator.
Topics: Anticoagulants; Blood Coagulation; Humans; Protein Binding; Protein S; Protein S Deficiency
PubMed: 32702208
DOI: 10.1111/jth.15025 -
Journal of Medicine and Life Nov 2022This study was conducted to assess the level of proteins C and S in patients with thalassemia intermedia from the Thalassemia Center in Erbil, Iraq. This study aimed to...
This study was conducted to assess the level of proteins C and S in patients with thalassemia intermedia from the Thalassemia Center in Erbil, Iraq. This study aimed to evaluate protein C and S levels in patients with β-thalassemia intermedia and correlate them to different clinical and laboratory parameters. This comprehensive descriptive case-control study was conducted in 2021. Twenty-three thalassemia intermedia patients were recruited. After the participants' demographic data were recorded, plasma levels of both proteins were measured. The acquired files were examined for the 23 patients studied, 48% of whom were female. The mean age of the patients was 16.32 years. The findings show that the proportion of protein C in males was greater than in females, while this percentage contrasts when compared with protein S (ranging between 89-99% and 85-96%, respectively). Concerning age, these two types of protein in children have more value compared to older ages. Only seven people had less than 1,000 ferritins, while the others had higher values. A decrease in proteins C and S was observed in the thalassemia intermediate compared to the control group. There was a significant relationship between the decreased protein C and S levels with splenectomy. Given the significant reduction in protein C and S levels among patients with thalassemia intermediate compared to the control group, there is an increased risk of thromboembolic events in patients with thalassemia intermediate.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Humans; Male; beta-Thalassemia; Case-Control Studies; Ferritins; Protein C; Protein S; Thromboembolism
PubMed: 36567848
DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0316 -
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and... Jul 2023Antithrombin, PC (protein C), and PS (protein S) are circulating natural anticoagulant proteins that regulate hemostasis and of which partial deficiencies are causes of...
BACKGROUND
Antithrombin, PC (protein C), and PS (protein S) are circulating natural anticoagulant proteins that regulate hemostasis and of which partial deficiencies are causes of venous thromboembolism. Previous genetic association studies involving antithrombin, PC, and PS were limited by modest sample sizes or by being restricted to candidate genes. In the setting of the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology consortium, we meta-analyzed across ancestries the results from 10 genome-wide association studies of plasma levels of antithrombin, PC, PS free, and PS total.
METHODS
Study participants were of European and African ancestries, and genotype data were imputed to TOPMed, a dense multiancestry reference panel. Each of the 10 studies conducted a genome-wide association studies for each phenotype and summary results were meta-analyzed, stratified by ancestry. Analysis of antithrombin included 25 243 European ancestry and 2688 African ancestry participants, PC analysis included 16 597 European ancestry and 2688 African ancestry participants, PSF and PST analysis included 4113 and 6409 European ancestry participants. We also conducted transcriptome-wide association analyses and multiphenotype analysis to discover additional associations. Novel genome-wide association studies and transcriptome-wide association analyses findings were validated by in vitro functional experiments. Mendelian randomization was performed to assess the causal relationship between these proteins and cardiovascular outcomes.
RESULTS
Genome-wide association studies meta-analyses identified 4 newly associated loci: 3 with antithrombin levels (, , and ) and 1 with PS levels (-). transcriptome-wide association analyses identified 3 newly associated genes: 1 with antithrombin level (), 1 with PC (), and 1 with PS (). In addition, we replicated 7 independent loci reported in previous studies. Functional experiments provided evidence for the involvement of , , and genes in antithrombin regulation.
CONCLUSIONS
The use of larger sample sizes, diverse populations, and a denser imputation reference panel allowed the detection of 7 novel genomic loci associated with plasma antithrombin, PC, and PS levels.
Topics: Protein C; Protein S; Genome-Wide Association Study; Antithrombins; Transcriptome; Anticoagulants; Antithrombin III; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 37128921
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.122.318213 -
British Journal of Pharmacology Feb 2020Hydrogen sulfide (H S) is a signalling molecule that regulates neuronal transmission, vascular tone, cytoprotection, inflammatory responses, angiogenesis, and oxygen... (Review)
Review
Hydrogen sulfide (H S) is a signalling molecule that regulates neuronal transmission, vascular tone, cytoprotection, inflammatory responses, angiogenesis, and oxygen sensing. Some of these functions have recently been ascribed to its oxidized form polysulfides (H S ), which can be produced by 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST), also known as a H S-producing enzyme. H S activate ion channels, tumour suppressors, transcription factors, and protein kinases. H S S-sulfurate (S-sulfhydrate) cysteine residues of these target proteins to modify their activity by inducing conformational changes through the formation of a disulfide bridge between the two cysteine residues involved. The chemical interaction between H S and NO also generates H S , which may be a chemical entity that exerts the synergistic effect of H S and NO. MPST also produces redox regulators cysteine persulfide (CysSSH), GSH persulfide (GSSH), and persulfurated proteins. In addition to MPST, haemoproteins such as haemoglobin, myoglobin, neuroglobin, and catalase as well as SOD can produce H S , and sulfide quinone oxidoreductase and cysteinyl tRNA synthetase can make GSSH and CysSSH. This review focuses on the recent progress in the study of the production and physiological roles of these persulfurated and polysulfurated molecules. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Hydrogen Sulfide in Biology & Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.4/issuetoc.
Topics: Hydrogen Sulfide; Protein S; Signal Transduction; Sulfides
PubMed: 30657595
DOI: 10.1111/bph.14579 -
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and... Jul 2023
Topics: Protein C; Protein S; Prothrombin; Blood Coagulation
PubMed: 37199157
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.319442