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Microbial Ecology Nov 2016Proteus spp. bacteria were first described in 1885 by Gustav Hauser, who had revealed their feature of intensive swarming growth. Currently, the genus is divided into... (Review)
Review
Proteus spp. bacteria were first described in 1885 by Gustav Hauser, who had revealed their feature of intensive swarming growth. Currently, the genus is divided into Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus penneri, Proteus hauseri, and three unnamed genomospecies 4, 5, and 6 and consists of 80 O-antigenic serogroups. The bacteria are known to be human opportunistic pathogens, isolated from urine, wounds, and other clinical sources. It is postulated that intestines are a reservoir of these proteolytic organisms. Many wild and domestic animals may be hosts of Proteus spp. bacteria, which are commonly known to play a role of parasites or commensals. However, interesting examples of their symbiotic relationships with higher organisms have also been described. Proteus spp. bacteria present in soil or water habitats are often regarded as indicators of fecal pollution, posing a threat of poisoning when the contaminated water or seafood is consumed. The health risk may also be connected with drug-resistant strains sourcing from intestines. Positive aspects of the bacteria presence in water and soil are connected with exceptional features displayed by autochthonic Proteus spp. strains detected in these environments. These rods acquire various metabolic abilities allowing their adaptation to different environmental conditions, such as high concentrations of heavy metals or toxic substances, which may be exploited as sources of energy and nutrition by the bacteria. The Proteus spp. abilities to tolerate or utilize polluting compounds as well as promote plant growth provide a possibility of employing these microorganisms in bioremediation and environmental protection.
Topics: Animals; Environment; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Houseflies; Humans; Insect Vectors; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Soil Microbiology; Virulence Factors; Water Microbiology; Water Pollution
PubMed: 26748500
DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0720-6 -
Life Sciences in Space Research May 2024The space environment poses substantial challenges to human physiology, including potential disruptions in gastrointestinal health. Gut permeability has only recently... (Review)
Review
The space environment poses substantial challenges to human physiology, including potential disruptions in gastrointestinal health. Gut permeability has only recently become widely acknowledged for its potential to cause adverse effects on a systemic level, rendering it a critical factor to investigate in the context of spaceflight. Here, we propose that astronauts experience the onset of leaky gut during space missions supported by transcriptomic and metagenomic analysis of human and murine samples. A genetic map contributing to intestinal permeability was constructed from a systematic review of current literature. This was referenced against our re-analysis of three independent transcriptomic datasets which revealed significant changes in gene expression patterns associated with the gut barrier. Specifically, in astronauts during flight, we observed a substantial reduction in the expression genes that are crucial for intestinal barrier function, goblet cell development, gut microbiota modulation, and immune responses. Among rodent spaceflight studies, differential expression of cytokines, chemokines, and genes which regulate mucin production and post-translational modifications suggest a similar dysfunction of intestinal permeability. Metagenomic analysis of feces from two murine studies revealed a notable reduction probiotic, short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and an increase in the Gram-negative pathogens, including Citrobacter rodentium, Enterobacter cloacea, Klebsiella aerogenes, and Proteus hauseri which promote LPS circulation, a recipe for barrier disruption and systemic inflammatory activation. These findings emphasize the critical need to understand the underlying mechanisms and develop interventions to maintain gastrointestinal health in space.
Topics: Space Flight; Astronauts; Humans; Animals; Permeability; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mice; Transcriptome; Gastrointestinal Tract
PubMed: 38670644
DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.003 -
Genome Announcements Jan 2014Proteus hauseri ZMd44 (CGMCC 6746), as a crucial biodecolorizing, bioelectricity-generating, and copper-resistant bacterium, is distinguished from the urinary pathogens...
Proteus hauseri ZMd44 (CGMCC 6746), as a crucial biodecolorizing, bioelectricity-generating, and copper-resistant bacterium, is distinguished from the urinary pathogens Proteus penneri and Proteus mirabilis. To further investigate the genetic functions of this strain, the genome sequence and annotation of its open reading frames, which consist of 3,875,927 bp (G+C content, 38.12%), are presented here.
PubMed: 24435854
DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00992-13 -
Iranian Journal of Microbiology Apr 2015Selenium is essential for biological systems at low concentrations and toxic at higher levels. Heavy metals and metalloids such as selenium are major contaminants in 40%...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Selenium is essential for biological systems at low concentrations and toxic at higher levels. Heavy metals and metalloids such as selenium are major contaminants in 40% of hazardous waste sites. Thus, bioremediation has been considered as an effective means of cleaning up of selenium-contaminated sites.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, 30 strains were isolated from wastewater samples collected from selenium-contaminated sites in Qom, Iran using the enrichment culture technique. One bacterial strain designated QW4, identified as Proteus hauseri by morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was studied for its ability to tolerate different concentrations of sodium selenate (100-800 mM). Also, the disk diffusion method was performed to determine resistance to some antibiotics.
RESULTS
Strain QW4 showed maximum minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to selenate (760 mM). The maximum selenate removal was exhibited at 35 °C, while the removal activity reduced by 30.7% and 37% at 25 °C and 40 °C, respectively. The optimum pH and shaking incubator for removal activity was shown to be 7.0 and 150 rpm, with 60.2% and 60.3%, respectively. This bacterial strain was resistant to some antibiotics.
CONCLUSION
The concentration of toxic sodium selenate (1000 μg/ml) in the supernatant of the bacterial culture medium decreased by 100% after 2 days and the color of the medium changed to red due to the formation of less toxic elemental selenium. Also, our results imply that heavy metal pollution may contribute to increased antibiotic resistance through indirect selection.
PubMed: 26622970
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Sliced cooked ham packaged in a modified atmosphere is a popular ready-to-eat product, subjected to abundant microbial contamination throughout its shelf life that can...
Sliced cooked ham packaged in a modified atmosphere is a popular ready-to-eat product, subjected to abundant microbial contamination throughout its shelf life that can lead to deterioration of both sensorial properties and safety. In this study, the microbial load and the chemical-physical features of cooked ham of five producers were monitored for a period of 12 days after the opening of the packages (i.e., the secondary shelf life), during which the products were stored in a domestic refrigerator at 5.2 ± 0.6°C. The sensorial properties presented a perceivable decay after 8 days and became unacceptable after 12 days. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis and solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography profiling of volatile metabolites indicated that lactic acid, ethanol, acetic acid, acetoin, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-3 butanediol were the main metabolites that characterized the evolution of the analyzed cooked ham. The microbiota was monitored by 16S ribosomal RNA gene profiling and culture-dependent techniques. Already at the opening of packages, all the products presented high microbial load, generally dominated by lactic acid bacteria, with evident differences among the products. The increase of lactic acid bacteria somehow protected samples from abundant contamination by other bacteria, concurring with the evolution of more safe products. This role was exerted by numerous , , and species, among which the most frequently detected were , , , and Some products presented more complex communities that encompassed Proteobacteria such as , , , and less frequently , , and . Opportunistic pathogenic bacteria such as and V sp. were found in small quantities. The yeasts and occurred already at 0 days, whereas various species of (, , , and ) were abundant only after 12 days. These results indicated that the microbiological contaminants overgrowing during the secondary shelf life did not derive from environmental cross-contamination at the opening of the tray but were already present when the packages were opened, highlighting the phases of production up to the packaging as those crucial in managing the safety risk associated to this product.
PubMed: 35350621
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842390 -
BMC Infectious Diseases May 2023Proteus spp. are widespread in the environment and comprise a part of the normal flora of the human gastrointestinal tract. Only six species in this genus, including...
BACKGROUND
Proteus spp. are widespread in the environment and comprise a part of the normal flora of the human gastrointestinal tract. Only six species in this genus, including Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus terrae, Proteus penneri, Proteus hauseri, and Proteus faecis, have been isolated from human clinical specimens. However, there are no reports of Proteus alimentorum isolated from humans, and the clinical characteristics of P. alimentorum infection are unknown.
CASE PRESENTATION
An 85-year-old female patient with peritoneal cancer was hospitalized for complicated pyelonephritis and bacteremia caused by P. alimentorum. The patient received antimicrobial therapy and was discharged on day 7 of hospitalization. No recurrence was observed 14 days after the treatment. Various methods were used to identify the Proteus sp. Furthermore, the VITEK-2 GN ID card resulted in low discrimination between P. hauseri and P. penneri. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry showed P. hauseri with a spectral score of 2.22 as the best match. Nevertheless, the pathogen was identified as P. alimentorum based on genetic investigation using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and biochemical tests.
CONCLUSION
Proteus alimentorum is a human pathogen, and its infection has an excellent therapeutic response to antimicrobials based on antimicrobial susceptibility. Genomic methods may be helpful for the precise identification of P. alimentorum.
Topics: Female; Humans; Aged, 80 and over; Neoplasms; Proteus; Pyelonephritis; RNA, Ribosomal; Proteus Infections
PubMed: 37189038
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08296-8 -
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2018The current study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of , , and virulence genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in spp. isolated from 5 commercially...
The current study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of , , and virulence genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in spp. isolated from 5 commercially popular species of pet turtles and comparison of the gene sequences of isolates with human clinical isolates. A total of 24 isolates in pet turtles were identified, comprised of (15), (7) and (2). The prevalence of , , and genes among all identified spp. isolates were 91.7%, 50%, 45.8% and 45.8%, respectively. The average percentage similarities of gene sequence of pet turtle isolates to human urinary and respiratory isolates were 96.35% and 94.85%, respectively. The prevalence of virulence genes and high similarity of gene sequences between pet turtles and human isolates revealed that though pet turtles are healthy, these animals may pose a potential risk of urinary and respiratory infections to humans.
PubMed: 29805463
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022A number of converging strands of research suggest that the intestinal Enterobacteriaceae plays a crucial role in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel...
Overrepresentation of Enterobacteriaceae and is the major gut microbiome signature in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; a comprehensive metagenomic analysis of IBDMDB datasets.
OBJECTIVES
A number of converging strands of research suggest that the intestinal Enterobacteriaceae plays a crucial role in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), however, the changes in the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae species and their related metabolic pathways in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) compared to healthy people are not fully explained by comprehensive comparative metagenomics analysis. In the current study, we investigated the alternations of the Enterobacterales population in the gut microbiome of patients with CD and UC compared to healthy subjects.
METHODS
Metagenomic datasets were selected from the Integrative Human Microbiome Project (HMP2) through the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Multi'omics Database (IBDMDB). We performed metagenome-wide association studies on fecal samples from 191 CD patients, 132 UC patients, and 125 healthy controls (HCs). We used the metagenomics dataset to study bacterial community structure, relative abundance, differentially abundant bacteria, functional analysis, and Enterobacteriaceae-related biosynthetic pathways.
RESULTS
Compared to the gut microbiome of HCs, six Enterobacteriaceae species were significantly elevated in both CD and UC patients, including , , , , , , and , while , , and were uniquely differentially abundant and enriched in the CD cohort. Four species were uniquely differentially abundant and enriched in the UC cohort, including , , , and . Our analysis also showed a dramatically increased abundance of in their intestinal bacterial community. Biosynthetic pathways of aerobactin siderophore, LPS, enterobacterial common antigen, nitrogen metabolism, and sulfur relay systems encoded by were significantly elevated in the CD samples compared to the HCs. Menaquinol biosynthetic pathways were associated with UC that belonged to strains.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, compared with healthy people, the taxonomic and functional composition of intestinal bacteria in CD and UC patients was significantly shifted to Enterobacteriaceae species, mainly and species.
Topics: Humans; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Metagenome; Escherichia coli; Siderophores; Lipopolysaccharides; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Feces; Escherichia coli Infections; Sulfur; Nitrogen
PubMed: 36268225
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1015890 -
Microorganisms Jul 2022The antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract prepared using high pressure extraction was evaluated. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal...
The antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract prepared using high pressure extraction was evaluated. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of extract for six bacterial pathogens were determined using the broth macrodilution method. Although the extract was shown to be effective toward all investigated foodborne bacteria, its antimicrobial activity depended on its concentration and bacterial strain. was the most sensitive to antimicrobial activity of extract among all tested pathogens. Accordingly, the lowest MIC and MBC of extract were determined for . (28 and 29 mg/mL). The tested extract showed a similar antimicrobial potential to other examined bacterial strains ( Enteritidis, , and two strains of ) with MIC and MBC values at concentrations of 29 and 30 mg/mL, respectively. The dependence of the antimicrobial activity of the extract on the level of contamination of tested pathogens was also observed. The increase in the contamination level caused an intense reduction in antibacterial potential of the extract. The composition of the extract was analyzed and found to be a good source of polyphenols and sulfur compounds. However, considering the applied extraction method and the HPLC analysis of bioactive compounds, the antimicrobial potential may be attributed more to polyphenol content. The obtained results that the extracts have shown toward food pathogens open the possibility of using the tested extracts as natural additives in a variety of food products.
PubMed: 35889077
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071358 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2022Currently, the pharmaceutical industry is well-developed, and a large number of chemotherapeutics are being produced. These include antibacterial substances, which can...
Currently, the pharmaceutical industry is well-developed, and a large number of chemotherapeutics are being produced. These include antibacterial substances, which can be used in treating humans and animals suffering from bacterial infections, and as animal growth promoters in the agricultural industry. As a result of the excessive use of antibiotics and emerging resistance amongst bacteria, new antimicrobial drugs are needed. Due to the increasing trend of using natural, ecological, and safe products, there is a special need for novel phytocompounds. The compounds analysed in the present study include two triterpenoids ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) and the flavonoid dihydromyricetin (DHM). All the compounds displayed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive ( ATCC 6538, ATCC 12228, and ATCC 19115) and Gram-negative bacteria ( ATCC 25922, ATCC 15442, and ATCC 33560) without adverse effects on eukaryotic cells. Both the triterpenoids showed the best antibacterial potential against the Gram-positive strains. They showed synergistic activity against all the tested microorganisms, and a bactericidal effect with the combination OA with UA against both strains. In addition, the synergistic action of DHM, UA, and OA was reported for the first time in this study. Our results also showed that combination with triterpenoids enhanced the antimicrobial potential of DHM.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Drug Synergism; Flavonoids; Triterpenes
PubMed: 35164112
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030847