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The Canadian Journal of Infectious... 2022Globally, the issue of microbial resistance to medicines and heavy metals is getting worse. There are few reports or data available for (), particularly in India. This...
Globally, the issue of microbial resistance to medicines and heavy metals is getting worse. There are few reports or data available for (), particularly in India. This investigation intends to reveal the bacteria's ability to transmit genes and their level of resistance as well. The wastewater samples were taken from several hospitals in Lucknow City, India, and examined for the presence of Gram-negative bacteria that were resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals. The microbial population count in different hospital wastewaters decreases with increasing concentrations of metal and antibiotics. Among all the examined metals, Ni and Zn had the highest viable counts, whereas Hg, Cd, and Co had the lowest viable counts. Penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin, among the antibiotics, demonstrated higher viable counts, whereas tetracycline and erythromycin exhibited lower viable counts. The MIC values for the isolates tested ranged from 50 to 16,00 g/ml for each metal tested. The multiple metal resistance (MMR) index, which ranged from 0.04 to 0.50, showed diverse heavy metal resistance patterns in all isolates (in the case of 2-7 metals in various combinations). All of the tested isolates had methicillin resistance, whereas the least number of isolates had ofloxacin, gentamycin, or neomycin resistance. The isolates displayed multidrug resistance patterns (2-12 drugs) in various antibiotic combinations. The MAR indexes were shown to be between (0.02-0.7). From the total isolates, 98%, 84%, and 80% had urease, gelatinase, and amylase activity, whereas 68% and 56% displayed protease and beta-lactamase activity. Plasmids were present in all the selected resistant isolates and varied in size from 42.5 to 57.0 kb and molecular weight from 27.2 to 37.0 MD. The transmission of the antibiotic/metal resistance genes was evaluated between a total of 7 pairs of isolates. A higher transfer frequency (4.4 × 10) was observed among antibiotics, although a lower transfer frequency (1.0 × 10) was observed against metals in both the media from the entire site tested. According to exponential decay, the population of hospital wastewater declined in the following order across all sites: Site II > Site IV > Site III > Site I for antibiotics and site IV > site II > site I >site III for metal. Different metal and antibiotic concentrations have varying effects on the population. The metal-tolerant from hospital wastewater was studied in the current study had multiple distinct patterns of antibiotic resistance. It could provide cutting-edge methods for treating infectious diseases, which are essential for managing and assessing the risks associated with hospital wastewater, especially in the case of .
PubMed: 36523753
DOI: 10.1155/2022/3399137 -
Archivum Immunologiae Et Therapiae... 2007Proteus rods are currently subdivided into five named species, i.e. Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, P. penneri, P. hauseri, and P. myxofaciens, and three unnamed Proteus...
INTRODUCTION
Proteus rods are currently subdivided into five named species, i.e. Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, P. penneri, P. hauseri, and P. myxofaciens, and three unnamed Proteus genomospecies 4 to 6. Based on the serospecificity of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS; O-antigen), strains of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris were divided into 49 O-serogroups and 11 additional O-serogroups were proposed later. About 15 further O-serogroups have been proposed for the third medically important species, P. penneri. Here the serological classification of P. vulgaris strain TG 251, which does not belong to these serogroups, is reported. Serological investigations also allowed characterization of the epitope specificity of its LPS.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Purified LPSs from five Proteus strains were used as antigens in enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA), SDS/PAGE, and Western blot and alkali-treated LPSs in the passive immunohemolysis (PIH) test, inhibition of PIH and EIA, and absorption of the rabbit polyclonal O-antisera with the respective LPS.
RESULTS
The serological studies of P. vulgaris TG 251 LPS indicated the identity of its O-polysaccharide with that of P. penneri O65. The antibody specificities of P. vulgaris TG 251 and P. penneri O65 O-antisera, were described.
CONCLUSIONS
P. vulgaris TG 251 was classified to the Proteus O65 serogroup. Two disaccharide-associated epitopes present in P. vulgaris TG 251 and P. penneri O65 LPSs are suggested to be responsible for cross-reactions with three heterologous Proteus strains.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Cross Reactions; Epitopes; Lipopolysaccharides; O Antigens; Proteus penneri; Proteus vulgaris; Serotyping
PubMed: 17557147
DOI: 10.1007/s00005-007-0020-z -
Gels (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022The objective of the study was to develop a transdermal nanoformulation of hesperidin (HSP) against (). Based on the low water solubility of HSP, we prepared...
The objective of the study was to develop a transdermal nanoformulation of hesperidin (HSP) against (). Based on the low water solubility of HSP, we prepared HSP-enabled AuNPs stabilized with xanthan gum (XA), referred to as HSP@XA@AuNPs. The HSP@XA@AuNP formulation was evaluated for particle size (43.16 nm), PDI (0.565), zeta potential (-31.9 mV), and entrapment efficiency (56.7%). The HSP@XA@AuNPs gel was developed by incorporating selected formulation grades into a 1% Carbopol gel base and characterized by physical evaluation and rheological studies. The color of the HSP@XA@AuNP gel was light pink, and the texture was very smooth and non-greasy. The gel was shown to be odorless. A field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was used to investigate the shape of HSP@XA@AuNPs further. The drug release was 73.08% for the HSP@XA@AuNPs and 86.26% for the HSP@XA@AuNPs gel in 500 min. The prepared gel showed antimicrobial activity against with an MIC of 1.78 μg/mL. In conclusion, the HSP@XA@AuNPs gel could be an advanced modality for treating .
PubMed: 36286156
DOI: 10.3390/gels8100655 -
BMC Microbiology Nov 2021Penicillin was the first and most famous fungal secondary metabolite used as broad spectrum antibiotic that revolutionarised pharmaceutical research and also saved...
PROBLEM BACKGROUND
Penicillin was the first and most famous fungal secondary metabolite used as broad spectrum antibiotic that revolutionarised pharmaceutical research and also saved millions of lives. The over optimistic belief in 1967 that sufficient antibiotics had been discovered to defeat infectious diseases was quickly crashed with the appearance of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria in 1990s. This has posed a serious threat to mankind. Although scientists are making efforts to synthesize and discover new antibiotics there are not enough new drugs in pharmaceutical pipeline to beat the pace at which MDR bacteria are emerging. In view of this there is an urgent and serious medical need for new bioactive compounds to be discovered to treat infections caused by MDR pathogens. The present study is aimed to investigate the antibacterial potential of Aspergillus flavus originated compounds that may act as drug leads to treat future infections.
METHODOLOGY
Among the 6 isolated fungal strains from the rhizosphere of Mentha piperetta, one was processed for isolation of secondary metabolites on the basis of preliminary antibacterial testing. Observation of morphological and microscopic features helped in identification of the fungal strain as Aspergillus flavus. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was used for fungal growth while Czapec Yeast Broth (CYB) medium was used for production of fungal metabolites. Column chromatography technique was utilized for purification of compound from crude fungal extract and the mass of the compound was determined using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) method. Structure elucidation of the pure compound was performed using 500 Varian Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) machine. Docking was performed using Glide SP algorithm. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the invitro antibacterial potential of the compound against two MDR bacterial strains i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. For this a total of 4 dose concentrations i.e. (100, 250, 500, 1000 μg mL) of the compound were prepared and applied to bacterial strains on Mueller Hinton agar using tetracycline as control.
RESULTS
The chemical name of the purified compound from A. flavus was determined as (2E)-3-[(3S, 4R)-8-hydroxy-3, 4-dimethyl-1-oxo-3, 4-dihydro-1H-2- benzopyran-7-yl] prop-2-enoic acid with the formula CHO and exact mass of 262.08. The in-Silico analysis showed that this compound has the potential to inhibit the binding pocket of S. aureus TyrRS (1JII) with docking score of - 8.67 Kcal mole. The results obtained from invitro experiments were encouraging as at 1000 μg mL the compound showed 58.8% inhibition against S. aureus and 28% inhibition against P. vulgaris.
CONCLUSIONS
The pure compound with formula CHO and exact mass of 262 exhibited antibacterial potential both insilico and invitro against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The compound was more active against S. aureus in comparison to P. vulgaris. From the obtained results it is concluded that this compound can be used as potent antibacterial candidate but further studies will be needed prior to its use as antibiotic.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aspergillus flavus; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Mentha piperita; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Proteus vulgaris; Secondary Metabolism; Soil Microbiology; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 34798838
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02371-3 -
3 Biotech Mar 2021To gain a general understanding of the SOS system in species, in this study LexA-binding sites and the LexA regulons in 23 genomes were first predicted by phylogenetic...
To gain a general understanding of the SOS system in species, in this study LexA-binding sites and the LexA regulons in 23 genomes were first predicted by phylogenetic footprinting server, then with as an example, the expression of LexA regulon in iron limitation was investigated by proteomic analysis and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method. The results showed that LexA proteins were highly conserved in species, and were in a close phylogenetic relationship with those in Gram-negative bacteria; the core SOS response genes and were found in all the 23 genomes, indicating that this system was widely distributed in this genus; besides that, putative LexA-binding sites were also found in the upstream sequences of some genes involved in other biological processes such as biosynthesis, drug resistance, and stress response. Proteomic and RT-qPCR analyses showed that under iron deficient condition, the expression of , and was transcriptionally upregulated ( < 0.05), was also translationally upregulated but was on the contrary ( < 0.05), whereas another SOS response gene was transcriptionally downregulated ( < 0.01). These results indicated that in response to iron deficiency, the members of LexA regulon were not regulated by the same way, suggesting the existence of a precise regulation mechanism of SOS response in . In conclusion, this study provided a preliminary understanding of the SOS system in species, which laid the foundation for further investigation of its roles in SOS response and other biological processes.
PubMed: 33680696
DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02683-1 -
Microorganisms Apr 2022Wound infections after venomous snakebites are clinically important. Information regarding the nature and antibiotic susceptibilities of snake oral bacterial flora could...
Wound infections after venomous snakebites are clinically important. Information regarding the nature and antibiotic susceptibilities of snake oral bacterial flora could support empiric antibiotic therapy. Wild venomous snakes were collected from southern Taiwan: a total of 30 each of Bungarus multicinctus, Naja atra, Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, and Trimeresurus stejnegeri; 3 Deinagkistrodon acutus; and 4 Daboia siamensis. The species and antibiotic susceptibilities of their oral bacteria were determined. Aerobic gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris, were the most abundant. Proteus vulgaris were more abundant in B. multicinctus, N. atra, and P. mucrosquamatus than in T. stejnegeri (40%, 43.3%, and 40% vs. 13.3%, respectively). The gram-negative species were less susceptible to first- and second-generation cephalosporins and ampicillin-sulbactam than to third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, or piperacillin-tazobactam. The most abundant aerobic gram-positive species cultured was Enterococcus faecalis, which was more abundant in N. atra than in other snakes (p < 0.001) and was highly susceptible to ampicillin, high-level gentamicin, penicillin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium species were the most common anaerobic bacteria. The anaerobic organisms were highly susceptible to metronidazole and piperacillin. As a reference for empiric antimicrobial therapy, third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, or piperacillin-tazobactam can be initiated in venomous snakebites wound infections.
PubMed: 35630396
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050951 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Oct 2009To investigate the impact of Proteus vulgaris growth on a multispecies ecosystem and on volatile aroma compound production during cheese ripening.
AIMS
To investigate the impact of Proteus vulgaris growth on a multispecies ecosystem and on volatile aroma compound production during cheese ripening.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The microbial community dynamics and the production of volatile aroma compounds of a nine-species cheese ecosystem were compared with or without the presence of P. vulgaris in the initial inoculum. Proteus vulgaris was able to colonize the cheese surface and it was one of the dominant species, representing 37% of total isolates at the end of ripening with counts of 9.2 log(10) CFU g(-1). In the presence of P. vulgaris, counts of Arthrobacter arilaitensis, Brevibacterium aurantiacum and Hafnia alvei significantly decreased. Proteus vulgaris influenced the production of total volatile aroma compounds with branched-chain aldehydes and their corresponding alcohols being most abundant.
CONCLUSIONS
Proteus vulgaris was able to successfully implant itself in a complex cheese ecosystem and significantly contributed to the organoleptic properties of cheese during ripening. This bacterium also interacted negatively with other bacteria in the ecosystem studied.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
This is the first time that the impact of a Gram-negative bacterium on cheese microbial ecology and functionality has been described.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Cheese; Colony Count, Microbial; Color; Ecosystem; Food Microbiology; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Organic Chemicals; Proteus vulgaris; Smell; Sulfur Compounds; Volatilization; Yeasts
PubMed: 19426267
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04315.x -
Journal of Medical Case Reports Apr 2013Abscess formation and cellulitis in the setting of envenomation are rare complications of handling catfish. To the best of our knowledge, isolation of Proteus vulgaris...
INTRODUCTION
Abscess formation and cellulitis in the setting of envenomation are rare complications of handling catfish. To the best of our knowledge, isolation of Proteus vulgaris has not been previously recorded, and recovery of Morganella morganii has been reported in only one prior case from wound cultures in patients injured by catfish stings. We report a case of catfish envenomation characterized by abscess formation and cellulitis, in which wound cultures grew these unusual organisms.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 52-year-old Chinese-American man was hospitalized with erythema and swelling of his right arm of 10 days' duration after skin penetration by a catfish barb. An abscess of his right thumb had undergone incision and drainage, with purulent drainage sent for wound culture immediately prior to admission. Laboratory studies revealed elevated white blood count, sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein. The patient was treated with intravenous ampicillin-sulbactam and vancomycin during his hospitalization, and symptoms improved. Wound cultures obtained prior to presentation grew many Proteus vulgaris and Morganella morganii. He was subsequently discharged on a 10-day course of oral ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanate. At a 12-month telephone follow-up, the patient denied developing further symptoms and reported that the wound had healed completely without complication.
CONCLUSION
Although envenomation and secondary infection are not uncommon sequelae of handling catfish, the present case is unique by virtue of the infecting organisms isolated. Given the prevalence of injury from catfish stings, a review of the literature is presented in order to provide recommendations for prevention and treatment of catfish envenomation.
PubMed: 23631594
DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-7-122 -
Biochemistry. Biokhimiia Oct 2002An efficient method for purification of recombinant tryptophanase from Proteus vulgaris was developed. Catalytic properties of the enzyme in reactions with L-tryptophan...
An efficient method for purification of recombinant tryptophanase from Proteus vulgaris was developed. Catalytic properties of the enzyme in reactions with L-tryptophan and some other substrates as well as competitive inhibition by various amino acids in the reaction with S-o-nitrophenyl-L-cysteine were studied. Absorption and circular dichroism spectra of holotryptophanase and its complexes with characteristic inhibitors modeling the structure of the principal reaction intermediates were examined. Kinetic and spectral properties of two tryptophanases which markedly differ in their primary structures are compared. It was found that although the spectral properties of the holoenzymes and their complexes with amino acid inhibitors are different, the principal kinetic properties of the enzymes from Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli are analogous. This indicates structural similarity of their active sites.
Topics: Binding Sites; Catalysis; Circular Dichroism; Coenzymes; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Enzyme Inhibitors; Escherichia coli; Holoenzymes; Kinetics; Molecular Structure; Proteus vulgaris; Tryptophanase
PubMed: 12460117
DOI: 10.1023/a:1020975610046 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Sep 1988Indole-positive members of the Proteeae usually have inducible expression of chromosomal beta-lactamases. Mutants with stably derepressed beta-lactamase expression occur...
Indole-positive members of the Proteeae usually have inducible expression of chromosomal beta-lactamases. Mutants with stably derepressed beta-lactamase expression occur in inducible populations at frequencies in the range of 10(-6) to 10(-8). The contribution of these beta-lactamases to drug resistance was examined in Morganella morganii and Proteus vulgaris. The M. morganii enzyme was a high-molecular-weight (49,000) class I cephalosporinase with low Vmax rates for ampicillin, carbenicillin, and and broad-spectrum cephalosporins. The P. vulgaris enzyme had a lower molecular weight (32,000) and high Vmax rates for ampicillin, cephaloridine, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone. Imipenem and cefoxitin inactivated the P. vulgaris enzyme but were low-Vmax, low-Km substrates for that of M. morganii. Despite these differences, the two beta-lactamases caused similar resistance profiles. Ampicillin and cephaloridine were strong inducers for both species, and beta-lactamase-inducible strains and their stably derepressed mutants were resistant, whereas basal mutants (those with low-level uninducible beta-lactamase) were susceptible to these two compounds. Mezlocillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and (usually) carbenicillin were almost equally active against beta-lactamase-inducible organisms and their basal mutants, but were less active against stably derepressed mutants. This behavior reflected the beta-lactamase lability of these drugs, coupled with their weak inducer activity below the MIC. Carbenicillin was a labile strong inducer for a single P. vulgaris strain, and inducible enzyme was protective against the drug in this atypical organism. Cefoxitin and imipenem, both strong inducers below the MIC, were almost equally active against beta-lactamase-inducible organisms and their basal and stably derepressed mutants.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterobacteriaceae; Enzyme Induction; Hydrolysis; Isoelectric Focusing; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Proteus vulgaris; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams
PubMed: 3058021
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.32.9.1385