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Journal of Spine Surgery (Hong Kong) Jun 2019Chemonucleolysis is a minimally invasive treatment for cervical and lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (IDH). While this procedure has existed for more than 50 years,... (Review)
Review
Chemonucleolysis is a minimally invasive treatment for cervical and lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (IDH). While this procedure has existed for more than 50 years, it has yet to become an established practice. The main reason for this is the low specificity of enzymes targeting nucleus pulposus (NP). Although two enzymes (chymopapain and collagenase) have been used in clinical settings, severe adverse events have discouraged widespread use. The recently introduced enzyme chondroitin sulfate ABC endolyase may allow a new era of chemonucleolysis because of its high specificity for NP.
PubMed: 31380500
DOI: 10.21037/jss.2019.04.24 -
Infection and Immunity Jun 1991Proteus mirabilis, a common agent of nosocomially acquired and catheter-associated bacteriuria, can cause acute pyelonephritis. In ascending infections, bacteria...
Proteus mirabilis, a common agent of nosocomially acquired and catheter-associated bacteriuria, can cause acute pyelonephritis. In ascending infections, bacteria colonize the bladder and ascend the ureters to the proximal tubules of the kidney. We postulate that Proteus species uses the HpmA hemolysin and urease to elicit tissue damage that allows entry of these bacteria into the kidney. To study this interaction, strains of Proteus mirabilis and P. vulgaris and their isogenic hemolysin-negative (hpmA) or isogenic urease-negative (ureC) constructs were overlaid onto cultures of human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HRPTEC) isolated from kidneys obtained by immediate autopsy. Cytotoxicity was measured by release of soluble lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Two strains of P. mirabilis inoculated at 10(6) CFU caused a release of 80% of total LDH after 6 h, whereas pyelonephritogenic hemolytic Escherichia coli CFT073 released only 25% at 6 h (P less than 0.012). Ten P. mirabilis isolates and five P. vulgaris isolates were all hemolytic and cytotoxic and produced urease which was induced by urea. The HpmA hemolysin is apparently responsible for the majority of cytotoxicity in vitro since the hemolysin-negative (hpmA) mutants of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris were significantly less cytotoxic than wild-type strains. P. mirabilis WPM111 (hemolysin negative) was used to test the effect of urease-catalyzed urea hydrolysis on HRPTEC viability. In the presence of 50 mM urea, WPM111 caused the release of 42% of LDH versus 1% at 6 h in the absence of substrate (P = 0.003). We conclude that the HpmA hemolysin of Proteus species acts as a potent cytotoxin against HRPTEC. In addition, urease apparently contributes to this process when substrate urea is available.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Cells, Cultured; Epithelium; Female; Hemagglutination; Hemolysin Proteins; Humans; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Proteus mirabilis; Proteus vulgaris; Urease
PubMed: 2037363
DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.6.2036-2042.1991 -
Annals of Medical and Health Sciences... 2016species cause a variety of community- and hospital-acquired illnesses. Synthesis of β-lactamases is the predominant mechanism for resistance to β-lactam antibiotics....
BACKGROUND
species cause a variety of community- and hospital-acquired illnesses. Synthesis of β-lactamases is the predominant mechanism for resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Among the β-lactamases, extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC β-lactamases are the most common.
AIM
The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of ESBL and AmpC β-lactamases in species among various clinical isolates at a tertiary care hospital, India.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was done to identify various species of from clinical samples ( = 3922). Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. ESBL production was detected by modified double-disc synergy test and indirect modified three-dimensional tests and AmpC β-lactamase production by AmpC disc test and modified Hodge test.
RESULTS
species were isolated in 5.4% (101/1876) specimens. Three species isolated were 62.4% (63/101), 29.7% (30/101), and 7.9% (8/101). ESBL producers confirmed by both tests were of 88.1% (89/101). Only AmpC β-lactamase was produced by four isolates. Coproduction of ESBL and AmpC β-lactamase was observed in 58.4% (52/89) of isolates. Twelve isolates were non-β-lactamase producers. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 95.1% (96/101) of isolates, 50.5% (51/101) were possibly extensively drug resistant and none were pan drug resistant. None of the isolates were resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam. isolates exhibited high resistance to most of the antibiotics.
CONCLUSIONS
A high prevalence of ESBL and AmpC β-lactamases was found that concurrently showed MDR. Phenotypic methods for the detection of β-lactamases are easy and simple and can be implemented in routine diagnostic laboratories along with susceptibility testing. These data will assist the clinicians in the management and control of infections.
PubMed: 28503342
DOI: 10.4103/amhsr.amhsr_413_15 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2021(Danin and Hedge) Bräuchler is a perennial herb in the Lamiaceae family that was discovered and classified in 1998. This green herb is restricted to the mountains...
(Danin and Hedge) Bräuchler is a perennial herb in the Lamiaceae family that was discovered and classified in 1998. This green herb is restricted to the mountains overlooking the Dead Sea, specifically in Jordan's southwest, the Edom mountains, and the Tubas mountains in Palestine. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of essential oil (EO) of air-dried and fresh resulted in the identification of 30 and 42 phytochemicals accounting for 99.56 and 98.64% of the EO, respectively. Thymol (46.07 ± 1.1 and 40.64 ± 1.21%) was the major compound, followed by its biosynthetic precursors -terpinene (21.15 ± 1.05% and 20.65 ± 1.12%), and -cymene (15.02 ± 1.02% and 11.51 ± 0.97%), respectively. Microdilution assay was used to evaluate the antimicrobial property of EOs against (ATCC 25923), clinical isolate Methicillin-Resistant (MRSA), (ATCC 700221) (ATCC 13883), (ATCC 700221), (ATCC 25922) and (ATCC 27853) and (ATCC-90028). With a MIC of 0.135 μg/mL, the EOs has the most potent antibacterial action against . Both EOs display good antifungal efficacy against , with a MIC value of 0.75 μg/mL, which was better than that of Fluconazole's (positive control, MIC = 1.56 μg/mL). The antioxidant capacity of EOs extracted from air-dried and fresh was determined using the DPPH assay, with IC values of 4.78 ± 0.41 and 5.37 ± 0.40 μg/mL, respectively. The tested EOs showed significant cytotoxicity against Hela, HepG2, and COLO-205 cells, with IC values ranging from 82 ± 0.98 to 256 ± 1.95 μg/mL. The current work shows there is a possibility to use the EOs for various applications.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Candida albicans; Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; Cymenes; Enterococcus faecium; Escherichia coli; Free Radical Scavengers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oils, Volatile; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Proteus vulgaris; Satureja; Staphylococcal Infections; Thymol
PubMed: 35011355
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010125 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical... May 2011To screen the antimicrobial potential of three ethnomedicinal plants Chassalia curviflora Thw. (C. curviflora), Cyclea peltata Hook. F. & Thomson (C. peltata) and...
OBJECTIVE
To screen the antimicrobial potential of three ethnomedicinal plants Chassalia curviflora Thw. (C. curviflora), Cyclea peltata Hook. F. & Thomson (C. peltata) and Euphorbia hirta L (E. hirta) used in folk medicines in Aarukani hills Kani tribe, Tamil Nadu, India against human bacterial pathogens.
METHODS
Antibacterial efficacy was performed by disc diffusion method against the pathogens viz., Escherichia coli (E. coli) (ATCC 35218), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (ATCC 6538), Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) (MTCC 733), Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris), Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) and Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C.
RESULTS
The maximum degree of antibacterial activity was observed in C. peltata followed by C. curviflora. While E. hirta showed comparatively low degree of antibacterial activity. The methanolic extract of C. peltata showed the antibacterial activity against three pathogens viz., S. pyogenes, P. vulgaris and E. coli with the inhibition zones 12 mm, 10 mm and 9 mm, respectively. hexane extracts of C. peltata also showed the antibacterial activity against two selected pathogens viz., P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis with 15 mm and 12 mm of inhibition zones. All the three different concentrations (0.25, 0.50 & 0.75 mg/mL) of methanolic extract of C. peltata show the inhibitory effect on the three susceptible bacteria S. pyogenes, P. vulgaris and E. coli with the maximum inhibition in the highest concentration (0.75 mg/mL). The methanolic and hexane extracts of C. curviflora exhibited the antibacterial activity against only one bacterium each i.e. P. vulgaris and S. typhi with the maximum zone of inhibition 13 and 11 mm respectively. The methanolic and hexane extracts of E. hirta exhibited the antibacterial activity against only one bacterium i.e. S. pyogenes with the maximum zone of inhibition 13 and 11 mm respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The present investigation revealed that the C. curviflora, C. peltata and E. hirta are potentially good source of antibacterial agents and demonstrates the importance of such plants in traditional medicines.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; India; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal
PubMed: 21771680
DOI: 10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60107-7 -
Applied Microbiology Sep 1971To produce an immunologically and enzymologically new type of l-asparaginase, 108 strains of bacteria were screened for enzyme production. As a result, 13 bacteria...
To produce an immunologically and enzymologically new type of l-asparaginase, 108 strains of bacteria were screened for enzyme production. As a result, 13 bacteria belonging to the genera Alcaligenes, Bacterium, and Proteus were found to produce l-asparaginases in high levels. Among these l-asparaginases, partially purified l-asparaginases from B. cadaveris and P. vulgaris showed antitumor activity. A partially purified l-asparaginase preparation of P. vulgaris did not react with the antibody of Escherichia colil-asparaginase on the Ouchterlony agar plate. Culture conditions for the production of l-asparaginase by P. vulgaris were investigated in detail. The enzyme was produced in high yields when cells were grown aerobically in a medium containing sodium fumarate and corn steep liquor. The addition of glucose or ammonium ion to the medium, however, resulted in depressed production of l-asparaginase. Under the optimum conditions, 3,700 international units of l-asparaginase was obtained from 1 liter of culture medium.
Topics: Aerobiosis; Alcaligenes; Ammonium Sulfate; Animals; Asparaginase; Cell-Free System; Chemical Precipitation; Clostridium; Culture Media; Escherichia coli; Female; Fumarates; Immune Sera; Immunodiffusion; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Experimental; Proteus; Rabbits; Time Factors; Zea mays
PubMed: 5000866
DOI: 10.1128/am.22.3.387-392.1971 -
Molecular Microbiology Jun 2019Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems are important factors implicated in growth inhibition and plasmid maintenance. Type II toxin-antitoxin pairs are regulated at the...
Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems are important factors implicated in growth inhibition and plasmid maintenance. Type II toxin-antitoxin pairs are regulated at the transcriptional level by the antitoxin itself. Here, we examined how the HigA antitoxin regulates the expression of the Proteus vulgaris higBA toxin-antitoxin operon from the Rts1 plasmid. The HigBA complex adopts a unique architecture suggesting differences in its regulation as compared to classical type II toxin-antitoxin systems. We find that the C-terminus of the HigA antitoxin is required for dimerization and transcriptional repression. Further, the HigA structure reveals that the C terminus is ordered and does not transition between disorder-to-order states upon toxin binding. HigA residue Arg40 recognizes a TpG dinucleotide in higO2, an evolutionary conserved mode of recognition among prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription factors. Comparison of the HigBA and HigA-higO2 structures reveals the distance between helix-turn-helix motifs of each HigA monomer increases by ~4 Å in order to bind to higO2. Consistent with these data, HigBA binding to each operator is twofold less tight than HigA alone. Together, these data show the HigB toxin does not act as a co-repressor suggesting potential novel regulation in this toxin-antitoxin system.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Operon; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Protein Multimerization; Proteus vulgaris; Repressor Proteins; Toxin-Antitoxin Systems
PubMed: 30793388
DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14229 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022α-Keto acids are important raw materials for pharmaceuticals and functional foods, which could be produced from cheap feed stock by whole cell biocatalysts containing...
α-Keto acids are important raw materials for pharmaceuticals and functional foods, which could be produced from cheap feed stock by whole cell biocatalysts containing L-amino acid deaminases (L-AADs). However, the production capacity is limited by the low activity of L-AADs. The L-AAD mediated redox reaction employs the electron transport chain to transfer electrons from the reduced FADH to O, implying that the interaction between L-AAD and the cell membrane affects its catalytic activity. To improve the catalytic activity of L-AAD from , we redesigned the membrane-bound hydrophobic insertion sequences (INS, residues 325-375) by saturation mutagenesis and high-throughput screening. Mutants D340N and L363N exhibited higher affinity and catalytic efficiency for L-leucine, with half-life 1.62-fold and 1.28-fold longer than that of wild-type L-AAD. D340N catalyzed L-leucine to produce 81.21 g⋅L α-ketoisocaproate, with a bioconversion rate of 89.06%, which was 17.57% higher than that of the wild-type. It is predicted that the mutations enhanced the interaction between the protein and the cell membrane.
PubMed: 36246292
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1025845 -
Genetics and Molecular Research : GMR Sep 2015Biofilm-forming bacteria are highly resistant to antibiotics, host immune defenses, and other external conditions. The formation of biofilms plays a key role in...
Biofilm-forming bacteria are highly resistant to antibiotics, host immune defenses, and other external conditions. The formation of biofilms plays a key role in colonization and infection. To explore the mechanism of biofilm formation, mutant strains of Proteus vulgaris XC 2 were generated by Tn5 random transposon insertion. Only one biofilm defective bacterial species was identified from among 500 mutants. Inactivation of the glpC gene coding an anaerobic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunit C was identified by sequence analysis of the biofilm defective strain. Differences were detected in the growth phenotypes of the wild-type and mutant strains under pH, antibiotic, and organic solvent stress conditions. Furthermore, we observed an increase in the phagocytosis of the biofilm defective strain by the mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cell line compared to the wild-type strain. This study shows that the glpC gene plays an important role in biofilm formation, in addition to imparting pH, organic solvent, and antibiotic tolerance, and defense against phagocytosis to Proteus sp. The results further clarified the mechanism of biofilm formation at the genomic level, and indicated the importance of the glpC gene in this process. This data may provide innovative therapeutic measures against P. vulgaris infections; furthermore, as an important crocodile pathogen, this study also has important significance in the protection of Chinese alligators.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Alligators and Crocodiles; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Cell Line; Cyclohexanes; DNA Transposable Elements; Escherichia coli; Gene Expression; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Hexanes; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immune Evasion; Macrophages; Mice; Mutation; Proteus Infections; Proteus vulgaris; Recombinant Proteins
PubMed: 26400293
DOI: 10.4238/2015.September.9.3 -
Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2019In this study, 2 symmetrical and 3 unsymmetrical thioureas were synthesized to evaluate their antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potentials.
BACKGROUND
In this study, 2 symmetrical and 3 unsymmetrical thioureas were synthesized to evaluate their antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potentials.
METHODS
The symmetrical thioureas were synthesized in aqueous media in the presence of sunlight, using amines and CS as starting material. The unsymmetrical thioureas were synthesized using amines as a nucleophile to attack the phenyl isothiocyanate (electrophile). The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed through H NMR. The antioxidant potential was determined using DPPH and ABTS assays. The inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase, alpha amylase, and alpha glucosidase by synthesized compounds was used as an indication of antidiabetic potential. Anticholinesterase potential was determined from the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase by the synthesized compounds.
RESULTS
The highest inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase was shown by compound (03.12 mg of phosphate released). Alpha amylase was most potently inhibited by compound with IC value of 62 µg/mL while alpha glucosidase by compound with IC value of 75 µg/mL. The enzymes, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase were potently inhibited by compound with IC of 63 µg/mL and 80 µg/mL respectively. Against DPPH free radical, compound was more potent (IC = 64 µg/mL) while ABTS was more potently scavenged by compound with IC of 66 µg/mL. The antibacterial spectrum of synthesized compounds was determined against Gram-positive bacteria () and Gram-negative bacteria ( and ). Compound and compound showed maximum activity against with MIC values of 4.02 and 4.04 µg/mL respectively. Against , compound was more active (MIC = 8.94 µg/mL) while against . , compound was more potent with MIC of 4.03 µg/mL.
CONCLUSION
From the results, it was concluded that these compounds could be used as antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic agents. However, further in vivo studies are needed to determine the toxicological effect of these compounds in living bodies. The compounds also have potential to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Agrobacterium; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Proteus vulgaris; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfonic Acids; Thiourea
PubMed: 31631973
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S225311