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Virology Journal Oct 2020Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) of the genus Parapoxvirus in the family Poxviridae causes pseudocowpox in cattle worldwide and presents a zoonotic concern. Most poxviruses...
BACKGROUND
Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) of the genus Parapoxvirus in the family Poxviridae causes pseudocowpox in cattle worldwide and presents a zoonotic concern. Most poxviruses produce diseases of similar clinical signs in affected animals, which are impossible to differentiate clinically or by serology. It is, therefore, vital to use molecular assays to rapidly identify the causative agents of poxvirus infections. This study aimed to detect, diagnose, and characterize the causative agent of pox-like skin lesions in a cattle herd in Zambia, initially suspected to be infected with Lumpy Skin Disease virus.
METHODS
We used a High-Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis assay to detect the PCPV genome and sequenced the major envelope protein (B2L gene) for comparative sequence and phylogenetic analysis.
RESULTS
Our field investigations showed cattle presenting atypical skin lesions and high morbidity within the herd. The laboratory diagnosis, based on the HRM assay revealed PCPV DNA in the samples. Phylogenetic and comparative sequence analyses confirmed PCPV in the samples and revealed genomic differences between samples collected in 2017 and 2018 from the same farm.
CONCLUSION
Our work is the first documented report of PCPV in Zambia. It shows the strength of molecular methods to diagnose pox-like infections in cattle and discriminate between diseases causing similar clinical signs. This rapid and accurate diagnosis improves the response time for more accurate veterinary interventions.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Phylogeny; Poxviridae Infections; Pseudocowpox Virus; Skin; Zambia
PubMed: 33036619
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01426-7 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Jun 2022The pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) is recognized for causing exanthematic lesions in cattle and humans. The diagnosis is important because it is a zoonosis and its clinical...
The pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) is recognized for causing exanthematic lesions in cattle and humans. The diagnosis is important because it is a zoonosis and its clinical signs can be confused with foot-and-mouth disease, a high-impact bovine disease in livestock. The objective of this work is to validate a SYBR Green qPCR and a conventional PCR for virus detection in bovine samples. Detection limit tests, repeatability, reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity were compared. When two analysts were compared, results demonstrated that training and pipetting influence the repeatability. The qPCR was more sensitive than conventional PCR but showed nonspecific reactions distinguishable by the melting curve. Both showed high repeatability and reproducibility.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Pathology, Molecular; Poxviridae Infections; Pseudocowpox Virus; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 35220553
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00664-3 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Mar 2019We detected parapoxviruses from environmental samples and calves with and without intraoral clinical signs and conducted molecular and serological analyses. Pseudocowpox...
We detected parapoxviruses from environmental samples and calves with and without intraoral clinical signs and conducted molecular and serological analyses. Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) was detected from a calf showing anorexia, frothy salivation, and erosion in the mucosa of the lip and tongue. At the time that PCPV was detected, bovine papular stomatitis viruses (BPSVs) were detected in environmental samples as well as in calves without intraoral clinical signs. BPSV, but not PCPV, was detected in the same calf after 22 days. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that genetically different PCPV strains exist in Japan. This is the first report on the detection of PCPV and BPSV sequentially in the same calf and coexistence of PCPV and BPSV in the same farm in Japan.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Japan; Male; Parapoxvirus; Phylogeny; Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 30674740
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0367 -
Microorganisms Apr 2020The molecular identification of arboviruses in West Africa is of particular interest, due to their zoonotic potential in a population living in close contact with...
The molecular identification of arboviruses in West Africa is of particular interest, due to their zoonotic potential in a population living in close contact with livestock, and in a region where the livestock migration across borders raises the risk of diseases infection and dissemination. The aim of the study was the screening of potential circulating arboviruses and the assessment of their zoonotic implications. Therefore, ticks were collected on cattle located in three provinces of eastern Burkina Faso. Tick pools were tested using a panel of genus-specific real-time assays targeting conserved regions of parapoxvirus, orthopoxvirus, flavivirus and phlebovirus. On the 26 farms visited, a total of 663 ticks were collected. Four genera and six tick species were morphologically identified, with and spp. being the most represented species. No arboviruses were found. However, this study highlights the presence of pseudocowpox virus (8.2%) and bovine papular stomatitis virus (5.8%) among the positive tick pools. BPSV positive ticks were found in herds sharing water and pastures resources and with a history of seasonal transhumance. Therefore, common grazing and the seasonal transhumance are likely to support the transmission of the virus. This could have important health and economic impacts, especially regarding transboundary cattle movements.
PubMed: 32354102
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050644 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2015Milker's nodule is an occupational viral skin disease of universal distribution, caused by the Paravaccinia virus and that occurs in individuals who deal with dairy...
Milker's nodule is an occupational viral skin disease of universal distribution, caused by the Paravaccinia virus and that occurs in individuals who deal with dairy cattle herds. We describe a case acquired due to lack of use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and perform a literature review.
Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Cattle; Disease Progression; Female; Hand Dermatoses; Humans; Middle Aged; Occupational Diseases; Poxviridae Infections; Pseudocowpox Virus; Skin Diseases, Viral
PubMed: 26131876
DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153283 -
Clinical & Translational Immunology 2022Antitumor viral vaccines, and more particularly poxviral vaccines, represent an active field for clinical development and translational research. To improve the efficacy...
OBJECTIVE
Antitumor viral vaccines, and more particularly poxviral vaccines, represent an active field for clinical development and translational research. To improve the efficacy and treatment outcome, new viral vectors are sought, with emphasis on their abilities to stimulate innate immunity, to display tumor antigens and to induce a specific T-cell response.
METHODS
We screened for a new poxviral backbone with improved innate and adaptive immune stimulation using IFN-α secretion levels in infected PBMC cultures as selection criteria. Assessment of virus effectiveness was made and .
RESULTS
The bovine pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) stood out among several poxviruses for its ability to induce significant secretion of IFN-α. PCPV produced efficient activation of human monocytes and dendritic cells, degranulation of NK cells and reversed MDSC-induced T-cell suppression, without being offensive to activated T cells. A PCPV-based vaccine, encoding the HPV16 E7 protein (PCPV-E7), stimulated strong antigen-specific T-cell responses in TC1 tumor-bearing mice. Complete regression of tumors was obtained in a CD8 T-cell-dependent manner after intratumoral injection of PCPV-E7, followed by intravenous injection of the cancer vaccine MVA-E7. PCPV also proved active when injected repeatedly intratumorally in MC38 tumor-bearing mice, generating tumor-specific T-cell responses without encoding a specific MC38 antigen. From a translational perspective, we demonstrated that PCPV-E7 effectively stimulated IFN-γ production by T cells from tumor-draining lymph nodes of HPV-infected cancer patients.
CONCLUSION
We propose PCPV as a viral vector suitable for vaccination in the field of personalised cancer vaccines, in particular for heterologous prime-boost regimens.
PubMed: 35573979
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1392 -
Virology Journal Aug 2021Poxviruses within the Capripoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera can infect livestock, with the two former having zoonotic importance. In addition, they...
BACKGROUND
Poxviruses within the Capripoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera can infect livestock, with the two former having zoonotic importance. In addition, they induce similar clinical symptoms in common host species, creating a challenge for diagnosis. Although endemic in the country, poxvirus infections of small ruminants and cattle have received little attention in Botswana, with no prior use of molecular tools to diagnose and characterize the pathogens.
METHODS
A high-resolution melting (HRM) assay was used to detect and differentiate poxviruses in skin biopsy and skin scab samples from four cattle, one sheep, and one goat. Molecular characterization of capripoxviruses and parapoxviruses was undertaken by sequence analysis of RPO30 and GPCR genes.
RESULTS
The HRM assay revealed lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in three cattle samples, pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) in one cattle sample, and orf virus (ORFV) in one goat and one sheep sample. The phylogenetic analyses, based on the RPO30 and GPCR multiple sequence alignments showed that the LSDV sequences of Botswana were similar to common LSDV field isolates encountered in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The Botswana PCPV presented unique features and clustered between camel and cattle PCPV isolates. The Botswana ORFV sequence isolated from goat differed from the ORFV sequence isolated from sheep.
CONCLUSIONS
This study is the first report on the genetic characterization of poxvirus diseases circulating in cattle, goats, and sheep in Botswana. It shows the importance of molecular methods to differentially diagnose poxvirus diseases of ruminants.
Topics: Animals; Botswana; Cattle; Goats; Lumpy skin disease virus; Orf virus; Phylogeny; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Pseudocowpox Virus; Ruminants; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 34391449
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01634-9 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2022Homologues of interleukin (IL)-10, a pleiotropic immunomodulatory cytokine, have been identified in the genus. The first identified, (ORFV) IL-10, greatly enhanced...
Homologues of interleukin (IL)-10, a pleiotropic immunomodulatory cytokine, have been identified in the genus. The first identified, (ORFV) IL-10, greatly enhanced infection of its host, exhibiting immune modulatory effects equivalent to human IL-10. IL-10-like genes were then identified in (BPSV), (PCPV), (RDPV) and (GSPV). This study aimed to produce and characterise recombinant parapoxvirus IL-10s, then quantitatively compare their receptor binding and immunomodulatory activities. Recombinant IL-10s were expressed, purified, then characterised using bioinformatic, biochemical and enzymatic analyses. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed in lipoteichoic acid-activated THP-1 monocytes, and stimulatory effects in MC/9 mast cells. IL-10 receptor (IL-10R)1 binding was detected in a competitive displacement assay. BPSV IL-10 inhibited production of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, IL-8 and IL-1β, induced mast cell proliferation, and bound IL-10R1 similarly to ORFV IL-10. PCPV IL-10 showed reduced MCP-1 inhibition, mast cell proliferation, and IL-10R1 binding. RDPV IL-10 displayed reduced inhibition of IL-8 and MCP-1 production. GSPV IL-10 showed limited inhibition of IL-1β production and stimulation of mast cell proliferation. These findings provide valuable insight into IL-10 receptor interactions, and suggest that the parapoxvirus IL-10s play similar pathogenic roles during infection of their hosts.
PubMed: 35631028
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050507 -
Virology Journal Sep 2017Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) infects cattle worldwide with zoonotic potential but has not been isolated in Japan. Thus, the epidemiological status of PCPV infection in...
BACKGROUND
Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) infects cattle worldwide with zoonotic potential but has not been isolated in Japan. Thus, the epidemiological status of PCPV infection in cattle is undetermined.
RESULTS
In May 2016, a cattle in a farm in Yamaguchi Prefecture showed white vesicles and hyperemia in the mucosa under the tongue surface, but not on the teats and coronary cushions. A parapoxvirus was isolated from the oral lesion swab and was genetically characterized based on the full-length sequence of B2L gene encoding viral envelope. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolated virus was classified into PCPV.
CONCLUSION
This case indicates its potential spread in Japan. This is the first report of isolation of PCPV in Japan.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Cricetinae; Female; Japan; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poxviridae Infections; Pseudocowpox Virus; Sequence Homology; Viral Envelope Proteins
PubMed: 28874200
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0840-3 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Mar 2022Several viruses belonging to the family Poxviridae can cause infections in humans and animals. In Corsica, livestock farming (sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle) is mainly...
BACKGROUND
Several viruses belonging to the family Poxviridae can cause infections in humans and animals. In Corsica, livestock farming (sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle) is mainly mixed, leading to important interactions between livestock, wildlife, and human populations. This could facilitate the circulation of zoonotic diseases, and makes Corsica a good example for studies of tick-borne diseases.
OBJECTIVES
To gain understanding on the circulation of poxviruses in Corsica, we investigated their presence in tick species collected from cattle, sheep, horses, and wild boar, and characterized them through molecular techniques.
METHODS
Ticks were tested using specific primers targeting conserved regions of sequences corresponding to two genera: parapoxvirus and orthopoxvirus.
RESULTS
A total of 3555 ticks were collected from 1549 different animals (687 cattle, 538 horses, 106 sheep, and 218 wild boars). They were tested for the presence of parapoxvirus DNA on one hand and orthopoxvirus DNA on the other hand using Pangeneric real-time TaqMan assays. Orthopoxvirus DNA was detected in none of the 3555 ticks. Parapoxvirus DNA was detected in 6.6% (36/544) of ticks collected from 23 cows from 20 farms. The remaining 3011 ticks collected from horses, wild boars, and sheep were negative. The infection rate in cow ticks was 8.0% (12/148) in 2018 and 6.0% (24/396) in 2019 (p = 0.57). Parapoxvirus DNA was detected in 8.5% (5/59) of Hyalomma scupense pools, 8.2% (15/183) of Hyalomma marginatum pools, and 6.7% (16/240) of Rhipicephalus bursa pools (p = 0.73). We successfully amplified and sequenced 19.4% (7/36) of the positive samples which all corresponded to pseudocowpox virus.
CONCLUSIONS
Obviously, further studies are needed to investigate the zoonotic potential of pseudocowpox virus and its importance for animals and public health.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Goat Diseases; Horse Diseases; Horses; Ixodidae; Parapoxvirus; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tick Infestations; Tick-Borne Diseases; Ticks
PubMed: 35092189
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.700