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Phylogenetic analysis of eight sudanese camel contagious ecthyma viruses based on B2L gene sequence.Virology Journal Aug 2015Camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) is an important viral disease of camelids caused by a poxvirus of the genus parapoxvirus (PPV) of the family Poxviridae. The disease has...
BACKGROUND
Camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) is an important viral disease of camelids caused by a poxvirus of the genus parapoxvirus (PPV) of the family Poxviridae. The disease has been reported in west and east of the Sudan causing economical losses. However, the PPVs that cause the disease in camels of the Sudan have not yet subjected to genetic characterization. At present, the PPV that cause CCE cannot be properly classified because only few isolates that have been genetically analyzed.
METHODS AND RESULTS
PCR was used to amplify the B2L gene of the PPV directly from clinical specimens collected from dromedary camels affected with contagious ecthyma in the Sudan between 1993 and 2013. PCR products were sequenced and subjected to genetic analysis. The results provided evidence for close relationships and genetic variation of the camel PPV (CPPV) represented by the circulation of both Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) and Orf virus (ORFV) strains among dromedary camels in the Sudan. Based on the B2L gene sequence the available CPPV isolates can be divided into two genetic clades or lineages; the Asian lineage represented by isolates from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and India and the African lineage comprising isolates from the Sudan.
CONCLUSION
The camel parapoxvirus is genetically diverse involving predominantly viruses close to PCPV in addition to ORFVs, and can be divided into two genetically distant lineages. Based on sequences of the B2L gene it is not possible to suggest that the viruses that cause CCE form a monophylogenetic group or species within the PPV phylogeny.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Composition; Camelus; Cluster Analysis; DNA, Viral; Ecthyma, Contagious; Genes, Viral; Open Reading Frames; Parapoxvirus
PubMed: 26260127
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0348-7 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Oct 2013Molecular analysis of parapoxvirus envelope genes was performed. Parapoxvirus DNA was detected in eight calves from eight farms in Iwate Prefecture, Japan, between April...
Molecular analysis of parapoxvirus envelope genes was performed. Parapoxvirus DNA was detected in eight calves from eight farms in Iwate Prefecture, Japan, between April and September 2010. Seven of the detected viruses were identified as bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) by sequencing, because their nucleotide identity was more than 96.8% similar compared with BPSV strain V660. Among them, two formed a subgroup, because their amplicons were digested with Xmn I (a marker for BPSV) and Hinc II and exhibited a T61C nucleotide substitution in the sequenced region. The remaining virus was pseudocowpox virus that had not been reported previously in Japan. Our results demonstrate the presence of a new BPSV variant in Japan with genetic variability in the envelope gene.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; DNA, Viral; Japan; Molecular Sequence Data; Parapoxvirus; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Poxviridae Infections; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 23748974
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0456 -
Veterinary World Jul 2019The present study was carried out to find out the causative agent of exanthematous skin lesions in sheep maintained by Southern Regional Research Centre, Mannavanur,...
AIM
The present study was carried out to find out the causative agent of exanthematous skin lesions in sheep maintained by Southern Regional Research Centre, Mannavanur, Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Orf virus (ORFV) B2L gene-specific primers was carried out by employing the total genomic DNA isolated from the scabs as the template. The ORFV isolates from Kodai hills were characterized by the use of bioinformatics tools.
RESULTS
The amino acid identity of ORFV isolate 1 from Kodai hills is having 98.14%, 96.29%, and 83.59% identity with reference strains of ORFV, virus, and bovine papular stomatitis virus, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ORFV isolates from Kodai hills clustered with the other ORFV isolates from different geographical areas of India.
CONCLUSION
The etiological agent of exanthematous skin lesion among sheep of Kodai hills is ORFV.
PubMed: 31528027
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1022-1027 -
Virus Research May 2024Parapoxviruses (PPV) of animals are spread worldwide. While the Orf virus (ORFV) species is a molecularly well-characterized prototype pathogen of small ruminants, the...
Parapoxviruses (PPV) of animals are spread worldwide. While the Orf virus (ORFV) species is a molecularly well-characterized prototype pathogen of small ruminants, the genomes of virus species affecting large ruminants, namely Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), are less well known. Using Nanopore sequencing we retrospectively show the whole genome sequences (WGS) of six BPSV, three PCPV isolates and an attenuated ORFV strain, originating from different geographic locations. A phylogenetic tree shows that the de novo assembled genomes belong to PPV species including WGS of reference PPV. Remarkably, Nanopore sequencing allowed the molecular resolution of inverted terminal repeats (ITR) and the hairpin loop within the de novo assembled WGS. Additionally, peculiarities regarding map location of two genes and the heterogeneity of a genomic region were noted. Details for the molecular variability of an interferon response modulatory gene (ORF116) and the PCPV specificity of gene 073.5 are reported. In summary, WGS gained by Nanopore sequencing allowed analysis of complete PPV genomes and confident virus species attribution within a phylogenetic tree avoiding uncertainty of limited gene-based diagnostics. Nanopore-based WGS provides robust comparison of PPV genomes and reliable identity determination of new Poxviruses.
PubMed: 38782262
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199404 -
Journal of Virology Apr 1980Replication of milker's node virus (MNV) DNA begins 4 to 8 h postinfection, continues to 30 to 36 h postinfection in the cytoplasm of infected, primary bovine embryonic...
Replication of milker's node virus (MNV) DNA begins 4 to 8 h postinfection, continues to 30 to 36 h postinfection in the cytoplasm of infected, primary bovine embryonic kidney cells, and is accompanied by an inhibition of host nuclear DNA synthesis. Between 20 and 24 h postinfection, newly replicated genomes are incorporated into particles which cosediment with purified MNV. These biochemical measurements could be correlated with the development of MN virions as revealed by electron microscopic analysis of thin sections prepared from infected cells. Analysis of the DNA in purified MNV showed that the virions contained a double-stranded DNA molecule with a molecular weight of 85 x 10(6) to 87 x 10(6) and a guanine-plus-cytosine content of about 63%. After denaturation and sedimentation analysis of MNV DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients, three major DNA species were resolved. These species appeared to represent intact, terminally cross-linked genomes (approximately 75 to 80S); genomes bearing one nick (or with one cross-link removed) (60 to 65S); and complementary, denatured DNA strands released from cross-linked genomes bearing two nicks (or with both cross-links removed) (52 to 55S). Forty [35S]methionine-labeled polypeptides, ranging from approximately 200,000 daltons to 10,000 to 15,000 daltons, were detected by radioautography after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins present in detergent-solubilized MNV preparations. Treatment of MN virions with Nonidet P-40, beta-mercaptoethanol, and sonication released 10 polypeptides, which were apparently located on the surface of virions. Further fractionation of these released polypeptides, followed by electron microscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicated that a 42,000- to 45,000-dalton polypeptide is a major component of the threadlike tubule structure present on the surface of MN virions.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cell Line; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; DNA, Viral; Kinetics; Microscopy, Electron; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Poxviridae; Pseudocowpox Virus; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 6246256
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.34.1.244-255.1980 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Aug 1987BOVINE HERPETIC MAMMILLITIS IN QUEBEC: Bovine herpetic mammillitis is reported for the first time in Canada. It is a vesicular and ulcerative skin disease affecting the...
BOVINE HERPETIC MAMMILLITIS IN QUEBEC: Bovine herpetic mammillitis is reported for the first time in Canada. It is a vesicular and ulcerative skin disease affecting the udder and teats of cows. It is caused by the bovine herpesvirus 2. The principal lesions consist of crusts that are found on the teats and may become complicated by secundary bacterial infection.Specimens collected from the lesions were used to differentiate the condition from pseudo-cowpox by serological tests, virus isolation and electron microscopy. Bovine herpetic mammillitis causes painful and therefore difficult milking which is followed by mastitis and an increased rate of culling.
PubMed: 17422846
DOI: No ID Found -
Virology Apr 1995There are three accepted members of the parapoxvirus genus, orf virus (OV), papular stomatitis virus (PSV), and pseudocowpox virus (PCV). OV is maintained in sheep and...
There are three accepted members of the parapoxvirus genus, orf virus (OV), papular stomatitis virus (PSV), and pseudocowpox virus (PCV). OV is maintained in sheep and goats and PSV and PCV in cattle. Restriction endonuclease profiles of the DNA derived from representatives of these established members of the genus were compared with profiles from a parapoxvirus recently isolated from red deer. In no case did the profile of this latter virus (DPV) resemble those generated from the other parapoxviruses. Southern blot hybridization using total DPV DNA as a probe revealed homology between DPV and the central regions of the genomes of the other parapoxviruses but not to their terminal regions. These results indicate that the genome of DPV is as different from the genomes of the three accepted members of the genus as the latter are from each other and argue for the inclusion of DPV as a new member of the parapoxvirus genus.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Viral; Deer; New Zealand; Parapoxvirus; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
PubMed: 7747456
DOI: 10.1006/viro.1995.1217 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Feb 2013In the spring of 2006, four human cases of parapoxvirus infections in Missouri residents were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), two of...
In the spring of 2006, four human cases of parapoxvirus infections in Missouri residents were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), two of which were initially diagnosed as cutaneous anthrax. This investigation was conducted to determine the level of recognition of zoonotic parapoxvirus infections and prevention measures, the degree to which veterinarians may be consulted on human infections and what forces were behind this perceived increase in reported infections. Interviews were conducted and clinical and environmental sampling was performed. Swab and scab specimens were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas serum specimens were evaluated for parapoxvirus antibodies. Three case patients were found to have fed ill juvenile animals without using gloves. Forty-six percent of veterinarians reported having been consulted regarding suspected human orf infections. Orf virus DNA was detected from five of 25 asymptomatic sheep. Analysis of extracellular envelope gene sequences indicated that sheep and goat isolates clustered in a species-preferential fashion. Parapoxvirus infections are common in Missouri ruminants and their handlers. Infected persons often do not seek medical care; some may seek advice from veterinarians rather than physicians. The initial perception of increased incidence in Missouri may have arisen from a reporting artifact stemming from heightened concern about anthrax. Asymptomatic parapoxvirus infections in livestock may be common and further investigation warranted.
PubMed: 26487314
DOI: 10.3390/ani3010142 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Nov 2005
Topics: Animals; Bioterrorism; Cattle; Drug Contamination; Humans; Immunization Programs; Pseudocowpox Virus; Smallpox; Smallpox Vaccine
PubMed: 16422003
DOI: 10.3201/eid1111.051031