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Psychological Medicine May 2022Codes of ethics in medicine have an ancient tradition, extending back to the Oath of Hippocrates. Yet it was only in the early 1970s that the speciality of psychiatry... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Codes of ethics in medicine have an ancient tradition, extending back to the Oath of Hippocrates. Yet it was only in the early 1970s that the speciality of psychiatry developed a specific code to address the unique ethical dilemmas and complexities arising in psychiatric practice. As the 50th anniversary of the publication of psychiatry's first code of ethics approaches, it is timely to reflect on the progress, role, and impact of such codes.Our aim is to provide a historically informed review of codes of ethics in psychiatry - their origins and evolution, the current picture, and the possibilities for future development.
METHODS
We conducted a selective review of relevant literature (including all codes of ethics accessible on the websites of World Psychiatric Association members states), analysis of the form and content of codes and related documents in psychiatry, and interviews of psychiatrists who have played central roles in their evolution.
RESULTS
Of the 143 WPA member states, only 15 codes of ethics for psychiatrists were identified, and few of these were associated with professional disciplinary processes. We found that these codes are rarely revised and sometimes supplemented with other statements and guidelines.
CONCLUSIONS
While there are difficulties in measuring the direct effectiveness of codes of ethics on the practice of psychiatrists, we conclude that these codes help to (1) promote professional solidarity and autonomy, (2) enhance moral sensitivity, and (3) aid in psychiatric education and training.
Topics: Codes of Ethics; Ethics, Medical; Humans; Psychiatry
PubMed: 35132951
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291722000125 -
Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Sao... 2022
Topics: Biological Psychiatry; Humans; Psychiatry
PubMed: 34730716
DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2021-0035 -
Tijdschrift Voor Psychiatrie 2020
Topics: Humans; Neurology; Psychiatry
PubMed: 32700297
DOI: No ID Found -
Der Nervenarzt Jul 2022Since the COVID-19 pandemic medical training and teaching have to adapt to the new circumstances, especially as new digital technologies become available. Physician's... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Since the COVID-19 pandemic medical training and teaching have to adapt to the new circumstances, especially as new digital technologies become available. Physician's interaction and exploration techniques are among the most important tools that medical students have to acquire in psychiatry and psychotherapy.
OBJECTIVE
Virtual reality (VR) avatars can basically represent all syndromes in varying degrees of severity at any time.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In Bochum's avatar exploration project (AVEX), students enter into dialogues with "mentally ill" avatars and, under guidance and supervision, try to work out the diagnosis, differential diagnoses and treatment recommendations.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This allows students to learn about rare or severe psychiatric conditions presented in VR. This review article presents first experiences especially in setting up and development as well as regarding the technological challenges.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Pandemics; Psychiatry; Psychotherapy; Schools, Medical; Virtual Reality
PubMed: 34735588
DOI: 10.1007/s00115-021-01227-5 -
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience Mar 2012Can less information be more helpful when it comes to making medical decisions? Contrary to the common intuition that more information is always better, the use of... (Review)
Review
Can less information be more helpful when it comes to making medical decisions? Contrary to the common intuition that more information is always better, the use of heuristics can help both physicians and patients to make sound decisions. Heuristics are simple decision strategies that ignore part of the available information, basing decisions on only a few relevant predictors. We discuss: (i) how doctors and patients use heuristics; and (ii) when heuristics outperform information-greedy methods, such as regressions in medical diagnosis. Furthermore, we outline those features of heuristics that make them useful in health care settings. These features include their surprising accuracy, transparency, and wide accessibility, as well as the low costs and little time required to employ them. We close by explaining one of the statistical reasons why heuristics are accurate, and by pointing to psychiatry as one area for future research on heuristics in health care.
Topics: Decision Making; Decision Support Techniques; Decision Trees; Humans; Mental Disorders; Models, Psychological; Psychiatry
PubMed: 22577307
DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.1/jmarewski -
Medecine Sciences : M/S Feb 2021
Topics: History, 20th Century; Humans; Mental Disorders; Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical; Neurosciences; Psychiatry; Research
PubMed: 33591250
DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021014 -
The Psychiatric Clinics of North America Sep 2018Deep brain stimulation has preliminary evidence of clinical efficacy, but has been difficult to develop into a robust therapy, in part because its mechanisms are... (Review)
Review
Deep brain stimulation has preliminary evidence of clinical efficacy, but has been difficult to develop into a robust therapy, in part because its mechanisms are incompletely understood. We review evidence from movement and psychiatric disorder studies, with an emphasis on how deep brain stimulation changes brain networks. From this, we argue for a network-oriented approach to future deep brain stimulation studies. That network approach requires methods for identifying patients with specific circuit/network deficits. We describe how dimensional approaches to diagnoses may aid that identification. We discuss the use of network/circuit biomarkers to develop self-adjusting "closed loop" systems.
Topics: Deep Brain Stimulation; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Humans; Mental Disorders; Nerve Net; Psychiatry
PubMed: 30098651
DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2018.04.003 -
Science Progress 2022Professor Bajram Preza was a career neurologist with a strong background in research both in neurology and psychiatry. After a period of study in Sarajevo in the... (Review)
Review
Professor Bajram Preza was a career neurologist with a strong background in research both in neurology and psychiatry. After a period of study in Sarajevo in the immediate post-WWII period, he completed his studies in medicine and a fellowship in neuropsychiatry in Nizhny Novgorod (formerly Gorky). A highly prolific author, he holds the laurels of the first medical dissertation sustained in the University of Tirana (1958) as well as for publishing the first student's textbook on medicine (Semiotics of nervous diseases, 1964) in Albania. He led the Clinic of Neurology in Tirana for more than three decades, while relentlessly lecturing, publishing and editing a diversity of medical papers, translations and original works that have shaped the professional education of entire generations of future Albanian physicians.
Topics: History, 20th Century; Humans; Neurologists; Neurology; Neuropsychiatry; Organizations; Psychiatry
PubMed: 36154521
DOI: 10.1177/00368504221128775 -
Academic Psychiatry : the Journal of... Feb 2022
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Psychiatry; Child; Child Psychiatry; Family; Humans; Psychiatry
PubMed: 35119681
DOI: 10.1007/s40596-022-01594-4 -
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience Mar 2015The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 arose from a tradition filled with haphazard science and politically driven choices. The... (Review)
Review
The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 arose from a tradition filled with haphazard science and politically driven choices. The nosology of modern psychiatry began with the German classifiers of the late 19th century, especially Emil Kraepelin. Psychoanalysis then blotted out the classificatory vision for the next half-century, and most of this European psychopathological science failed to cross the Atlantic. The DSM series was a homegrown American product, beginning with Medical 203 in 1945, then guided by psychoanalytic insights through DSM-I in 1952 and DSM-II in 1968. In 1980, DSM-III represented a massive "turning of the page" in nosology, and it had the effect of steering psychoanalysis toward the exit in psychiatry and the beginning of a reconciliation of psychiatry with the rest of medicine. With the advent of DSM-5, however, questions are starting to be asked about whether this massive venture is on the right track.
Topics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Europe; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Mental Disorders; Psychiatry; United States
PubMed: 25987864
DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.1/eshorter