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Journal of School Psychology Feb 2010Third variable effects elucidate the relation between two other variables, and can describe why they are related or under what conditions they are related. This article... (Review)
Review
Third variable effects elucidate the relation between two other variables, and can describe why they are related or under what conditions they are related. This article demonstrates methods to analyze two third-variable effects: moderation and mediation. The utility of examining moderation and mediation effects in school psychology is described and current use of the analyses in applied school psychology research is reviewed and evaluated. Proper statistical methods to test the effects are presented, and different effect size measures for the models are provided. Extensions of the basic moderator and mediator models are also described.
Topics: Adolescent; Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; Humans; Models, Psychological; Models, Statistical; Psychology; Research; Research Design; Schools; Students
PubMed: 20006988
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2009.09.001 -
Current Biology : CB Jun 2014Working at the Crossmodal Research Laboratory in Oxford, Charles Spence tries to apply the latest insights from our growing neuroscience understanding of the rules...
Working at the Crossmodal Research Laboratory in Oxford, Charles Spence tries to apply the latest insights from our growing neuroscience understanding of the rules governing multisensory integration to the design of better products, packages, places, interfaces, and foods, an area that can perhaps best be captured under the title of neuroscience-inspired multisensory design.
Topics: England; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Psychology
PubMed: 24944040
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.065 -
The American Psychologist Nov 2020Although classic models of implementation emphasized the importance of innovation characteristics in their adoption and sustained use, contemporary implementation... (Review)
Review
Although classic models of implementation emphasized the importance of innovation characteristics in their adoption and sustained use, contemporary implementation research and practice have deprioritized these variables. Human-centered design (HCD) is an approach that grounds product development in information collected about the people and settings that will ultimately use those products. HCD has strong roots in psychological theory, but its application is typically limited to the development of digital technologies. HCD is rarely applied to the design of psychosocial innovations-including both service-recipient-facing interventions and implementation strategies-within the applied psychological disciplines. The current article reviews the psychological origins of HCD and details pathways through which HCD theories and methods can be leveraged to advance the "core tasks" of contemporary implementation research and practice in psychology. These include (a) identification of multilevel implementation determinants through specification of user needs and contexts; (b) tailoring of implementation strategies, such as contextually driven intervention redesign; and (c) evaluating implementation mechanisms and outcomes, including disentangling how the core HCD focus on usability relates to closely associated implementation variables such as acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness. Collectively, these applications provide directions through which to leverage the mature field of HCD, maximize psychology's return on its early theoretical investment, and promote the large-scale impact of findings from across the applied fields of psychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Implementation Science; Psychology
PubMed: 33252945
DOI: 10.1037/amp0000652 -
Perspectives on Psychological Science :... Mar 2022A debate surrounding modularity-the notion that the mind may be exclusively composed of distinct systems or modules-has held philosophers and psychologists captive for...
A debate surrounding modularity-the notion that the mind may be exclusively composed of distinct systems or modules-has held philosophers and psychologists captive for nearly 40 years. Concern about this thesis-which has come to be known as the serves as the primary grounds for skepticism of evolutionary psychology's claims about the mind. In this article we argue that the entirety of this debate, and the very notion of massive modularity itself, is ill-posed and confused. In particular, it is based on a confusion about the level of analysis (or reduction) at which one is approaching the mind. Here we provide a framework for clarifying at what level of analysis one is approaching the mind and explain how a systemic failure to distinguish between different levels of analysis has led to profound misunderstandings of not only evolutionary psychology but also of the entire cognitivist enterprise of approaching the mind at the level of the mechanism. We furthermore suggest that confusions between different levels of analysis are endemic throughout the psychological sciences-extending well beyond issues of modularity and evolutionary psychology. Therefore, researchers in all areas should take preventive measures to avoid this confusion in the future.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Humans; Psychology
PubMed: 34730453
DOI: 10.1177/1745691621997113 -
BMC Pediatrics May 2017Various international laws and guidelines stress the importance of respecting the developing autonomy of children and involving minors in decision-making regarding... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Various international laws and guidelines stress the importance of respecting the developing autonomy of children and involving minors in decision-making regarding treatment and research participation. However, no universal agreement exists as to at what age minors should be deemed decision-making competent. Minors of the same age may show different levels of maturity. In addition, patients deemed rational conversation-partners as a child can suddenly become noncompliant as an adolescent. Age, context and development all play a role in decision-making competence. In this article we adopt a perspective on competence that specifically focuses on the impact of brain development on the child's decision-making process.
MAIN BODY
We believe that the discussion on decision-making competence of minors can greatly benefit from a multidisciplinary approach. We adopted such an approach in order to contribute to the understanding on how to deal with children in decision-making situations. Evidence emerging from neuroscience research concerning the developing brain structures in minors is combined with insights from various other fields, such as psychology, decision-making science and ethics. Four capacities have been described that are required for (medical) decision-making: (1) communicating a choice; (2) understanding; (3) reasoning; and (4) appreciation. Each capacity is related to a number of specific skills and abilities that need to be sufficiently developed to support the capacity. Based on this approach it can be concluded that at the age of 12 children can have the capacity to be decision-making competent. However, this age coincides with the onset of adolescence. Early development of the brain's reward system combined with late development of the control system diminishes decision-making competence in adolescents in specific contexts. We conclude that even adolescents possessing capacities required for decision-making, may need support of facilitating environmental factors.
CONCLUSION
This paper intends to offer insight in neuroscientific mechanisms underlying the medical decision-making capacities in minors and to stimulate practices for optimal involvement of minors. Developing minors become increasingly capable of decision-making, but the neurobiological development in adolescence affects competence in specific contexts. Adequate support should be offered in order to create a context in which minors can make competently make decisions.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Age Factors; Brain; Child; Child Development; Decision Making; Humans; Informed Consent By Minors; Mental Competency; Psychology, Adolescent; Psychology, Child
PubMed: 28482854
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0869-x -
Cancer Reports (Hoboken, N.J.) Apr 2021In India, caregivers are an integral part of the illness experience, especially in cancer, to the extent that they can become proxy decision-makers for the patient.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In India, caregivers are an integral part of the illness experience, especially in cancer, to the extent that they can become proxy decision-makers for the patient. Further, owing to acute resource constraints in the Indian healthcare system, it may be difficult for oncologists to assess and elicit questions from each patient/caregiver. Consequently, there is a need to address these unique aspects of oncology care in India to improve patient outcomes and understanding of their illness and treatment. This can be achieved through a Question Prompt List (QPL), a checklist used by care recipients during medical consultations.
RECENT FINDINGS
This narrative review will first introduce research on the development and effectiveness of the QPL, and then it will highlight current gaps in oncology care in India and explore how the QPL may aid in closing these gaps. A literature search of the empirical research focused on the development, feasibility and acceptability of the QPL in oncology settings was conducted. The final review included 40 articles pertaining to QPL research. Additionally, psycho-oncology research in India centered on information needs and experiences was reviewed. Current Indian psycho-oncology research reports patients' want to be actively involved in their cancer care and a need for more illness information. However, a high demand on physicians' resources and the family caregivers' interference can be barriers to meeting patients' information/communication needs. International research demonstrates that a QPL helps structure and decrease consultation time, improves patient satisfaction with care, and improves the quality of communication during medical encounters.
CONCLUSION
QPLs for Indian patients and caregivers may focus on the scope of medical consultations to address patient needs while influencing the course and content of the patient-caregiver-physician interactions. Further, it can address the resource constraints in Indian oncology care settings, thus reducing the physician's burden.
Topics: Caregivers; Checklist; Communication; Humans; India; Medical Oncology; Oncologists; Patient Participation; Patient Satisfaction; Physician-Patient Relations; Psychology; Referral and Consultation
PubMed: 33295152
DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1316 -
Evolutionary Psychology : An... May 2014Evolutionary psychology has provoked controversy, especially when applied to human sex differences. We hypothesize that this is partly due to misunderstandings of... (Review)
Review
Evolutionary psychology has provoked controversy, especially when applied to human sex differences. We hypothesize that this is partly due to misunderstandings of evolutionary psychology that are perpetuated by undergraduate sex and gender textbooks. As an initial test of this hypothesis, we develop a catalog of eight types of errors and document their occurrence in 15 widely used sex and gender textbooks. Consistent with our hypothesis, of the 12 textbooks that discussed evolutionary psychology, all contained at least one error, and the median number of errors was five. The most common types of errors were "Straw Man," "Biological Determinism," and "Species Selection." We conclude by suggesting improvements to undergraduate sex and gender textbooks.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Gender Identity; Humans; Psychology; Sex Characteristics; Textbooks as Topic; Universities
PubMed: 25299988
DOI: 10.1177/147470491401200301 -
Tijdschrift Voor Psychiatrie 2017
Topics: Humans; Psychology, Social; Terrorism
PubMed: 28350140
DOI: No ID Found -
Perspectives on Psychological Science :... Jul 2021In the face of unreplicable results, statistical anomalies, and outright fraud, introspection and changes in the psychological sciences have taken root. Vibrant reform...
In the face of unreplicable results, statistical anomalies, and outright fraud, introspection and changes in the psychological sciences have taken root. Vibrant reform and metascience movements have emerged. These are exciting developments and may point toward practical improvements in the future. Yet there is nothing so practical as good theory. This article outlines aspects of reform and metascience in psychology that are ripe for an injection of theory, including a lot of excellent and overlooked theoretical work from different disciplines. I review established frameworks that model the process of scientific discovery, the types of scientific networks that we ought to aspire to, and the processes by which problematic norms and institutions might evolve, focusing especially on modeling from the philosophy of science and cultural evolution. We have unwittingly evolved a toxic scientific ecosystem; existing interdisciplinary theory may help us intelligently design a better one.
Topics: Behavioral Research; Cultural Evolution; Humans; Philosophy; Psychology; Research Design
PubMed: 33513312
DOI: 10.1177/1745691620977471 -
Topics in Cognitive Science Oct 2020Few articles in psychology and cognitive neuroscience do without the promise to get into the "mechanisms underlying" particular psychological phenomena. And yet the...
Few articles in psychology and cognitive neuroscience do without the promise to get into the "mechanisms underlying" particular psychological phenomena. And yet the progress in our mechanistic understanding of human cognition and behavior must be considered disappointing: Most "explanations" merely classify the phenomenon under investigation as falling into a broader category of (not any better understood) phenomena, specify the context conditions under which the phenomenon is likely to occur, or specify a particular kind of neural activity (such as the activation of a particular brain area) that is correlated with the phenomenon. None of these meets the criteria of a truly mechanistic explanation, which needs to account for phenomena in terms of "a structure performing a function in virtue of its component parts, component operations, and their organization" (Bechtel, 2006). This contribution characterizes the problem and some of its implications and discusses possible solutions.
Topics: Brain; Cognition; Cognitive Neuroscience; Humans; Psychology
PubMed: 31359621
DOI: 10.1111/tops.12448