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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 1996The organisms which are referred to as campylobacteria are associated with a diverse range of diseases and habitats and are important from both clinical and economic... (Review)
Review
The organisms which are referred to as campylobacteria are associated with a diverse range of diseases and habitats and are important from both clinical and economic perspectives. Accurate identification of these organisms is desirable for deciding upon appropriate therapeutic measures, and also for furthering our understanding of their pathology and epidemiology. However, the identification process is made difficult because of the complex and rapidly evolving taxonomy, fastidious nature, and biochemical inertness of these bacteria. These problems have resulted in a proliferation of phenotypic and genotypic methods for identifying members of this group. The purpose of this review is to summarize the problems associated with identifying campylobacteria, critically appraise the methods that have been used for this purpose, and discuss prospects for improvements in this field.
Topics: Agglutination; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Campylobacter; Fatty Acids; Helicobacter; Humans; Lectins; Mass Spectrometry; Nucleic Acid Probes; Plant Lectins; Plants; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Genetic; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Pyrogens; Serology
PubMed: 8809468
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.9.3.405 -
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 1986Fever, the regulation of body temperature at an elevated level, is a common response to infection throughout the vertebrates, as well as in many species of invertebrate...
Fever, the regulation of body temperature at an elevated level, is a common response to infection throughout the vertebrates, as well as in many species of invertebrate animals. It is probable that fever evolved as an adaptive response to infection hundreds of millions of years ago. Many components of the nonspecific and specific host response to infection are enhanced by small elevations in temperature. Perhaps more important, studies of bacterial- and viral-infected animals have shown that, in general, moderate fevers decrease morbidity and increase survival rate.
Topics: Animals; Fever; Hormones; Humans; Interleukin-1; Pyrogens; Species Specificity
PubMed: 3488621
DOI: No ID Found -
ALTEX 2013Threats of pyrogenicity were discovered more than a century ago. Measures to determine the safety of parenterals and, more recently, medical devices and cell therapies... (Review)
Review
Threats of pyrogenicity were discovered more than a century ago. Measures to determine the safety of parenterals and, more recently, medical devices and cell therapies for human use have been in place for 70 years. Currently, there are three testing possibilities available: the Rabbit Pyrogen Test, the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test (Bacterial Endotoxin Test), and test systems using human whole blood or human monocytes, called Monocyte Activation Test (MAT). The MAT is based on the human fever reaction and thus most closely reflects the human situation. Unfortunately, regulations and testing guidelines are not fully harmonized, despite formal international validation. Furthermore, data showing that the MAT is capable of covering the totality of possible pyrogens relevant to humans were not included in the MAT validations of the last decade. For this review we collate evidence from published literature, unpublished data of our own, and results from the international validation study to show that there is overwhelming scientific evidence to conclude that the whole blood MAT reliably detects non-endotoxin pyrogens. Therefore, further validation exercises do not seem warranted.
Topics: Animals; Drug Contamination; Humans; Monocytes; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pyrogens; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 23665806
DOI: 10.14573/altex.2013.2.169 -
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 1974The mechanism of fever in patients with Hodgkin's disease was investigated by examining endogenous pyrogen production by blood, spleen, and lymph node cells incubated in... (Review)
Review
The mechanism of fever in patients with Hodgkin's disease was investigated by examining endogenous pyrogen production by blood, spleen, and lymph node cells incubated in vitro. Blood leucocytes from febrile or afebrile patients with Hodgkin's disease did not produce pyrogen spontaneously. Spleen cells, however, frequently released pyrogen during initial incubations, unlike spleen cells from patients with non-malignant diseases. Pyrogen production occurred from spleens without observed pathologic infiltrates of Hodgkin's disease. Lymph nodes involved with Hodgkin's disease produced pyrogen more frequently than did nodes involved with other diseases. Pyrogen production by tissue cells was prolonged, required protein synthesis, and in some cases was due to mononuclear cells; it did not correlate with fever in the patient. These studies demonstrate spontaneous production of endogenous pyrogen in vitro by lymphoid tissue cells from patients with Hodgkin's disease.
Topics: Animals; Cycloheximide; Fever; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukocytes; Lymph Nodes; Lymphoma; Protein Biosynthesis; Pyrogens; Rabbits; Spleen; Time Factors
PubMed: 4611062
DOI: No ID Found -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Oct 1977Leukocytic pyrogen is a small endogenous protein that mediates fever. Because of the limitations of bioassays, circulating leukocytic pyrogen has not been demonstrated...
Leukocytic pyrogen is a small endogenous protein that mediates fever. Because of the limitations of bioassays, circulating leukocytic pyrogen has not been demonstrated during fever in humans. The pyrogen was produced in vitro after phagocytosis of staphylococci by blood monocytes. Antibody against the pyrogen was obtained from rabbits immunized with leukocytic pyrogen and the antiserum was purified by solid-phase immunoadsorbants. Purified antibody to the pyrogen was attached to activated Sepharose 4B and used in conjunction with gel filtration to purify the pyrogen. The pyrogen was labeled with 125I and further purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The final preparation of 125I-labeled pyrogen demonstrated a homogeneous band during isoelectric focusing and other separation procedures. With antibody to pyrogen attached to Sepharose, less than 0.1 of a rabbit pyrogenic dose of human leukocytic pyrogen inhibited the binding of 125I-labeled pyrogen to this immunoadsorbant, and this inhibition was not affected by the presence of human serum. Thus, a radioimmunoassay for human leukocytic pyrogen has been developed that may be used to detect circulating pyrogen during fever in humans.
Topics: Antibodies; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immunosorbent Techniques; Iodine Radioisotopes; Leukocytes; Methods; Pyrogens; Radioimmunoassay
PubMed: 22079
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.10.4624 -
ALTEX 2018Pyrogenicity presents a challenge to clinicians, medical device manufacturers, and regulators. A febrile response may be caused by endotoxin contamination, microbial... (Review)
Review
Pyrogenicity presents a challenge to clinicians, medical device manufacturers, and regulators. A febrile response may be caused by endotoxin contamination, microbial components other than endotoxin, or chemical agents that generate a material-mediated pyrogenic response. While test methods for the assessment of endotoxin contamination and some microbial components other than endotoxin are well-established, material-mediated pyrogens remain elusively undefined. This review presents the findings of literature searches conducted to identify material-mediated pyrogens associated with medical devices. The in vivo rabbit pyrogen test (RPT) is considered to be the “gold standard” for medical device pyrogenicity testing, despite the fact that few medical device-derived material-mediated pyrogens are known. In line with global efforts to reduce the use of research animals, an in vitro monocyte activation test (MAT) has the potential to replace the RPT. The MAT is used to detect substances that activate human monocytes to release cytokines. This review will also describe the potential opportunities and challenges associated with MAT adoption for the detection of material-mediated pyrogens in medical device testing.
Topics: Animal Testing Alternatives; Animals; Biological Assay; Endotoxins; Equipment and Supplies; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Lipopolysaccharides; Monocytes; Pyrogens
PubMed: 29901209
DOI: 10.14573/altex.1709221 -
American Journal of Obstetrics and... Jun 201317-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) is available both as an Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medication and as a product prepared for individual...
OBJECTIVE
17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) is available both as an Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medication and as a product prepared for individual patients by compounding pharmacies. Compounding pharmacies may omit the preservative that is used in the FDA-approved formulation or use an alternate preservative and may dispense 17-OHPC in containers that differ from the FDA-approved product. The objective of this study was to assess the stability and the microbiologic and pyrogen status of 17-OHPC formulations under various compounding and dispensing conditions.
STUDY DESIGN
17-OHPC was prepared by a local compounding pharmacy. The formulations that were prepared included 1 identical to the FDA-approved product with benzyl alcohol as a preservative, 1 with benzalkonium chloride as a preservative, and 1 without a preservative. These various formulations were dispensed into either single-dose 1-mL plastic syringes or glass vials or 10-mL glass vials. The concentration of 17-OHPC and microbial and pyrogen status were evaluated at various time intervals over the ensuing 19 weeks.
RESULTS
The concentration of 17-OHPC did not change over the duration of study, regardless of the dispensing medium that was used or the absence or presence of any preservatives. The preparations remained microbe- and pyrogen-free during the study period, regardless of the dispensing medium that was used or the absence of presence of any preservatives.
CONCLUSION
Products that contained 17-OHPC tested in this study were quite stable over the 19-week period of study in different dispensing containers and in the absence or presence of a different preservative. The compounded products remained sterile and pyrogen-free during the period of observation.
Topics: 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate; Drug Compounding; Drug Contamination; Drug Stability; Endotoxins; Humans; Hydroxyprogesterones; Premature Birth; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Pyrogens; Time Factors; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration
PubMed: 23453884
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.02.028 -
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies Feb 2024Modern medicine is not the choice of patients with "shimetere" in the Gurage community owing to their perception of 'parenteral medication use severely aggravates the...
BACKGROUND
Modern medicine is not the choice of patients with "shimetere" in the Gurage community owing to their perception of 'parenteral medication use severely aggravates the disease'. For this reason, the root part of Polygala sadebeckiana Gürke is commonly utilized as traditional medicine in the management of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Polygala sadebeckiana Gürke extract on bacterial isolates from wound samples of patients with "Shimetere".
METHODS
The agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate antibacterial activity, and the agar dilution method was utilized to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MICs). The crude extract was tested against isolated bacteria at concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/mL in triplicate (3x). The positive controls were azithromycin (15 µg) and cloxacillin disk (5 µg), and the negative control was dimethylsulfoxide (5%). The group mean comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA at a significance level of p < 0.05, and the results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. The presence of secondary metabolites from crude extract was checked by standard testing procedures.
RESULTS
S. aureus and S. pyrogen were the two identified bacteria from 9 (60%) and 3 (20%) wound samples, respectively. All identified bacterial strains were susceptible to the reference antibiotics. Tannins and saponins were the most abundant secondary metabolites found in the crude extracts. The average inhibition zones of the plant extracts with 100, 75, 50 and 25 mg/mL concentrations were 27, 20.33, 15.25, and 11.96 mm (p < 0.000) for S. aureus and 30.02, 24.50, 19.07, and 15.77 mm (p < 0.000) for S. pyrogen bacteria, respectively. The MIC and MBC of the crude extract were 1.67 and 10 mg/mL for S. aureus and 0.98 and 4 mg/mL for S. pyrogen.
CONCLUSION
Polygala sadebeckiana Gürke contained significant tannins and saponins as secondary metabolites and had antibacterial activities against isolated bacteria (S. aureus and S. pyrogen) from "Shimetere". The potential mechanism of antibacterial action of the plant extract was cell wall synthesis inhibition.
Topics: Humans; Polygala; Tannins; Staphylococcus aureus; Agar; Pyrogens; Plant Extracts; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Phytochemicals; Saponins
PubMed: 38302996
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04371-y -
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Mar 2020Fever is a systemic inflammatory response of the body to pyrogens. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a central signaling molecule that causes the excessive secretion of...
Fever is a systemic inflammatory response of the body to pyrogens. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a central signaling molecule that causes the excessive secretion of various pyrogen-induced pro-inflammatory factors. This study explored the feasibility of a novel reporter gene assay (RGA) for pyrogen detection using RAW264.7 cells stably transfected with the NF-κB reporter gene as a pyrogenic marker. The RGA could detect different types of pyrogens, including the lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria, the lipoteichoic acid of gram-positive bacteria, and the zymosan of fungi, and a good dose-effect relationship was observed in terms of NF-κB activity. The limits of detection of the RGA to those pyrogens were 0.03 EU/ml, 0.001 μg/ml, and 1 μg/ml, respectively. The method had good precision and accuracy and could be applied to many molecules (e.g., nivolumab, rituximab, bevacizumab, etanercept, basiliximab, Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, group A and group C meningococcal conjugate vaccine, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis [acellular, component], poliomyelitis [inactivated] vaccine, and imject alum adjuvant). The results of this study suggest that the novel RGA has a wide pyrogen detection spectrum and is sufficiently sensitive, stable, and accurate for various applications.
Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Fever; Genes, Reporter; Limit of Detection; Mice; NF-kappa B; Pyrogens; RAW 264.7 Cells; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 31666494
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2019.163 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2023Three mutants individually of both staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C were prepared by site-specific mutagenesis of enterotoxin amino acids that contact host T...
Three mutants individually of both staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C were prepared by site-specific mutagenesis of enterotoxin amino acids that contact host T lymphocyte immune cell receptor sites (N23A, Q210A, and N23A/Q210A); these amino acids are shared between the two enterotoxins, and mutations reduce the interaction with the variable part of the β-chain of the T lymphocyte receptor. The mutant proteins, as expressed in Staphylococcus aureus RN4220, lacked biological toxicity as measured by the loss of (i) stimulation of rabbit splenocyte proliferation, (ii) pyrogenicity, and (iii) the ability to enhance the lethality of endotoxin shock, compared to wild-type enterotoxins. In addition, the mutants were able to vaccinate rabbits against pyrogenicity, the enhancement of endotoxin shock, and lethality in a pneumonia model when animals were challenged with methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Three vaccine injections (one primary and two boosters) protected rabbits for at least 3.5 months postvaccination when challenged with wild-type enterotoxins (last time point tested). These mutant proteins have the potential to function as toxoid vaccines against these two causes of nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS). Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) and staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C cause the majority of cases of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. Previously, vaccine toxoids of TSST-1 have been prepared. In this study, vaccine toxoids of enterotoxins B and C were prepared. The toxoids lost biological toxicity but were able to vaccinate rabbits against lethal TSS.
PubMed: 36815779
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04446-22