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Plant Physiology Apr 2023
Topics: Respiration; Ecosystem; Cell Respiration
PubMed: 36703191
DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad041 -
Plant Physiology Apr 2023Plant respiration is a foundational biological process with the potential to be optimized to improve crop yield. To understand and manipulate the outputs of respiration,... (Review)
Review
Plant respiration is a foundational biological process with the potential to be optimized to improve crop yield. To understand and manipulate the outputs of respiration, the inputs of respiration-respiratory substrates-need to be probed in detail. Mitochondria house substrate catabolic pathways and respiratory machinery, so transport into and out of these organelles plays an important role in committing substrates to respiration. The large number of mitochondrial carriers and catabolic pathways that remain unidentified hinder this process and lead to confusion about the identity of direct and indirect respiratory substrates in plants. The sources and usage of respiratory substrates vary and are increasing found to be highly regulated based on cellular processes and environmental factors. This review covers the use of direct respiratory substrates following transport through mitochondrial carriers and catabolism under normal and stressed conditions. We suggest the introduction of enzymes not currently found in plant mitochondria to enable serine and acetate to be direct respiratory substrates in plants. We also compare respiratory substrates by assessing energetic yields, availability in cells, and their full or partial oxidation during cell catabolism. This information can assist in decisions to use synthetic biology approaches to alter the range of respiratory substrates in plants. As a result, respiration could be optimized by introducing, improving, or controlling specific mitochondrial transporters and mitochondrial catabolic pathways.
Topics: Mitochondria; Cell Respiration; Oxidation-Reduction; Energy Metabolism; Plants; Respiration
PubMed: 36573332
DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac599 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2022Mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a central pathomechanism in the setting of obesity and diabetes mellitus, linking these intertwined pathologies that share... (Review)
Review
Mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a central pathomechanism in the setting of obesity and diabetes mellitus, linking these intertwined pathologies that share insulin resistance as a common denominator. High-resolution respirometry (HRR) is a state-of-the-art research method currently used to study mitochondrial respiration and its impairment in health and disease. Tissue samples, cells or isolated mitochondria are exposed to various substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor-titration protocols, which allows the measurement and calculation of several parameters of mitochondrial respiration. In this review, we discuss the alterations of mitochondrial bioenergetics in the main dysfunctional organs that contribute to the development of the obese and diabetic phenotypes in both animal models and human subjects. Herein we review data regarding the impairment of oxidative phosphorylation as integrated mitochondrial function assessed by means of HRR. We acknowledge the critical role of this method in determining the alterations in oxidative phosphorylation occurring in the early stages of metabolic pathologies. We conclude that there is a mutual two-way relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin insensitivity that characterizes these diseases.
Topics: Animals; Cell Respiration; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Mitochondria; Obesity; Oxidative Phosphorylation; Respiration
PubMed: 36012137
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168852 -
British Medical Journal Nov 1950
Topics: Bronchoscopy; Bronchospirometry; Cell Respiration; Humans; Respiration
PubMed: 14777903
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4689.1166 -
The New Phytologist Apr 2021
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Cell Respiration; Light; Photosynthesis; Plant Leaves; Respiration
PubMed: 33650185
DOI: 10.1111/nph.17164 -
California Medicine Oct 1952ACCURATE EVALUATION OF THE DEGREE OF IMPAIRMENT OF PULMONARY FUNCTION IN PERSONS WITH FIBROSIS AND EMPHYSEMA REQUIRES: (1) ventilatory measurements from rapid spirogram...
ACCURATE EVALUATION OF THE DEGREE OF IMPAIRMENT OF PULMONARY FUNCTION IN PERSONS WITH FIBROSIS AND EMPHYSEMA REQUIRES: (1) ventilatory measurements from rapid spirogram tracings (vital capacity, maximal breathing capacity and the time required to blow the air from the lungs); (2) determination of the degree of bronchospasm present; (3) determination of the degree of pulmonary emphysema (residual air expressed quantitatively as percent of total lung volume); (4) determination of the arterial blood oxygen saturation at rest and immediately after step-up exercise; (5) measurement of the oxygen extraction from inspired air (per cent of oxygen removed) during rest and exercise; (6) determination of the oxygen up-take during exercise; and (7) observation of the duration of dyspnea after step-up exercise. No single physiologic test is adequate in evaluating impairment of pulmonary function, and roentgenograms of the chest are unreliable as a sole basis for appraisal of disability. In industrial medicine, pulmonary function studies make possible (a) more accurate diagnosis and evaluation of pulmonary disability; and (b) earlier detection and thus prevention of prolonged exposure by susceptible individuals to environmental hazards.
Topics: Cell Respiration; Dyspnea; Emphysema; Exercise; Humans; Lung; Male; Oxygen; Pulmonary Emphysema; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests; Vital Capacity
PubMed: 13009463
DOI: No ID Found -
Cell Reports Apr 2023The mitochondrial response to changes in cellular energy demand is necessary for cellular adaptation and organ function. Many genes are essential in orchestrating this...
The mitochondrial response to changes in cellular energy demand is necessary for cellular adaptation and organ function. Many genes are essential in orchestrating this response, including the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 target gene Mss51, an inhibitor of skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration. Although Mss51 is implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity and musculoskeletal disease, how Mss51 is regulated is not entirely understood. Site-1 protease (S1P) is a key activator of several transcription factors required for cellular adaptation. However, the role of S1P in muscle is unknown. Here, we identify S1P as a negative regulator of muscle mass and mitochondrial respiration. S1P disruption in mouse skeletal muscle reduces Mss51 expression and increases muscle mass and mitochondrial respiration. The effects of S1P deficiency on mitochondrial activity are counteracted by overexpressing Mss51, suggesting that one way S1P inhibits respiration is by regulating Mss51. These discoveries expand our understanding of TGF-β signaling and S1P function.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Cell Respiration; Mitochondria; Muscle, Skeletal; Signal Transduction; Transforming Growth Factor beta
PubMed: 37002920
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112336 -
American Journal of Physiology. Lung... Jan 2016Altered bioenergetics with increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and degradation of epithelial function are key aspects of pathogenesis in asthma... (Review)
Review
Altered bioenergetics with increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and degradation of epithelial function are key aspects of pathogenesis in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This motif is not unique to obstructive airway disease, reported in related airway diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and parenchymal diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis. Similarly, mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular endothelium or skeletal muscles contributes to the development of pulmonary hypertension and systemic manifestations of lung disease. In experimental models of COPD or asthma, the use of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, such as MitoQ, has substantially improved mitochondrial health and restored respiratory function. Modulation of noncoding RNA or protein regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, or degradation has been found to be effective in models of fibrosis, emphysema, asthma, and pulmonary hypertension. Transfer of healthy mitochondria to epithelial cells has been associated with remarkable therapeutic efficacy in models of acute lung injury and asthma. Together, these form a 3R model--repair, reprogramming, and replacement--for mitochondria-targeted therapies in lung disease. This review highlights the key role of mitochondrial function in lung health and disease, with a focus on asthma and COPD, and provides an overview of mitochondria-targeted strategies for rejuvenating cellular respiration and optimizing respiratory function in lung diseases.
Topics: Animals; Asthma; Cell Respiration; Humans; Lung; Mitochondria; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiration
PubMed: 26566906
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00320.2015 -
Plant Physiology Apr 2023Plant respiration not only provides energy to support all cellular processes, including biomass production, but also plays a major role in the global carbon cycle....
Plant respiration not only provides energy to support all cellular processes, including biomass production, but also plays a major role in the global carbon cycle. Therefore, modulation of plant respiration can be used to both increase the plant yield and mitigate the effects of global climate change. Mechanistic modeling of plant respiration at sufficient biochemical detail can provide key insights for rational engineering of this process. Yet, despite its importance, plant respiration has attracted considerably less modeling effort in comparison to photosynthesis. In this update review, we highlight the advances made in modeling of plant respiration, emphasizing the gradual but important change from phenomenological to models based on first principles. We also provide a detailed account of the existing resources that can contribute to resolving the challenges in modeling plant respiration. These resources point at tangible improvements in the representation of cellular processes that contribute to CO2 evolution and consideration of kinetic properties of underlying enzymes to facilitate mechanistic modeling. The update review emphasizes the need to couple biochemical models of respiration with models of acclimation and adaptation of respiration for their effective usage in guiding breeding efforts and improving terrestrial biosphere models tailored to future climate scenarios.
Topics: Plant Breeding; Plants; Climate Change; Photosynthesis; Respiration; Cell Respiration; Carbon Dioxide; Plant Leaves
PubMed: 36721968
DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad054 -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Apr 1958
Topics: Cell Respiration; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Respiration
PubMed: 13554452
DOI: No ID Found