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Community Eye Health 2017
PubMed: 29070929
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Aug 2022The authors describe a novel technique of performing retinoscopy assisted with a smartphone (gimbalscope). We found this technique of digital retinoscopy to be useful...
The authors describe a novel technique of performing retinoscopy assisted with a smartphone (gimbalscope). We found this technique of digital retinoscopy to be useful for demonstrating and documenting retinoscopic reflexes and in addition as an easy teaching tool. This technical report explains the assembly of our smartphone-assisted retinoscope and provides examples of the range of normal and abnormal reflexes that can be captured.
Topics: Humans; Refraction, Ocular; Retinoscopes; Retinoscopy; Smartphone
PubMed: 35918982
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_221_22 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022Myopia is a chronic ocular disease, emerging as the most common type of refractive error. This study intends to preliminarily explore the roles of protein...
BACKGROUND
Myopia is a chronic ocular disease, emerging as the most common type of refractive error. This study intends to preliminarily explore the roles of protein S-nitrosylation of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of myopia by detecting the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and downstream S-nitrosylation, using the animal model of lens-induced myopia (LIM) in mice.
METHODS
The 3-week-old C57BL/6 J mice were divided into three groups: group I, lens-induced 0-week group (take eyeballs at the age of 3 weeks); group II, self-control eyes of experimental group (take eyeballs at the age of 7 weeks); and group III, lens-induced 4-week group (take eyeballs at the age of 7 weeks). The diopter and axial length of each group were measured by streak retinoscopes and optical coherence tomography (OCT) before and after model establishment. The protein expressions and locations of nNOS and S-nitrosylated proteins (PSNOs) were measured by western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Site-specific proteomic for protein S-nitrolysation was used to detect the existence and location of S-nitrosylation proteins in the retina of myopic and nonmyopic mice. The Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and motif enrichment analyses were performed. The differential sites were analyzed by GO, KEGG, and motif. Irreversible biotinylation procedure combined with protein purification and western blot was used to detect the protein expression of -enolase (ENO1), a key player in the hypoxia-related signal pathway.
RESULTS
The expressions of nNOS and PSNOs were significantly lower in the retina of experimental eyes than that in self-control eyes and 3-week-old baseline group. A total of 595 S-nitrosylated proteins, 709 S-nitrosylated peptides, and 708 S-nitrosylated sites were identified by site-specific S-nitrolysation proteomics in the retina of myopic and control eyes. A total of 19 differentiation loci were screened, of which 13 sites were downregulated and 6 sites were upregulated in experimental eyes compared with the self-control group. Specifically, the expression of SNO-ENO1 was significantly lower in the retina of experimental eyes than that in self-control eyes and 3-week-old baseline group.
CONCLUSION
LIM induces the decrease of nNOS and PSNO protein levels in the retina of myopic mice. NO-mediated nonclassical protein S-nitrosylation modification may play an important role in the regulation of lens-induced myopia. ENO1 may be a key factor in the regulation of S-nitrosylation modification of myopia.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Nitric Oxide; Proteomics; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Myopia; Retina
PubMed: 36439692
DOI: 10.1155/2022/8296043 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Sep 2018To determine repeatability and agreement of the ARK-30 handheld autorefractor with retinoscopy under cycloplegic and noncycloplegic conditions in children. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
To determine repeatability and agreement of the ARK-30 handheld autorefractor with retinoscopy under cycloplegic and noncycloplegic conditions in children.
METHODS
Three consecutive autorefractor measurements (with and without cycloplegia) and retinoscopy were performed and compared in 30 randomized eyes of 30 children (mean age of 6.7 ± 2.7 years with spherical equivalent [SE] refraction from ‒4.01 to +7.38 D) in a cross-section and masked study. Bland-Altman analysis of autorefractor measurements (with and without cycloplegia) and agreement with retinoscopy were calculated with conventional notation (sphere [Sph] and cylinder [Cyl]) and vector notation (SE, J, and Jcoefficients).
RESULTS
ARK-30 measurements without cycloplegia were lower than under cycloplegic conditions (Sph: ‒0.52 ± 2.37 D vs + 0.86 ± 2.60 D, P < 0.01; Cyl: ‒0.83 ± 0.80 D versus ‒0.78 ± 0.77 D, P = 0.37; and SE: ‒0.94 ± 2.19 D vs + 0.47 ± 2.44 D, P < 0.01, respectively) and statistically different (P < 0.03) from retinoscopy (Shp: +0.83 ± 2.66 D; Cyl: ‒0.71 ± 0.87 D; SE: +0.51 ± 2.49 D). Without statistical differences were in Jand Jcoefficients. Cyloplegic autorefraction measures were not found to be statistically significantly different to retinoscopy measures. ARK-30 under cycloplegia shows better repeatability with lower limits of agreement (LoA) in Sph (LoA: ‒0.66 to +0.69 D), and SE (LoA: ‒0.66 to +0.65 D) than without cycloplegia (LoA: ‒1.45 to +1.77 D, and ‒1.38 to +1.74 D, respectively).
CONCLUSION
Under noncycloplegic conditions, ARK-30 autorefractor has low repeatability and a tendency toward minus over correction in children. However, repeatability and agreement with retinoscopy under cycloplegic conditions allow use of ARK-30 in children to estimate refraction but not to substitute gold standard retinoscopic refraction.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Equipment Design; Female; Humans; Incidence; India; Male; Refraction, Ocular; Refractive Errors; Vision Screening
PubMed: 30127136
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_266_18 -
Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) 2022The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of myopia among medical students at the University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health...
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of myopia among medical students at the University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Northwest Ethiopia.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences from June 20 to August 15, 2021. A simple random sampling technique with proportional allocation was used to select 492 students. Interviewer-administered questionnaire, Snellen acuity chart, pinhole, retinoscope and direct ophthalmoscope were used to collect the data. The data were entered to EpiData version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were summarized by measures of central tendency. Variables with p-value ≤0.2 in bivariable regression were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used and variables with p-values <0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
RESULTS
A total of 492 respondents participated giving a response rate of 98.3%. The prevalence of myopia was found to be 16.7% (95% CI = 12.8-19.4%). Urban residents (AOR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.28-6.21), family history of myopia (AOR = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.33-4.54), near-work activity of 5-7 hours (AOR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.31-5.76) and ≥8 hours (AOR = 4.35; 95% CI: 1.96-9.66), outdoor activity for <3 hours (AOR = 1.65 95% CI: (1.14-4.53), were significantly associated with myopia.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of myopia among medical students at the University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences was high. Urban residency, positive family history, longer time spent on near-work activities and less outdoor activity were positively associated with myopia.
PubMed: 35615078
DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S365618 -
Translational Vision Science &... Apr 2024To assess the agreement of retinoscope-based peripheral refraction techniques with the criterion standard open-field autorefractor.
PURPOSE
To assess the agreement of retinoscope-based peripheral refraction techniques with the criterion standard open-field autorefractor.
METHODS
Fifty young adults (mean age, 24 ± 3 years) participated in this study. Two masked, experienced senior examiners carried out central refraction and peripheral refraction at the temporal 22° (T22°) and nasal 22° (N22°) eccentricities. Peripheral refraction techniques were (a) peripheral refraction using ancillary retinoscope component (P-ARC), (b) retinoscopy with eye rotation, and (c) open-field autorefractor. Peripheral refraction with retinoscopy values was compared with an open-field autorefractor (Shinn Nippon NVision-K) to assess the agreement. All measurements were taken from the right eye under noncycloplegic conditions.
RESULTS
The mean difference ±95% limits of agreement of peripheral refraction values obtained using P-ARC from T22° (+0.11 diopters [D] ± 1.20 D; P = 0.20) or N22° (+0.13 D ± 1.16 D; P = 0.13) were comparable with open-field autorefractor. The eye rotation technique compared to autorefractor showed a significant difference for T22° (+0.30 D ± 1.26 D; P = 0.002); however, there was an agreement for N22° (+0.14 D ± 1.16 D; P = 0.10). With respect to the identification of peripheral refraction patterns, examiners were able to identify relative peripheral hyperopia in most of the participants (77%).
CONCLUSIONS
Peripheral refraction with P-ARC was comparable with open-field autorefractor at T22° and N22° eccentricities. Peripheral retinoscopy techniques can be another approache for estimating and identifying peripheral refraction and its patterns in a regular clinical setting.
TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE
Retinoscope with P-ARC has high potential to guide and enable eye care practitioners to perform peripheral refraction and identify peripheral refraction patterns for effective myopia management.
Topics: Young Adult; Humans; Adult; Retinoscopes; Refraction, Ocular; Vision Tests; Eye; Hyperopia
PubMed: 38568607
DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.4.7 -
BMC Ophthalmology May 2023To describe the ocular features of a cohort of children with Down Syndrome (DS) in Bogotá, Colombia.
BACKGROUND
To describe the ocular features of a cohort of children with Down Syndrome (DS) in Bogotá, Colombia.
METHODS
We performed a cross-sectional study, evaluating 67 children with DS. A pediatric ophthalmologist performed a complete optometric and ophthalmological evaluation of each child, including visual acuity, ocular alignment, external eye examination, biomicroscopy, auto-refractometry, retinoscope in cycloplegia, and fundus examination. Results were reported as frequency distribution tables with percentages for categorical variables and means and standard deviation or median and interquartile ranges for continuous variables, according to their distribution. We used the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis for continuous variables when indicated.
RESULTS
A total of 134 eyes from 67 children were evaluated. Males represented 50.7%. The children's age ranged from 8-16 years, with a mean of 12.3 (SD 2.30). The most frequent refractive diagnosis per eye was hyperopia (47%), followed by myopia (32.1%) and mixed astigmatism (18.7%). The most frequent ocular manifestations were oblique fissure (89.6%), followed by amblyopia (54.5%) and lens opacity (39.4%). Female sex was associated with strabismus (P = 0.009) and amblyopia (P = 0.048).
CONCLUSION
Our cohort had a high prevalence of disregarded ophthalmological manifestations. Some of these manifestations, such as amblyopia, can be irreversible and severely affect the neurodevelopment of DS children. Therefore, ophthalmologists and optometrists should be aware of the visual and ocular affection of children with DS to assess and provide appropriate management. This awareness could improve rehabilitation outcomes for these children.
Topics: Male; Child; Humans; Female; Adolescent; Amblyopia; Refractive Errors; Colombia; Down Syndrome; Cross-Sectional Studies; Strabismus; Prevalence
PubMed: 37189079
DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-02863-y -
Journal of Ophthalmology 2021To assess the repeatability and agreement of refractive measurements using 2WIN-S photoscreening with the gold-standard cycloplegic retinoscope refraction.
PURPOSE
To assess the repeatability and agreement of refractive measurements using 2WIN-S photoscreening with the gold-standard cycloplegic retinoscope refraction.
DESIGN
Single centre, cross-sectional study.
METHODS
Spherical, cylindrical, axis, and spherical equivalent of 194 bilateral eyes of 97 children were assessed using a retinoscope and 2WIN-S. One week later, another operator repeated the 2WIN-S measurements. The primary outcome measures were to assess the repeatability and agreement between spherical equivalent, J0, and J45 readings of 2WIN-S. The repeatability of measurements was assessed by the within-subject standard deviation (2.77 Sw) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The agreement between devices was assessed using 95% limits of agreement. The extent of the agreement between cycloplegic retinoscopy and noncycloplegic 2WIN-S measurements was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis.
RESULTS
The mean age ± SD was 10.3 ± 2.46 year (range, 4-14 years). The sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent measurements were found to be consistent with both apparatus ( value >0.86). ICC for SE, J0, and J45 was 0.900, 0.666, and 0.639, respectively; Sw for SE, J0, and J45 was 0.61D, 0.30D, and 0.31D, respectively; Bland-Altman analysis of retinoscopy with cycloplegia and 2WIN-S for SE was 184/194 (95%) in 95% confidence interval, and the mean value was 0.46. J0 was 184/194 (95%), and the mean value is -0.04. J45 was 181/194 (93%), and the mean value is -0.15.
CONCLUSION
The objective refractive measurement of 2WIN-S had good reliability and high agreement with the gold-standard retinoscopy refraction in children and adolescents. While consistency was observed, it is essential to take into consideration that it is a screening tool.
PubMed: 34094595
DOI: 10.1155/2021/6612476