-
Folia Biologica 2004
Review
Topics: Animals; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Retroviridae; Virus Replication
PubMed: 15373344
DOI: No ID Found -
Viruses Jun 2012Retroviruses produce full-length RNA that serves both as a genomic RNA (gRNA), which is encapsidated into virus particles, and as an mRNA, which directs the synthesis of... (Review)
Review
Retroviruses produce full-length RNA that serves both as a genomic RNA (gRNA), which is encapsidated into virus particles, and as an mRNA, which directs the synthesis of viral structural proteins. However, we are only beginning to understand the cellular and viral factors that influence trafficking of retroviral RNA and the selection of the RNA for encapsidation or translation. Live cell imaging studies of retroviral RNA trafficking have provided important insight into many aspects of the retrovirus life cycle including transcription dynamics, nuclear export of viral RNA, translational regulation, membrane targeting, and condensation of the gRNA during virion assembly. Here, we review cutting-edge techniques to visualize single RNA molecules in live cells and discuss the application of these systems to studying retroviral RNA trafficking.
Topics: Molecular Imaging; Protein Binding; RNA Transport; RNA, Viral; RNA-Binding Proteins; Retroviridae; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 22816035
DOI: 10.3390/v4060963 -
Viruses Dec 2022To complete their replication cycle, retroviruses need to integrate a DNA copy of their RNA genome into a host chromosome. Integration site selection is not random and... (Review)
Review
To complete their replication cycle, retroviruses need to integrate a DNA copy of their RNA genome into a host chromosome. Integration site selection is not random and is driven by multiple viral and cellular host factors specific to different classes of retroviruses. Today, overwhelming evidence from cell culture, animal experiments and clinical data suggests that integration sites are important for retroviral replication, oncogenesis and/or latency. In this review, we will summarize the increasing knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the integration site selection of the gammaretrovirus MLV and the lentivirus HIV-1. We will discuss how host factors of the integration site selection of retroviruses may steer the development of safer viral vectors for gene therapy. Next, we will discuss how altering the integration site preference of HIV-1 using small molecules could lead to a cure for HIV-1 infection.
Topics: Animals; HIV-1; Virus Integration; Retroviridae; Lentivirus; HIV Infections; Genetic Vectors
PubMed: 36680071
DOI: 10.3390/v15010032 -
MBio Feb 2016A fascinating aspect of retroviruses is their tendency to nonrandomly incorporate host cell RNAs into virions. In addition to the specific tRNAs that prime reverse... (Review)
Review
A fascinating aspect of retroviruses is their tendency to nonrandomly incorporate host cell RNAs into virions. In addition to the specific tRNAs that prime reverse transcription, all examined retroviruses selectively package multiple host cell noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Many of these ncRNAs appear to be encapsidated shortly after synthesis, before assembling with their normal protein partners. Remarkably, although some packaged ncRNAs, such as pre-tRNAs and the spliceosomal U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA), were believed to reside exclusively within mammalian nuclei, it was demonstrated recently that the model retrovirus murine leukemia virus (MLV) packages these ncRNAs from a novel pathway in which unneeded nascent ncRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm for degradation. The finding that retroviruses package forms of ncRNAs that are rare in cells suggests several hypotheses for how these RNAs could assist retrovirus assembly and infectivity. Moreover, recent experiments in several laboratories have identified additional ways in which cellular ncRNAs may contribute to the retrovirus life cycle. This review focuses on the ncRNAs that are packaged by retroviruses and the ways in which both encapsidated ncRNAs and other cellular ncRNAs may contribute to retrovirus replication.
Topics: Animals; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Humans; Leukemia Virus, Murine; Mice; RNA, Nuclear; RNA, Untranslated; Retroviridae; Virion; Virus Assembly; Virus Replication
PubMed: 26861021
DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02025-15 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Dec 2002Retrovirus-derived vectors are currently the preferred vectors used for human gene therapy protocols. Serious safety concerns persist, however, which are specifically...
Retrovirus-derived vectors are currently the preferred vectors used for human gene therapy protocols. Serious safety concerns persist, however, which are specifically related to the formation of a replication-competent virus, and no synthesis method currently employed precludes its formation with certainty. For many cell types, a low transduction efficiency results in insufficient therapeutic benefit. We describe the development of a molecular conjugate system, which permits transient chemical modification of a retrovirus with polylysine. This modification not only introduces additional safety features over standard unmodified retrovirus vectors, but also provides enhanced transduction efficiency.
Topics: Animals; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Polylysine; Retroviridae; Transduction, Genetic
PubMed: 12568334
DOI: 10.1007/s000180200008 -
Journal of Molecular and Cellular... Jul 1998A two-order-magnitude increase in the expression of an endogenous retrovirus was found in myocytes from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) relative to Wistar-Kyoto... (Review)
Review
A two-order-magnitude increase in the expression of an endogenous retrovirus was found in myocytes from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) relative to Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). It has now been demonstrated that the increase in proviral transcripts is not secondary to the effects of pressure overload, as WKY hearts with hypertrophy due to aortic banding do not express the retrovirus. Crossing SHR with WKY results in intermediate levels of blood pressure, hypertrophy and retroviral gene expression, suggesting co-segregation of genotype and phenotype. Findings suggest a possible linkage between an endogenous retrovirus and genetic hypertension in the SHR. A brief overview of endogenous retroviruses is presented and a discussion of their potential for inducing cardiovascular pathology is considered.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; DNA Transposable Elements; Humans; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Retroviridae
PubMed: 9710794
DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.1998.0723 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Apr 1995A virus initiates infection by attaching to its specific receptor on the surface of a susceptible host cell. This prepares the way for the virus to enter the cell.... (Review)
Review
A virus initiates infection by attaching to its specific receptor on the surface of a susceptible host cell. This prepares the way for the virus to enter the cell. Consequently, the expression of the receptor on specific cells and tissues of the host is a major determinant of the route of entry of the virus into the host and of the patterns of virus spread and pathogenesis in the host. This review emphasizes the virus-receptor interactions of human immunodeficiency virus, the rhinoviruses, the herpesviruses, and the coronaviruses. These interactions are often found to be complex and dynamic, involving multiple sites or factors on both the virus and the host cell. Also, the receptor may play an important role in virus entry per se in addition to its role in virus binding. In the cases of human immunodeficiency virus and the rhinoviruses, ingenious approaches to therapeutic strategies based on inhibiting virus attachment and entry are under development and in clinical trials.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; CD4 Antigens; Coronavirus; Drug Design; HIV; Herpesviridae; Humans; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Models, Molecular; Picornaviridae; Receptors, Virus; Retroviridae
PubMed: 7621403
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.8.2.293 -
Current Opinion in Virology Oct 2011The emerging field of paleovirology aims to study the evolutionary age and impact of ancient viruses (paleoviruses) on host biology. Despite a historical emphasis on... (Review)
Review
The emerging field of paleovirology aims to study the evolutionary age and impact of ancient viruses (paleoviruses) on host biology. Despite a historical emphasis on retroviruses, paleoviral 'fossils' have recently been uncovered from a broad swathe of viruses. These viral imprints have upended long-held notions of the age and mutation rate of viruses. While 'direct' paleovirology relies on the insertion of viral genes in animal genomes, examination of adaptive changes in host genes that occurred in response to paleoviral infections provides a complementary strategy for making 'indirect' paleovirological inferences. Finally, viruses have also impacted host biology by providing genes hosts have domesticated for their own purpose.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Fossils; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Paleontology; Retroviridae; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 22003379
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.06.007 -
Viruses Aug 2011The discovery of human retroviruses in the early 1980s revealed the existence of viral-encoded non-structural genes that were not evident in previously described animal... (Review)
Review
The discovery of human retroviruses in the early 1980s revealed the existence of viral-encoded non-structural genes that were not evident in previously described animal retroviruses. Based on the absence or presence of these additional genes retroviruses were classified as 'simple' and 'complex', respectively. Expression of most of these extra genes is achieved through the generation of alternatively spliced mRNAs. The present review summarizes the genetic organization and expression strategies of human complex retroviruses and highlights the converging mechanisms controlling their life cycles.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Genes, Viral; Humans; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Viral; Retroviridae; Retroviridae Infections; T-Lymphocytes; Viral Nonstructural Proteins; Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 21994786
DOI: 10.3390/v3081395 -
Retrovirology Feb 2006Evolutionary analysis may serve as a useful approach to identify and characterize host defense and viral proteins involved in genetic conflicts. We analyzed patterns of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Evolutionary analysis may serve as a useful approach to identify and characterize host defense and viral proteins involved in genetic conflicts. We analyzed patterns of coding sequence evolution of genes with known (TRIM5alpha and APOBEC3G) or suspected (TRIM19/PML) roles in virus restriction, or in viral pathogenesis (PPIA, encoding Cyclophilin A), in the same set of human and non-human primate species.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
This analysis revealed previously unidentified clusters of positively selected sites in APOBEC3G and TRIM5alpha that may delineate new virus-interaction domains. In contrast, our evolutionary analyses suggest that PPIA is not under diversifying selection in primates, consistent with the interaction of Cyclophilin A being limited to the HIV-1M/SIVcpz lineage. The strong sequence conservation of the TRIM19/PML sequences among primates suggests that this gene does not play a role in antiretroviral defense.
Topics: Animals; Evolution, Molecular; Genomics; Host-Parasite Interactions; Primates; Proteins; Retroviridae; Selection, Genetic; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
PubMed: 16460575
DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-11