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Uirusu 2014Rotavirus, a member of the family Reoviridae, was identified as the leading etiological agent of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children in 1973. The... (Review)
Review
Rotavirus, a member of the family Reoviridae, was identified as the leading etiological agent of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children in 1973. The rotavirus genome is composed of 11 gene segments of double-stranded (ds)RNA. During the last 40 years, a large amount of basic research on rotavirus structure, genome, antigen, replication, pathogenesis, epidemiology, immune responses, and evolution has been accumulated. This article reviews the fundamental aspects of rotavirology including recent important achievements in research.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Child; Child, Preschool; Gastroenteritis; Genome, Viral; Humans; Infant; Microscopy, Electron; RNA, Double-Stranded; Reverse Genetics; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Virus Replication
PubMed: 26437840
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.64.179 -
Environmental Science & Technology Jun 2022Recent discovery of vesicle-cloaked virus clusters (i.e., viral vesicles) has greatly challenged the central paradigm of viral transmission and infection as a single...
Recent discovery of vesicle-cloaked virus clusters (i.e., viral vesicles) has greatly challenged the central paradigm of viral transmission and infection as a single virion. To understand the environmental transmission of viral vesicles, we used an in vivo model to investigate their environmental persistence and engineering control by disinfection. Murine rotavirus vesicles maintained both their integrity and infectivity after incubation in filtered freshwater and wastewater for at least 7 days, with 24.5-27.5% of the vesicles still intact at 16 weeks after exposure to both waters. Free chlorine disinfection at a dosage of 13.3 mg min L did not decompose murine rotavirus vesicles, and it was much less effective in inactivating rotaviruses inside vesicles than free rotaviruses based on the quantification of rotavirus shedding in mouse stool and rotavirus replication in small intestines. Rotavirus vesicles may be more environmentally transmissible than free rotaviruses regardless of disinfection. Vesicle-mediated transmission could be responsible for vesicles' resistance to disinfection due to an increased multiplicity of infection and/or genetic recombination or reassortment to promote infection. Our work highlights the environmental, biological, and public health significance of viral vesicles, and the findings call for urgent action in advancing disinfection for pathogen control.
Topics: Animals; Chlorine; Disinfection; Feces; Mice; Rotavirus; Wastewater
PubMed: 35653550
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00732 -
Virus Research Sep 2014Recent advances of rotavirus (RV) basic and applied research are reviewed. They consist of determination of the RV particle structure and functions of structural... (Review)
Review
Recent advances of rotavirus (RV) basic and applied research are reviewed. They consist of determination of the RV particle structure and functions of structural proteins, classification into genotypes based on whole genome analyses, description of the RV genome and gene protein assignments, description of the viral replication cycle and of functions of RV-encoded non-structural proteins as well as cellular proteins and cellular organelles involved, the present status of RV genetics and reverse genetics, molecular determinants of pathogenesis and pathophysiology, the RV-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, innate immune responses and correlates of protection, laboratory diagnosis, differential diagnosis and present status of treatment, the molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of evolution of RVs, the development and universal application of RV vaccines as well as issues arising from present universal RV vaccination programs and work on alternative vaccines. The review concludes by presenting problems requiring further exploration and perspectives of future basic and translational research.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 25016036
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.016 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases 1998Rotavirus, the most common diarrheal pathogen in children worldwide, causes approximately one third of diarrhea-associated hospitalizations and 800,000 deaths per year.... (Review)
Review
Rotavirus, the most common diarrheal pathogen in children worldwide, causes approximately one third of diarrhea-associated hospitalizations and 800,000 deaths per year. Because natural infection reduces the incidence and severity of subsequent episodes, rotavirus diarrhea might be controlled through vaccination. Serotypespecific immunity may play a role in protection from disease. Tetravalent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) (which contains a rhesus rotavirus with serotype G3 specificity and reassortant rhesus-human rotaviruses with G1, G2, and G4 specificity) provides coverage against the four common serotypes of human rotavirus. In clinical trials in industrialized countries, RRV-TV conferred 49% to 68% protection against any rotavirus diarrhea and 61% to 100% protection against severe disease. This vaccine was licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on August 31, 1998, and should be cost-effective in reducing diarrheal diseases in industrialized countries. The vaccine's efficacy and cost-effectiveness in developing countries should be evaluated.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 9866732
DOI: 10.3201/eid0404.980406 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Mar 2020Rotaviruses are the most common infectious agents causing severe diarrheal diseases in young children globally. Three rare human rotavirus strains, two G3P[9] and one...
Rotaviruses are the most common infectious agents causing severe diarrheal diseases in young children globally. Three rare human rotavirus strains, two G3P[9] and one G3P[6], were detected in stool samples of children under 5 years of age hospitalized for gastroenteritis in Lebanon during the course of a surveillance study. Complete genomes of these strains were sequenced using VirCapSeq-VERT, a capture based high-throughput sequencing method. Genomic sequences were further characterized by using phylogenetic analyses with global RVA G3P[6]/P[9] strains, other vaccine and reference strains. Genetic analysis revealed that the G3P[6] strain emerged as a DS-1/Wa-like mono-reassortant strain with a potential Ethiopian origin. The two G3P[9] strains possessed a mixed DS-1/Wa/AU-1-like origin indicating that these may have evolved via multiple reassortment events involving feline, human and bovine rotaviruses. Furthermore, analysis of these strains revealed high antigenic variability compared to the vaccine strains. Additional studies are essential to fully understand the evolutionary dynamics of G3P[6]/P[9] strains spreading worldwide and their implications on vaccine effectiveness.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Epitopes; Gastroenteritis; Genome, Viral; Genotype; Humans; Infant; Lebanon; Phylogeny; Reassortant Viruses; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Rotavirus Vaccines
PubMed: 31812761
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104133 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases May 2024Even moderate differences in rotavirus vaccine effectiveness against nonvaccine genotypes may exert selective pressures on circulating rotaviruses. Whether this vaccine... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Even moderate differences in rotavirus vaccine effectiveness against nonvaccine genotypes may exert selective pressures on circulating rotaviruses. Whether this vaccine effect or natural temporal fluctuations underlie observed changes in genotype distributions is unclear.
METHODS
We systematically reviewed studies reporting rotavirus genotypes from children <5 years of age globally between 2005 and 2023. We compared rotavirus genotypes between vaccine-introducing and nonintroducing settings globally and by World Health Organization (WHO) region, calendar time, and time since vaccine introduction.
RESULTS
Crude pooling of genotype data from 361 studies indicated higher G2P[4], a nonvaccine genotype, prevalence in vaccine-introducing settings, both globally and by WHO region. This difference did not emerge when examining genotypes over time in the Americas, the only region with robust longitudinal data. Relative to nonintroducing settings, G2P[4] detections were more likely in settings with recent introduction (eg, 1-2 years postintroduction adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.87-6.72) but were similarly likely in settings with more time elapsed since introduction, (eg, 7 or more years aOR, 1.62; 95% CI, .49-5.37).
CONCLUSIONS
When accounting for both regional and temporal trends, there was no substantial evidence of long-term vaccine-related selective pressures on circulating genotypes. Increased prevalence of G2P[4] may be transient after rotavirus vaccine introduction.
Topics: Rotavirus Vaccines; Humans; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Genotype; Child, Preschool; Infant; Global Health; Vaccination
PubMed: 37738554
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad403 -
Microbiological Reviews Dec 1989Knowledge of the structure and function of the genes and proteins of the rotaviruses has expanded rapidly. Information obtained in the last 5 years has revealed... (Review)
Review
Knowledge of the structure and function of the genes and proteins of the rotaviruses has expanded rapidly. Information obtained in the last 5 years has revealed unexpected and unique molecular properties of rotavirus proteins of general interest to virologists, biochemists, and cell biologists. Rotaviruses share some features of replication with reoviruses, yet antigenic and molecular properties of the outer capsid proteins, VP4 (a protein whose cleavage is required for infectivity, possibly by mediating fusion with the cell membrane) and VP7 (a glycoprotein), show more similarities with those of other viruses such as the orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and alphaviruses. Rotavirus morphogenesis is a unique process, during which immature subviral particles bud through the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). During this process, transiently enveloped particles form, the outer capsid proteins are assembled onto particles, and mature particles accumulate in the lumen of the ER. Two ER-specific viral glycoproteins are involved in virus maturation, and these glycoproteins have been shown to be useful models for studying protein targeting and retention in the ER and for studying mechanisms of virus budding. New ideas and approaches to understanding how each gene functions to replicate and assemble the segmented viral genome have emerged from knowledge of the primary structure of rotavirus genes and their proteins and from knowledge of the properties of domains on individual proteins. Localization of type-specific and cross-reactive neutralizing epitopes on the outer capsid proteins is becoming increasingly useful in dissecting the protective immune response, including evaluation of vaccine trials, with the practical possibility of enhancing the production of new, more effective vaccines. Finally, future analyses with recently characterized immunologic and gene probes and new animal models can be expected to provide a basic understanding of what regulates the primary interactions of these viruses with the gastrointestinal tract and the subsequent responses of infected hosts.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; RNA, Viral; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Viral Proteins; Viral Vaccines; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 2556635
DOI: 10.1128/mr.53.4.410-449.1989 -
The Tohoku Journal of Experimental... Aug 2019In 1973, rotaviruses A (RVAs) were discovered as major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. The infectious RV virion is an... (Review)
Review
In 1973, rotaviruses A (RVAs) were discovered as major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. The infectious RV virion is an icosahedral particle composed of three concentric protein layers surrounding the 11 double-stranded (dsRNA) segments. An in vitro replication system for RVs in permanent cell lines was developed in 1982 and expanded to replication in intestinal organoids in 2015. However, the details of rotavirus (RV) entry into cells and particle maturation mechanisms at the molecular level remain incompletely understood. Slowing down human RVA replication in cell culture on ice allowed morphological visualization of virus particle entry and the assembly of triple-layered particles (virion). Although RVAs are non-enveloped viruses, after virus attachment to the cell membrane, the virus enters the cell by perforating the plasma membrane by a fusion mechanism involving VP5* of the cleaved VP4 protein, as the alternative virus entry route besides the receptor-mediated endocytosis which is generally accepted. After assembling double-layered particles (DLPs) in viroplasm or cytoplasm, they appear to be connected with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and become coated with outer capsid proteins (VP4 and VP7) in a coating process. The perforation of the ER membrane is caused by an unknown mechanism following interaction between non-structural protein 4 (NSP4) and the inner capsid protein VP6 of the DLPs. The coating process is closely related to the formation of a hetero-oligomeric complex (NSP4, VP4 and VP7). These lines of evidence suggest the existence of novel mechanisms of RV morphogenesis.
Topics: Endocytosis; Rotavirus; Viral Proteins; Virion; Virus Internalization; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31447474
DOI: 10.1620/tjem.248.285 -
Current Opinion in Virology Aug 2012Rotaviruses are members of the Reoviridae family of non-enveloped viruses and important etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. In... (Review)
Review
Rotaviruses are members of the Reoviridae family of non-enveloped viruses and important etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. In recent years, high-resolution structures of triple-layered rotavirus virions and the constituent proteins have provided valuable insights into functions. Of note, structural studies have revealed the position of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, VP1, within the inner capsid, which in turn provides clues about the location of the viral capping machinery and the route of viral transcript egress. Mechanisms by which the viral spike protein, VP4, mediates receptor binding and membrane penetration have also been aided by high-resolution structural studies. Future work may serve to fill the remaining gaps in understanding of rotavirus particle structure and function.
Topics: Animals; Capsid Proteins; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Protein Binding; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections
PubMed: 22595300
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.04.005 -
Archives of Virology 1978
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Epitopes; Feces; Humans; Infant; Peptides; RNA Viruses; RNA, Viral; Rotavirus; Viral Proteins; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 77663
DOI: 10.1007/BF01315633