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MBio Feb 2022Biofilm community development has been established as a sequential process starting from the attachment of single cells on a surface. However, microorganisms are often...
Biofilm community development has been established as a sequential process starting from the attachment of single cells on a surface. However, microorganisms are often found as aggregates in the environment and in biological fluids. Here, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the native structure and composition of aggregated microbial assemblages in human saliva and investigate their spatiotemporal attachment and biofilm community development. Using multiscale imaging, cell sorting, and computational approaches combined with sequencing analysis, a diverse mixture of aggregates varying in size, structure, and microbial composition, including bacteria associated with host epithelial cells, can be found in saliva in addition to a few single-cell forms. Phylogenetic analysis reveals a mixture of complex consortia of aerobes and anaerobes in which bacteria traditionally considered early and late colonizers are found mixed together. When individually tracked during colonization and biofilm initiation, aggregates rapidly proliferate and expand tridimensionally, modulating population growth, spatial organization, and community scaffolding. In contrast, most single cells remain static or are incorporated by actively growing aggregates. These results suggest an alternative biofilm development process whereby aggregates containing different species or associated with human cells collectively adhere to the surface as "growth nuclei" to build the biofilm and shape polymicrobial communities at various spatial and taxonomic scales. Microbes in biological fluids can be found as aggregates. How these multicellular structures bind to surfaces and initiate the biofilm life cycle remains understudied. Here, we investigate the structural organization of microbial aggregates in human saliva and their role in biofilm formation. We found diverse mixtures of aggregates with different sizes, structures, and compositions in addition to free-living cells. When individually tracked during binding and growth on tooth-like surfaces, most aggregates developed into structured biofilm communities, whereas most single cells remained static or were engulfed by the growing aggregates. Our results reveal that preformed microbial consortia adhere as "buds of growth," governing biofilm initiation without specific taxonomic order or cell-by-cell succession, which provide new insights into spatial and population heterogeneity development in complex ecosystems.
Topics: Bacteria; Biofilms; Ecosystem; Humans; Phylogeny; Saliva
PubMed: 35189700
DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00131-22 -
Chemical Senses Jan 2022Individuals vary in saliva composition, which could in turn influence variability of oral sensations. This study was designed to investigate associations among saliva's...
Individuals vary in saliva composition, which could in turn influence variability of oral sensations. This study was designed to investigate associations among saliva's ability to emulsify an oil/water mixture, fatty sensations, and diet. Participants (N = 62) gave sensory ratings for a white chocolate substitute with 0, 0.1, and 1% added linoleic acid. Discrimination sorting tasks were performed using the chocolate substitute with/without linoleic acid and with high/low-fat salad dressing. Participants swished and expectorated an oil/water mixture, and the size of the emulsified layer of this spat-out sample was measured. This novel technique was used to estimate the emulsifying ability of saliva, as oral swishing caused the fat to disperse into the water, stabilized by saliva. Estimated macronutrient intake was assessed by 3-day dietary recalls. Results indicate that people who correctly sorted the chocolate substitute with/without linoleic acid had saliva that better emulsified the oil/water mixture and rated the 1% linoleic acid sample as fattier. Those who incorrectly sorted the chocolate samples rated the 1% linoleic acid sample as more bitter. The same pattern for fattiness and bitterness of 1% linoleic acid samples was observed for those who correctly/incorrectly sorted the high/low-fat salad dressings. Regarding dietary data, the only observed relationship was higher dietary protein intake associated with less saliva emulsion stability over time. Overall, the results indicate relationships among how saliva influences dispersions of fat and fatty sensations, but the role of diet should be reexamined with larger and more tightly controlled groups.
Topics: Diet; Dietary Proteins; Fats; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Saliva; Sensation
PubMed: 35809054
DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac013 -
Postepy Higieny I Medycyny... Jan 2015Obesity is a major public health concern that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer. The incidence of obesity has increased... (Review)
Review
Obesity is a major public health concern that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer. The incidence of obesity has increased significantly in recent years, not only in adults, but also in adolescents and children. This is evidenced by rapidly developing bariatric surgery, the most effective method of treating morbid obesity. Obesity is a multifactorial disease, and its pathogenesis is not completely understood. Numerous studies have been performed to clarify pathogenetic mechanisms, based mostly on blood and sometimes urine samples. Saliva is easily accessible and can be obtained non-invasively. Our aim was to review studies performed on saliva obtained from obese subjects in order to answer the title question. Obese people have different composition of salivary bacteria. Changes in the concentration of sialic acid, phosphorus and peroxidase activity as well as a lower flow rate of stimulated whole saliva promote dental caries and periodontal disease. Concentrations of salivary uric acid, endocannabinoids and CRP are increased in obesity and may provide a useful index of cardiometabolic risk. Assessment of fasting salivary ghrelin might facilitate choosing the best type of bariatric surgery for a specific patient. A significant decrease in salivary cortisol in women with morbid obesity also seems interesting. There is sufficient evidence to state that the saliva of obese and lean subjects is different. Saliva as an easily accessible research material seems promising, as shown by the few studies performed so far.
Topics: Humans; Obesity; Saliva
PubMed: 26561845
DOI: 10.5604/17322693.1176778 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2017As long-term pool feeders, ticks have developed myriad strategies to remain discreetly but solidly attached to their hosts for the duration of their blood meal. The... (Review)
Review
As long-term pool feeders, ticks have developed myriad strategies to remain discreetly but solidly attached to their hosts for the duration of their blood meal. The critical biological material that dampens host defenses and facilitates the flow of blood-thus assuring adequate feeding-is tick saliva. Saliva exhibits cytolytic, vasodilator, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive activity. This essential fluid is secreted by the salivary glands, which also mediate several other biological functions, including secretion of cement and hygroscopic components, as well as the watery component of blood as regards hard ticks. When salivary glands are invaded by tick-borne pathogens, pathogens may be transmitted via saliva, which is injected alternately with blood uptake during the tick bite. Both salivary glands and saliva thus play a key role in transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to vertebrate hosts. During their long co-evolution with ticks and vertebrate hosts, microorganisms have indeed developed various strategies to exploit tick salivary molecules to ensure both acquisition by ticks and transmission, local infection and systemic dissemination within the vertebrate host.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anticoagulants; Arthropod Proteins; Gene Expression; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Ixodidae; Saliva; Salivary Glands; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Tick Bites; Tick-Borne Diseases; Ticks; Vasodilator Agents
PubMed: 28690983
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00281 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2022. Salivary metabolomics is garnering increasing attention in the health field because of easy, minimally invasive saliva sampling. Dihydrouracil (DHU) is a metabolite of...
. Salivary metabolomics is garnering increasing attention in the health field because of easy, minimally invasive saliva sampling. Dihydrouracil (DHU) is a metabolite of pyrimidine metabolism present in urine, plasma, and saliva and of fluoropyrimidines-based chemotherapeutics. Its fast quantification would help in the identification of patients with higher risk of fluoropyrimidine-induced toxicity and inborn errors of pyrimidine metabolism. Few studies consider DHU as the main salivary metabolite, but reports of its concentration levels in saliva are scarce. We propose the direct determination of DHU in saliva by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC-UV detector) as a simple, rapid procedure for non-invasive screening. . The method used was validated and applied to 176 saliva samples collected from 21 nominally healthy volunteers and 4 saliva samples from metastatic colorectal cancer patients before and after receiving 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. DHU levels in all samples analyzed were in the μmol L range or below proving that DHU is not the main metabolite in saliva and confirming the results found in the literature with LC-MS/MS instrumentation. Any increase of DHU due to metabolism dysfunctions can be suggestive of disease and easily monitored in saliva using common, low-cost instrumentation available also for population screening.
Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Saliva; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Uracil
PubMed: 35627569
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106033 -
Medicina Oral : Organo Oficial de La... 2002Stomatodynia is the complaint of burning, tickling or itching of the oral cavity, and can be associated with other oral and non-oral signs and symptoms. However, the... (Review)
Review
Stomatodynia is the complaint of burning, tickling or itching of the oral cavity, and can be associated with other oral and non-oral signs and symptoms. However, the oral mucosa often appears normal, with no apparent underlying organic cause to account for the symptomatology. The etiology is unknown, though evidence points to the participation of numerous local, systemic and psychological factors. Among the local factors, saliva may play an important role in the symptoms of burning mouth. Saliva possesses specific rheological properties as a result of its chemical, physical and biological characteristics - these properties being essential for maintaining balanced conditions within the oral cavity. Patients with burning mouth present evidence of changes in salivary composition and flow, as well as a probable alteration in the oral mucosal sensory perception related particularly to dry mouth and taste alterations. On the other hand, alterations in salivary composition appear to reflect on its viscosity and symptomatology of burning mouth. Saliva is a field open to much research related to burning mouth, and knowledge of its properties (e.g., viscosity) merits special attention in view of its apparent relationship to the symptoms of burning mouth. The present study describes our clinical experience with burning mouth, and discusses some of the aspects pointing to salivary alterations as one of the most important factors underlying stomatodynia.
Topics: Burning Mouth Syndrome; Humans; Parotid Gland; Saliva; Viscosity; Xerostomia
PubMed: 12134125
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica :... Dec 2011The use of human saliva as a diagnostic and prognostic fluid has until recently been somewhat disregarded. Although sample collection is non-invasive, physiological and... (Review)
Review
The use of human saliva as a diagnostic and prognostic fluid has until recently been somewhat disregarded. Although sample collection is non-invasive, physiological and genetic variations were largely responsible for its infrequent application in the past. Recently, several proteomic studies contributed to partial elucidation of the salivary proteome (more than 2400 protein components have been characterized), both in terms of composition, contributions to whole saliva and genetic/physiological variability. On this basis, is not too optimistic to believe that in the near future human saliva could become a relevant diagnostic fluid. In this review, the characterization by proteomic approaches of new salivary markers in oncology, head and neck carcinoma (oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, and salivary glands), breast and gastric cancers, salivary gland function and disease, Sjögren syndrome, systemic sclerosis, dental and gingival pathology, systemic, psychiatric and neurological diseases, is described.
Topics: Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Neoplasms; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides
PubMed: 22323845
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2022Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is extremely helpful in individualizing dosage regimen of drugs with narrow therapeutic ranges. It may also be beneficial in the case...
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is extremely helpful in individualizing dosage regimen of drugs with narrow therapeutic ranges. It may also be beneficial in the case of drugs characterized by serious side effects and marked interpatient pharmacokinetic variability observed with leflunomide and its biologically active metabolite, teriflunomide. One of the most popular matrices used for TDM is blood. A more readily accessible body fluid is saliva, which can be collected in a much safer way comparing to blood. This makes it especially advantageous alternative to blood during life-threatening SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, drug’s saliva concentration is not always a good representation of its blood concentration. The aim of this study was to verify whether saliva can be used in TDM of teriflunomide. We also developed and validated the first reliable and robust LC-MS/MS method for quantification of teriflunomide in saliva. Additionally, the effect of salivary flow and swab absorptive material from the collector device on teriflunomide concentration in saliva was evaluated. Good linear correlation was obtained between the concentration of teriflunomide in plasma and resting saliva (p < 0.000016, r = 0.88), and even better between plasma and the stimulated saliva concentrations (p < 0.000001, r = 0.95) confirming the effectiveness of this non-invasive method of teriflunomide’s TDM. The analyzed validation criteria were fulfilled. No significant influence of salivary flow (p = 0.198) or type of swab in the Salivette device on saliva’s teriflunomide concentration was detected. However, to reduce variability the use of stimulated saliva and synthetic swabs is advised.
Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Crotonates; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Hydroxybutyrates; Nitriles; SARS-CoV-2; Saliva; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Toluidines; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 36076939
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179544 -
American Journal of Dentistry Aug 2009The capability to assess physiological states, detect morbidity initiation and progression, and monitor posttreatment therapeutic outcomes through a noninvasive approach... (Review)
Review
The capability to assess physiological states, detect morbidity initiation and progression, and monitor posttreatment therapeutic outcomes through a noninvasive approach is one of the most desirable goals for healthcare research and delivery. Saliva, a multi-constituent oral fluid, has high potential for the surveillance of general health and disease. To reach the above goal through saliva-based diagnostics, two prerequisites must be fulfilled: (1) discovering biomarker(s) for different diseases among the complicated components of saliva, and (2) advancing sensitivity and specificity of biomarker(s) through persistent development of technologies. Under the support and research blueprint initiated by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), salivary diagnostics has not only steadily progressed with respect to accuracy and availability, but has also bridged up-to-date nanotechnology to expand the areas of application. With collective efforts over several years, saliva has been demonstrated to be a promising bodily fluid for early detection of diseases, and salivary diagnostics has exhibited tremendous potential in clinical applications. This review presents an overview of the value of saliva as a credible diagnostic tool, the discovery of salivary biomarkers, and the development of salivary diagnostics now and in the future.
Topics: Biomarkers; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Disease; Early Diagnosis; Humans; Saliva; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 19824562
DOI: No ID Found -
Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia... Jan 2021It is a common opinion that Primary Sjögren Syndrome (pSS) damages the exocrine glands and determines the reduction of secreted saliva, some studies show that there are... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
It is a common opinion that Primary Sjögren Syndrome (pSS) damages the exocrine glands and determines the reduction of secreted saliva, some studies show that there are qualitative anomalies of the mucins produced in saliva, including MUC7, MUC5B, MUC1. The purpose of this study is to trace all the information useful to establish whether there is a qualitative or quantitative defect of the mucins in the pSS.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We reviewed the literature by looking for publications relevant to the topic in electronic databases. Sixteen articles met the search criteria. The studies were divided into two categories, those that studied the rheological characteristics of the saliva and those that studied the structural and / or metabolism modifications of the muciparous cells in the salivary glands.
RESULTS
in Patients with pSS, xerostomia and the reduction of salivary spinnbarkeit are only partially related to the reduction of the unstimulated salivary flow. In pSS, pathological alterations of mucins' chemical-physical properties prevail as a cause of the clinical characteristics. Moreover, in pSS there are structural and metabolism changes in salivary glands' muciparous cells.
CONCLUSIONS
There is much evidence that supports the presence of qualitative alterations in the saliva's rheological properties in Patients with pSS, and these are the main cause, more than the reduction of the unstimulated salivary flow, of the disease clinical characteristics - dry mouth and complications in the oral cavity. Therefore we propose to add to the classification criteria of pSS also a qualitative test of salivary glycoproteins.
Topics: Humans; Mucins; Saliva; Salivary Glands; Sjogren's Syndrome; Xerostomia
PubMed: 33247578
DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23996