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International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2022In this work, we analysed human isolates of nontyphoidal subsp. (NTS), which were collected from salmonellosis cases in Armenia from 1996 to 2019. This disease became...
In this work, we analysed human isolates of nontyphoidal subsp. (NTS), which were collected from salmonellosis cases in Armenia from 1996 to 2019. This disease became a leading food-borne bacterial infection in the region, with the younger age groups especially affected. The isolates were characterised by serotyping, Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC-PCR) typing, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). The main serotypes were . Typhimurium, . Enteritidis, and . Arizonae. ERIC-PCR indicated a high degree of clonality among . Typhimurium strains, which were also multidrug-resistant and produced extended spectrum beta-lactamases. During the study period, the frequency of . Typhimurium and . Arizonae isolations decreased, but with the increase in . Enteritidis and other NTS. A total of 42 NTS isolates were subjected to WGS and explored for virulence-related traits and the corresponding genetic elements. Some virulence and genetic factors were shared by all NTS serotypes, while the main differences were attributed to the serotype-specific diversity of virulence genes, SPIs, virulence plasmids, and phages. The results indicated the variability and dynamics in the epidemiology of salmonellosis and a high virulence potential of human NTS isolates circulating in the region.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Armenia; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella enterica; Virulence
PubMed: 36012591
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169330 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Dec 2016The majority of Salmonella arizonae human infections have been reported in southwestern United States, where rattlesnake-based products are commonly used to treat... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The majority of Salmonella arizonae human infections have been reported in southwestern United States, where rattlesnake-based products are commonly used to treat illness; however, little is known in non-endemic areas. We reviewed and analyzed the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes in adult patients with S. arizonae infection at our institution.
METHOD
A retrospective study was conducted at a regional teaching hospital in southern Taiwan from July 2007 to June 2014. All adult patients diagnosed with S. arizonae infections and treated for at least three days at Chia-Yi Christian Hospital were included. Patients were followed till discharge.
RESULTS
A total of 18 patients with S. arizonae infections (median age: 63.5 years) were enrolled for analysis, of whom two thirds were male. The three leading underlying diseases were diabetes mellitus, peptic ulcer disease and malignancy. Ten patients had bacteraemia and the most common infection focus was the lower respiratory tract. Most of the patients (72.2%) received third-generation cephalosporins as definitive therapy. In contrast, ampicillin-based regimens (accounting for 45.2%) were the major treatment modalities in previous reports. The crude in-hospital mortality was 5.6%, which was much lower than what was previously reported (22.7%).
CONCLUSIONS
Though uncommon, there were cases of S. arizonae infections in Taiwan. Patients receiving third-generation cephalosporins treatment had better prognosis compared with those treated with ampicillin-based regimen.
Topics: Aged; Ampicillin; Bacteremia; Cephalosporins; Female; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella arizonae; Taiwan; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27938338
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2083-0 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022is one of the most common agents of foodborne illness. The genus includes two species ( and ) and six subspecies ( I, II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, and VI), each of which...
is one of the most common agents of foodborne illness. The genus includes two species ( and ) and six subspecies ( I, II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, and VI), each of which contains multiple serotypes associated with animal and human infections. The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of spp. in carcasses of food-producing animals and foods in southern Italy and the serovar distribution among different sources. From 2011 to 2021, a total of 12,246 foods and 982 samples from animal carcasses were collected and analyzed. The overall percentage of positive samples was 5.84% ( = 773) and a significant increase in prevalence was observed by comparing the years 2011-2015 (257, 3.27%) and 2016-2021 (516, 9.61%; < 0.05). The highest percentage of positive food samples was observed in "Meat and Meat Products" ( = 327/2,438, 13.41%) followed by "Fish and fishery products" ( = 115/1,915, 6.01%). In carcasses, the highest percentage of positive samples was reported from broilers ( = 42/81, 51.85%) followed by buffalo ( 50/101, 49.50%) and pork ( 140/380, 36.84%). After typing, the isolates were assigned to the species and to the subspecies: ( 760, 98.32%), ( 8, 1.03%), ( 3, 0.39%) and ( 2, 0.26%). Infantis was the most frequently detected ( 177, 24.76%), followed by Derby ( 77, 10.77%), monophasic . Typhimurium ( 63, 8.81%), . Typhimurium ( 54, 7.55%), and Rissen ( 47, 6.57%). By comparing the sampling period 2011-2015 with that of 2016-2021, an increase in the prevalence of Infantis and monophasic . Typhimurium and a decrease of . Typhimurium were recorded ( < 0.05). Thus, present data suggest that, despite the implementation of national and European control strategies to protect against , the prevalence of this pathogen in southern Italy is still increasing and a change of national control programs to protect against are necessary.
PubMed: 36274687
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1005035 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021Reptile-associated human salmonellosis cases have increased recently in the United States. It is not uncommon to find healthy chelonians shedding . The rate and...
Reptile-associated human salmonellosis cases have increased recently in the United States. It is not uncommon to find healthy chelonians shedding . The rate and frequency of bacterial shedding are not fully understood, and most studies have focused on captive vs. free-living chelonians and often in relation to an outbreak. Their ecology and significance as sentinels are important to understanding transmission. In 2012-2013, prevalence was determined for free-living aquatic turtles in man-made ponds in Clarke and Oconee Counties, in northern Georgia (USA) and the correlation between species, basking ecology, demographics (age/sex), season, or landcover with prevalence was assessed. The genetic relatedness between turtle and archived, human isolates, as well as, other archived animal and water isolates reported from this study area was examined. was isolated from 45 of 194 turtles (23.2%, range 14-100%) across six species. Prevalence was higher in juveniles (36%) than adults (20%), higher in females (33%) than males (18%), and higher in bottom-dwelling species (31%; common and loggerhead musk turtles, common snapping turtles) than basking species (15%; sliders, painted turtles). prevalence decreased as forest cover, canopy cover, and distance from roads increased. Prevalence was also higher in low-density, residential areas that have 20-49% impervious surface. A total of 9 different serovars of two subspecies were isolated including 3 subsp. and 44 subsp. (two turtles had two serotypes isolated from each). Among the serovars, Montevideo ( = 13) and Rubislaw ( = 11) were predominant. serovars Muenchen, Newport, Mississippi, Inverness, Brazil, and Paratyphi B. var L(+) tartrate positive (Java) were also isolated. Importantly, 85% of the turtle isolates matched pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of human isolates, including those reported from Georgia. Collectively, these results suggest that turtles accumulate present in water bodies, and they may be effective sentinels of environmental contamination. Ultimately, the prevalence rates in wild aquatic turtles, especially those strains shared with humans, highlight a significant public health concern.
PubMed: 34368271
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.674973 -
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery &... May 2009Osteoarticular infections caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae are rarely seen in humans but young children and immunocompromised adults are at particular risk... (Review)
Review
Osteoarticular infections caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae are rarely seen in humans but young children and immunocompromised adults are at particular risk of acquiring this bacteria. Reptiles and their by-products (e.g. meat preparations or medications) are particularly likely to harbor Salmonella. We report on a case of septic arthritis of the hip transmitted by a reptile in a 10-month-old child. We carry out a recall of the complex nomenclature of Salmonella, a review of the literature and provide information on the recommended precautions for reducing the risk of transmission of Salmonella from reptiles to humans.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Infectious; Combined Modality Therapy; Disease Vectors; Drainage; Follow-Up Studies; Hip Joint; Humans; Infant; Male; Reptiles; Risk Assessment; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella arizonae; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 19395336
DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2008.09.010 -
Microbial Genomics Feb 2021subspecies is frequently associated with animal reservoirs, particularly reptiles, and can cause illness in some mammals, including humans. Using whole-genome...
subspecies is frequently associated with animal reservoirs, particularly reptiles, and can cause illness in some mammals, including humans. Using whole-genome sequencing data, core genome phylogenetic analyses were performed using 112 . subsp. isolates, representing 46 of 102 described serovars. Nearly one-third of these are polyphyletic, including two serovars that appear in four and five distinct evolutionary lineages. Subspecies has a monophasic H antigen. Among the 46 serovars investigated, only 8 phase 1 H antigens were identified, demonstrating high conservation for this antigen. Prophages and plasmids were found throughout this subspecies including five novel prophages. Polyphyly was also reflected in prophage content, although some clade-specific enrichment for some phages was observed. IncFII(S) was the most frequent plasmid replicon identified and was found in a quarter of subsp. genomes. pathogenicity islands (SPIs) 1 and 2 are present across all , including this subspecies, although effectors , and in SPI-1 and and in SPI-2 appear to be lost in this lineage. SPI-20, encoding a type VI secretion system, is exclusive to this subspecies and is well maintained in all genomes sampled. A number of fimbral operons were identified, including the operon that appears to be a synapomorphy for this subspecies, while others exhibited more clade-specific patterns. This work reveals evolutionary patterns in subsp. that make this subspecies a unique lineage within this very diverse species.
Topics: Antigens, Bacterial; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Genomic Islands; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Phylogeny; Plasmids; Prophages; Salmonella enterica; Serogroup; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 33539276
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000522 -
Genomics Sep 2021Species and subspecies within the Salmonella genus have been defined for public health purposes by biochemical properties; however, reference laboratories have...
An evaluation of the species and subspecies of the genus Salmonella with whole genome sequence data: Proposal of type strains and epithets for novel S. enterica subspecies VII, VIII, IX, X and XI.
Species and subspecies within the Salmonella genus have been defined for public health purposes by biochemical properties; however, reference laboratories have increasingly adopted sequence-based, and especially whole genome sequence (WGS), methods for surveillance and routine identification. This leads to potential disparities in subspecies definitions, routine typing, and the ability to detect novel subspecies. A large-scale analysis of WGS data from the routine sequencing of clinical isolates was employed to define and characterise Salmonella subspecies population structure, demonstrating that the Salmonella species and subspecies were genetically distinct, including those previously identified through phylogenetic approaches, namely: S. enterica subspecies londinensis (VII), subspecies brasiliensis (VIII), subspecies hibernicus (IX) and subspecies essexiensis (X). The analysis also identified an additional novel subspecies, reptilium (XI). Further, these analyses indicated that S. enterica subspecies arizonae (IIIa) isolates were divergent from the other S. enterica subspecies, which clustered together and, on the basis of ANI analysis, subspecies IIIa was sufficiently distinct to be classified as a separate species, S. arizonae. Multiple phylogenetic and statistical approaches generated congruent results, suggesting that the proposed species and subspecies structure was sufficiently biologically robust for routine application. Biochemical analyses demonstrated that not all subspecies were distinguishable by these means and that biochemical approaches did not capture the genomic diversity of the genus. We recommend the adoption of standardised genomic definitions of species and subspecies and a genome sequence-based approach to routine typing for the identification and definition of novel subspecies.
Topics: Genome, Bacterial; Phylogeny; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica; Serogroup
PubMed: 34242711
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.07.003 -
Standards in Genomic Sciences 2015Salmonella arizonae (also called Salmonella subgroup IIIa) is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, motile, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacterium. S. arizonae...
Salmonella arizonae (also called Salmonella subgroup IIIa) is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, motile, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacterium. S. arizonae strain RKS2983 was isolated from a human in California, USA. S. arizonae lies somewhere between Salmonella subgroups I (human pathogens) and V (also called S. bongori; usually non-pathogenic to humans) and so is an ideal model organism for studies of bacterial evolution from non-human pathogen to human pathogens. We hence sequenced the genome of RKS2983 for clues of genomic events that might have led to the divergence and speciation of Salmonella into distinct lineages with diverse host ranges and pathogenic features. The 4,574,836 bp complete genome contains 4,203 protein-coding genes, 82 tRNA genes and 7 rRNA operons. This genome contains several characteristics not reported to date in Salmonella subgroup I or V and may provide information about the genetic divergence of Salmonella pathogens.
PubMed: 26203341
DOI: 10.1186/s40793-015-0015-z -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Aug 2017infection in poultry ( Pullorum, Gallinarum and ) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on...
Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection in poultry with serotypes of animal health relevance (. Pullorum, . Gallinarum and .).
infection in poultry ( Pullorum, Gallinarum and ) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to . The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in Sections 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The assessment here performed on compliance with the criteria as in Section 1 of Annex IV referred to in point (a) of Article 9(1) is inconclusive. The main animal species to be listed for according to Article 8(3) criteria are all species of domestic poultry and wild species of mainly Anseriformes and Galliformes, as indicated in the present opinion.
PubMed: 32625620
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4954 -
Infection and Immunity Dec 2016Salmonella species utilize type III secretion systems (T3SSs) to translocate effectors into the cytosol of mammalian host cells, subverting cell signaling and...
Salmonella species utilize type III secretion systems (T3SSs) to translocate effectors into the cytosol of mammalian host cells, subverting cell signaling and facilitating the onset of gastroenteritis. In this study, we compared a draft genome assembly of Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae strain 3588/07 against the genomes of S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain LT2 and Salmonella bongori strain 12419. S. enterica subsp. salamae encodes the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1), SPI-2, and the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) T3SSs. Though several key S Typhimurium effector genes are missing (e.g., avrA, sopB, and sseL), S. enterica subsp. salamae invades HeLa cells and contains homologues of S. bongori sboK and sboC, which we named seoC SboC and SeoC are homologues of EspJ from enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC, respectively), which inhibit Src kinase-dependent phagocytosis by ADP-ribosylation. By screening 73 clinical and environmental Salmonella isolates, we identified EspJ homologues in S. bongori, S. enterica subsp. salamae, and Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae The β-lactamase TEM-1 reporter system showed that SeoC is translocated by the SPI-1 T3SS. All the Salmonella SeoC/SboC homologues ADP-ribosylate Src E310 in vitro Ectopic expression of SeoC/SboC inhibited phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized beads into Cos-7 cells stably expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-FcγRIIa. Concurrently, S. enterica subsp. salamae infection of J774.A1 macrophages inhibited phagocytosis of beads, in a seoC-dependent manner. These results show that S. bongori, S. enterica subsp. salamae, and S. enterica subsp. arizonae share features of the infection strategy of extracellular pathogens EPEC and EHEC and shed light on the complexities of the T3SS effector repertoires of Enterobacteriaceae.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; COS Cells; Chlorocebus aethiops; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; HeLa Cells; Humans; Prevalence; Receptors, IgG; Salmonella enterica; Type III Secretion Systems
PubMed: 27736780
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00704-16