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PloS One 2021Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (bvP) and biovar Gallinarum (bvG) are the etiological agents of pullorum disease (PD) and fowl typhoid (FT)... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (bvP) and biovar Gallinarum (bvG) are the etiological agents of pullorum disease (PD) and fowl typhoid (FT) respectively, which cause huge economic losses to poultry industry especially in developing countries including India. Vaccination and biosecurity measures are currently being employed to control and reduce the S. Gallinarum infections. High endemicity, poor implementation of hygiene and lack of effective vaccines pose challenges in prevention and control of disease in intensively maintained poultry flocks. Comparative genome analysis unravels similarities and dissimilarities thus facilitating identification of genomic features that aids in pathogenesis, niche adaptation and in tracing of evolutionary history. The present investigation was carried out to assess the genotypic differences amongst S.enterica serovar Gallinarum strains including Indian strain S. Gallinarum Sal40 VTCCBAA614. The comparative genome analysis revealed an open pan-genome consisting of 5091 coding sequence (CDS) with 3270 CDS belonging to core-genome, 1254 CDS to dispensable genome and strain specific genes i.e. singletons ranging from 3 to 102 amongst the analyzed strains. Moreover, the investigated strains exhibited diversity in genomic features such as virulence factors, genomic islands, prophage regions, toxin-antitoxin cassettes, and acquired antimicrobial resistance genes. Core genome identified in the study can give important leads in the direction of design of rapid and reliable diagnostics, and vaccine design for effective infection control as well as eradication. Additionally, the identified genetic differences among the S. enterica serovar Gallinarum strains could be used for bacterial typing, structure based inhibitor development by future experimental investigations on the data generated.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Chickens; Genomics; India; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Serogroup
PubMed: 34411120
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255612 -
Veterinary Medicine International 2022Medicinal plants have been the good source of treatment for different ailments of humans as well as animals for centuries. However, in Tanzania, few plants were...
Medicinal plants have been the good source of treatment for different ailments of humans as well as animals for centuries. However, in Tanzania, few plants were investigated for their efficacy against various diseases of chickens. In the present study, four medicinal plants were investigated against isolated from chickens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth microdilution methods and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBCs) were used to evaluate the activities of plants against chicken salmonellosis. For the safety of chickens against the toxicity of plants, the cytotoxicity assay was determined using a brine shrimp lethality test. leaf ethyl acetate (ALEA), leaf methanolic (ArM), leaf ethyl acetate (ArLEA), and leaf ethyl acetate (PGLEA) extracts exhibited the highest MIC (0.3906 mg/mL) and MBC (3.125 mg/mL), respectively. The tuber ethyl acetate (DTEA) and tuber pet ether (DTPE) extracts displayed MIC of 1.563 mg/mL and 12.50 mg/mL and MBC of 12.50 mg/mL and 25.50 mg/mL, respectively. The highest LC values exhibited in ranged from 7.937 × 10 mg/mL to 7.242 × 10 mg/mL for pet ether and methanolic extracts, respectively, while ALEA extract exhibited LC of 7.645 × 10 mg/mL. Generally, the extracts with MIC 0.3906 mg/mL and MBC 3.125 mg/mL demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity with low toxicity efficient to manage chicken salmonellosis. , which exhibited higher toxicity, warrants further investigation on insecticidal and anticancer agents.
PubMed: 35265313
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2294120 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2021Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum is a host-restricted bacterial pathogen that causes a serious systemic disease exclusively in birds of all ages. Salmonella...
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum is a host-restricted bacterial pathogen that causes a serious systemic disease exclusively in birds of all ages. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a host-generalist serovar. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key antigen-presenting cells that play an important part in Salmonella host-restriction. We evaluated the differential response of chicken blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (chMoDCs) exposed to S. Gallinarum or S. Typhimurium. S. Typhimurium was found to be more invasive while S. Gallinarum was more cytotoxic at the early phase of infection and later showed higher resistance against chMoDCs killing. S. Typhimurium promoted relatively higher upregulation of costimulatory and other immune function genes on chMoDCs in comparison to S. Gallinarum during early phase of infection (6 h) as analyzed by real-time PCR. Both Salmonella serovars strongly upregulated the proinflammatory transcripts, however, quantum was relatively narrower with S. Gallinarum. S. Typhimurium-infected chMoDCs promoted relatively higher proliferation of naïve T-cells in comparison to S. Gallinarum as assessed by mixed lymphocyte reaction. Our findings indicated that host restriction of S. Gallinarum to chicken is linked with its profound ability to interfere the DCs function. Present findings provide a valuable roadmap for future work aimed at improved vaccine strategies against this pathogen.
Topics: Animals; B7-1 Antigen; CD40 Antigens; Chickens; Cytokines; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Dendritic Cells; Gene Expression; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Microbial Viability; Monocytes; Salmonella; Salmonella typhimurium; Species Specificity; T-Lymphocytes; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 34446765
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96527-w -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2021Antimicrobial resistance and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes of collected ser. Gallinarum isolates were investigated to examine the epidemiological...
Antimicrobial resistance and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes of collected ser. Gallinarum isolates were investigated to examine the epidemiological relationship between field outbreak isolates of ser. Gallinarum. Thirty ser. Gallinarum isolates collected from poultry farms with FT outbreaks from 2013 to 2018 in South Korea were analyzed. All isolates were resistant to at least 3 of the 18 antimicrobials tested and exhibited an MDR phenotype. All isolates showed resistance to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and colistin. One isolate was resistant to 9 antimicrobials. The antimicrobial resistance profile, streptomycin-sulfisoxazole-colistin-nalidixic acid-ciprofloxacin-gentamicin (18/30, 60.0%), was the most prevalent. PFGE types were classified into 10 groups with a 100% correlation cutoff in dendrograms for 30 field isolates. The dominant PFGE types were 1 (8/30, 26.7%), 4 (7/30, 23.3%), and 9 (5/30, 16.7%). Interestingly some isolates collected from the same and different companies had the same PFGE type. We reported a high MDR rate in ser. Gallinarum isolates. The present study highlights the occurrence of horizontal spread and cyclic contamination of MDR ser. Gallinarum within the same company. Furthermore, we showed cross-contamination between different companies. The characterization of these isolates would be helpful in the development of prevention and control strategies for MDR ser. Gallinarum infection in South Korea.
PubMed: 35011189
DOI: 10.3390/ani12010083 -
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology Sep 2014Salmonella spp. is the major bacterial pathogen in poultry and is responsible for significant economic losses of the poultry industry in many parts of the world. Among...
BACKGROUND
Salmonella spp. is the major bacterial pathogen in poultry and is responsible for significant economic losses of the poultry industry in many parts of the world. Among Salmonella spp., Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella. pullorum are the most common causative agents of chicken salmonellosis resulting in high mortality and morbidity.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to identify S. gallinarum and S. pullorum by using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, 13 samples of Salmonella, isolated from local poultry, were obtained from Razi Type Culture Collection (RTCC). For the PCR-RFLP method based on the fliC gene, extracted DNA was used as a template for amplifying of the fliC gene (197bp) using specific primers. PCR products were subjected to digestion using Hinp1I restriction endonuclease.
RESULTS
For the PCR, 197 bp fliC fragment was amplified from all 13 isolates. Ten out of 13 were S. gallinarum and the other three were S. pullorum. As part of the PCR-RFLP, two fragments were obtained (82 bp and 115 bp) for all S. gallinarum, whereas no digestion was observed in S. pullorum, and 197 bp fragment was seen.
CONCLUSIONS
PCR-RFLP with fliC gene and Hinp1I endonuclease were successfully applied to differentiate the two biotypes. The results suggested that this technique could be effective in detecting S. gallinarum and S. pullorum.
PubMed: 25485068
DOI: 10.5812/jjm.19135 -
Veterinary Sciences Aug 2022infects poultry, and it is also a human foodborne pathogen. This bacterial genus is classified into several serovars/lineages, some of them showing high antimicrobial... (Review)
Review
infects poultry, and it is also a human foodborne pathogen. This bacterial genus is classified into several serovars/lineages, some of them showing high antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The ease of transmission in farms, slaughterhouses, and eggs industries has made controlling it a real challenge in the poultry-production chains. This review describes the emergence, dissemination, and AMR of the main serovars and lineages detected in Brazilian poultry. It is reported that few serovars emerged and have been more widely disseminated in breeders, broilers, and layers in the last 70 years. Gallinarum was the first to spread on the farms, remaining as a concerning poultry pathogen. Typhimurium and Enteritidis were also largely detected in poultry and foods (eggs, chicken, turkey), being associated with several human foodborne outbreaks. Heidelberg and Minnesota have been more widely spread in recent years, resulting in frequent chicken/turkey meat contamination. A few more serovars (Infantis, Newport, Hadar, Senftenberg, Schwarzengrund, and Mbandaka, among others) were also detected, but less frequently and usually in specific poultry-production regions. AMR has been identified in most isolates, highlighting multi-drug resistance in specific poultry lineages from the serovars Typhimurium, Heidelberg, and Minnesota. Epidemiological studies are necessary to trace and control this pathogen in Brazilian commercial poultry production chains.
PubMed: 36006320
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080405 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Jul 2019Salmonellosis due to the consumption of contaminated poultry products is a well-known public health concern, and assessing the distribution of Salmonella serovars among...
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES
Salmonellosis due to the consumption of contaminated poultry products is a well-known public health concern, and assessing the distribution of Salmonella serovars among poultry becomes important for better prevention and control. The objective of the present study was to assess the distribution of Salmonella serovars among poultry.
METHODS
The isolates received at National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre during 2011-2016 were subjected to biochemical identification, followed by serological characterization to identify the Salmonella serovars, and the data were presented to exhibit the distribution of Salmonella serovars among poultry.
RESULTS
Salmonella was found to be present in poultry in all the regions included in the study. Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Gallinarum and S. Enteritidis were the most prevalent serovars accounting for 96.2 per cent of isolates. Salmonella was identified in poultry from all major egg-producing and egg-consuming States. Other serovars which were scantly identified included S. Infantis (2.7%), S. Montevideo (0.64%), S. Newport (0.26%) and S. Pullorum (0.13%).
INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS
Diverse distribution of Salmonella serovars in poultry in India, with known potential to infect human population and/or other poultry flocks, requires urgent nationwide stringent control measures.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Genetic Variation; Humans; India; Poultry; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella typhimurium; Serogroup
PubMed: 31571635
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1798_17 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2017Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, and antimicrobial usage and AMR in animal production is one of its contributing sources. Poultry is one of the... (Review)
Review
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, and antimicrobial usage and AMR in animal production is one of its contributing sources. Poultry is one of the most widespread types of meat consumed worldwide. Poultry flocks are often raised under intensive conditions using large amounts of antimicrobials to prevent and to treat disease, as well as for growth promotion. Antimicrobial resistant poultry pathogens may result in treatment failure, leading to economic losses, but also be a source of resistant bacteria/genes (including zoonotic bacteria) that may represent a risk to human health. Here we reviewed data on AMR in 12 poultry pathogens, including avian pathogenic (APEC), Pullorum/Gallinarum, (ORT), spp., , and . A number of studies have demonstrated increases in resistance over time for . Pullorum/Gallinarum, , and . Among Enterobacteriaceae, APEC isolates displayed considerably higher levels of AMR compared with . Pullorum/Gallinarum, with prevalence of resistance over >80% for ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline across studies. Among the Gram-negative, non-Enterobacteriaceae pathogens, ORT had the highest levels of phenotypic resistance with median levels of AMR against co-trimoxazole, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, amoxicillin, and ceftiofur all exceeding 50%. In contrast, levels of resistance among isolates were less than 20% for all antimicrobials. The study highlights considerable disparities in methodologies, as well as in criteria for phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing and result interpretation. It is necessary to increase efforts to harmonize testing practices, and to promote free access to data on AMR in order to improve treatment guidelines as well as to monitor the evolution of AMR in poultry bacterial pathogens.
PubMed: 28848739
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00126 -
Poultry Science Jul 2024An effective vaccine strategy is indispensable against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and fowl typhoid (FT), both of which threaten the poultry industry. This study...
A low-endotoxic Salmonella enterica Gallinarum serovar delivers infectious bronchitis virus immunogens via a dual-promoter vector system that drives protective immune responses through MHC class-I and -II activation in chickens.
An effective vaccine strategy is indispensable against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and fowl typhoid (FT), both of which threaten the poultry industry. This study demonstrates a vector system, pJHL270, designed to express antigens in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The vector system stimulates immune responses via synchronized antigen presentation to MHC class-I and -II molecules to produce balanced Th1/Th2 responses. The vaccine antigens were crafted by selecting the consensus sequence of the N-terminal domain of the spike protein (S1-NTD) and a conserved immunogenic region of the nucleocapsid protein (N-) from IBV strains circulating in South Korea. The vaccine antigen was cloned and transformed into a live-attenuated Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) strain, JOL2854 (∆lon, ∆cpxR, ∆rfaL, ∆pagL, ∆asd). Western blot analysis confirmed concurrent antigen expression in Salmonella and eukaryotic cells. Oral immunization with the SG-based IBV vaccine construct JOL2918 induced IBV antigen and Salmonella-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chickens. PBMCs collected from immunized chickens revealed that MHC class-I and -II expression had increased 3.3-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively, confirming MHC activation via bilateral antigen expression and presentation. Immunization induced neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and reduced the viral load by 2-fold and 2.5-fold in the trachea and lungs, respectively. The immunized chickens exhibited multifaceted humoral, mucosal, and cell-mediated responses via parallel MHC class-I and -II activation as proof of a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response. The level of NAbs, viral load, and gross and histological analyses provide clear evidence that the construct provides protection against IBV and FT.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Infectious bronchitis virus; Poultry Diseases; Coronavirus Infections; Salmonella enterica; Viral Vaccines; Serogroup; Genetic Vectors; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
PubMed: 38795516
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103844 -
Parasites & Vectors Jan 2022The possibility that Dermanyssus gallinae, the poultry red mite, could act as a vector of infectious disease-causing pathogens has always intrigued researchers and... (Review)
Review
The possibility that Dermanyssus gallinae, the poultry red mite, could act as a vector of infectious disease-causing pathogens has always intrigued researchers and worried commercial chicken farmers, as has its ubiquitous distribution. For decades, studies have been carried out which suggest that there is an association between a wide range of pathogens and D. gallinae, with the transmission of some of these pathogens mediated by D. gallinae as vector. The latter include the avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Gallinarum and influenza virus. Several approaches have been adopted to investigate the relationship between D. gallinae and pathogens. In this comprehensive review, we critically describe available strategies and methods currently available for conducting trials, as well as outcomes, analyzing their possible strengths and weaknesses, with the aim to provide researchers with useful tools for correctly approach the study of the vectorial role of D. gallinae.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Disease Vectors; Mite Infestations; Mites; Poultry; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 35057849
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05142-1