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PloS One 2013Salmonella serovars Enteritidis and Gallinarum are closely related, but their host ranges are very different: the former is host-promiscuous and the latter can infect... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Salmonella serovars Enteritidis and Gallinarum are closely related, but their host ranges are very different: the former is host-promiscuous and the latter can infect poultry only. Comparison of their genomic sequences reveals that Gallinarum has undergone much more extensive degradation than Enteritidis. This phenomenon has also been observed in other host restricted Salmonella serovars, such as Typhi and Paratyphi A. The serovar Gallinarum can be further split into two biovars: Gallinarum and Pullorum, which take poultry as their common host but cause distinct diseases, with the former eliciting typhoid and the latter being a dysentery agent. Genomic comparison of the two pathogens, with a focus on pseudogenes, would provide insights into the evolutionary processes that might have facilitated the formation of host-restricted Salmonella pathogens.
METHODOLOGIES/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
We sequenced the complete genome of Pullorum strains and made comparison with Gallinarum and other Salmonella lineages. The gene contents of Gallinarum and Pullorum were highly similar, but their pseudogene compositions differed considerably. About one fourth of pseudogenes had the same inactivation mutations in Gallinarum and Pullorum but these genes remained intact in Enteritidis, suggesting that the ancestral Gallinarum may have already been restricted to poultry. On the other hand, the remaining pseudogenes were either in the same genes but with different inactivation sites or unique to Gallinarum or Pullorum, reflecting unnecessary functions in infecting poultry.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results support the hypothesis that the divergence between Gallinarum and Pullorum was initiated and facilitated by host restriction. Formation of pseudogenes instead of gene deletion is the major form of genomic degradation. Given the short divergence history of Gallinarum and Pullorum, the effect of host restriction on genomic degradation is huge and rapid, and such effect seems to be continuing to work. The pseudogenes may reflect the unnecessary functions for Salmonella within the poultry host.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Sequence; Chickens; Genetic Speciation; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Host Specificity; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases; Pseudogenes; Salmonella; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Species Specificity
PubMed: 23555032
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059427 -
MSphere Apr 2019subspecies serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum ( Pullorum) is the etiological agent of pullorum disease, causing white diarrhea with high mortality in chickens. There...
subspecies serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum ( Pullorum) is the etiological agent of pullorum disease, causing white diarrhea with high mortality in chickens. There are many unsolved issues surrounding the epidemiology of Pullorum, including its origin and transmission history as well as the discordance between its phenotypic heterogeneity and genetic monomorphism. In this paper, we report the results of whole-genome sequencing of a panel of 97 Pullorum strains isolated between 1962 and 2014 from four countries across three continents. We utilized 6,795 core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree within a spatiotemporal Bayesian framework, estimating that the most recent common ancestor of Pullorum emerged in ∼914 CE (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 565 to 1273 CE). The extant Pullorum strains can be divided into four distinct lineages, each of which is significantly associated with geographical distribution. The intercontinental transmissions of lineages III and IV can be traced to the mid-19th century and are probably related to the "Hen Fever" prevalent at that time. Further genomic analysis indicated that the loss or pseudogenization of functional genes involved in metabolism and virulence in Pullorum has been ongoing since before and after divergence from the ancestor. In contrast, multiple prophages and plasmids have been acquired by Pullorum, and these have endowed it with new characteristics, especially the multidrug resistance conferred by two large plasmids in lineage I. The results of this study provide insight into the evolution of Pullorum and prove the efficiency of whole-genome sequencing in epidemiological surveillance of pullorum disease. Pullorum disease, an acute poultry septicemia caused by Gallinarum biovar Pullorum, is fatal for young chickens and is a heavy burden on poultry industry. The pathogen is rare in most developed countries but still extremely difficult to eliminate in China. Efficient epidemiological surveillance necessitates clarifying the origin of the isolates from different regions and their phylogenic relationships. Genomic epidemiological analysis of 97 Pullorum strains was carried out to reconstruct the phylogeny and transmission history of Pullorum. Further analysis demonstrated that functional gene loss and acquisition occurred simultaneously throughout the evolution of Pullorum, both of which reflected adaptation to the changing environment. The result of our study will be helpful in surveillance and prevention of pullorum disease.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bayes Theorem; Chickens; China; Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Bacterial; Phylogeny; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Serogroup; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 30944215
DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00627-18 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum cause severe chicken salmonellosis, a disease associated with high mortality and morbidity among chickens worldwide....
serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum cause severe chicken salmonellosis, a disease associated with high mortality and morbidity among chickens worldwide. The conventional serotyping and biochemical reactions have been used to identify serovars. However, the conventional methods are complicated, time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. Furthermore, it is challenging to distinguish Gallinarum and Pullorum biochemical assays and serotyping because of their antigenic similarity. Although various PCR methods were established, a PCR protocol to detect and discriminate Gallinarum and Pullorum simultaneously is lacking. Herein, a one-step multiplex PCR method was established for the accurate identification and discrimination of Pullorum and Gallinarum. Three specific genes were used for the multiplex PCR method, with the and genes being the key targets to identify and differentiate Gallinarum Pullorum, and being included as a reference gene for the genus. analysis showed that the gene is present in all serovars, except for Gallinarum, and could therefore be used for the identification of Gallinarum. A 68-bp sequence deficiency in was found only in Pullorum compared to other serovars, and this could therefore be used for the specific identification of Pullorum. The developed PCR assay was able to distinguish Gallinarum Pullorum among 75 various strains and 43 various non- pathogens with excellent specificity. The detection limit for the genomic DNA of Gallinarum and Pullorum was 21.4 pg./μL, and the detectable limit for bacterial cells was 100 CFU. The developed PCR method was used for the analysis of isolates in a chicken farm. This PCR system successfully discriminated Gallinarum Pullorum from other different serovars. The PCR results were confirmed by the conventional serotyping method. The newly established multiplex PCR is a simple, accurate, and cost-effective method for the timely identification and differentiation of Pullorum and Gallinarum.
PubMed: 36147848
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983942 -
Poultry Science Feb 2010Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (Salmonella Gallinarum) is the causative agent of fowl typhoid (FT), a severe systemic disease of chickens that results in high...
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (Salmonella Gallinarum) is the causative agent of fowl typhoid (FT), a severe systemic disease of chickens that results in high mortality. Since 1992, FT has become one of the most serious bacterial diseases in poultry in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of FT during 2000 to 2008 and characterize the phenotype and genetic diversity of Salmonella Gallinarum isolates before and after adopting national-wide vaccination with a live attenuated strain (SG 9R) in 2001. For 9 yr, a total of 983 farms were affected with FT outbreaks, and after reaching a peak in 2002 (206 farms affected), the prevalence of the disease gradually declined, whereas magnitude sales of the vaccine increased every year. According to the analysis based on the chicken breeds (n=521 farms), the incidence of FT in commercial broilers, Baeksemi (a mixed breed of male meat-type breeder and female commercial layer), commercial layers, native chickens, and broiler breeders was 47.7, 28.4, 17.2, 5.1, and 1.3%, respectively. Of the affected broilers, over 90% birds were under 2 wk of age, indicating it was possible that they were infected with Salmonella Gallinarum via vertical transmission. In the phenotypic analysis, Salmonella Gallinarum strains (n=142) isolated during 2001 to 2007 showed the same pattern in the majority of the biochemical tests such as carbohydrate fermentation and amino acid decarboxylation. Interestingly, all of the strains could not ferment rhamnose, but SG 9R could, making rhamnose a potential biomarker to distinguish the vaccine strain. In analyzing the genetic diversity by the pulsed field gel electrophoresis method with XbaI digestion, we examined a total 68 isolates of Salmonella Gallinarum obtained in 5 provinces in Korea (2001 to 2007). The pulsed field gel electrophoresis profiling produced 7 different patterns, but isolates within the same group did not show clear geographic or breed relationships. In conclusion, there were close epidemiological linkages between prevalence of FT and the sales volume of the live FT vaccine in Korea. In addition, a low phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity was observed among Korean Salmonella Gallinarum isolates and the live vaccine strain (SG 9R).
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Female; Male; Poultry Diseases; Republic of Korea; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Time Factors
PubMed: 20075274
DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00420 -
Poultry Science Aug 2023Significant differences in pathogenicity between Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum exist despite the fact that S. Gallinarum is a direct descendant of S....
Significant differences in pathogenicity between Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum exist despite the fact that S. Gallinarum is a direct descendant of S. Enteritidis. It was hypothesized that such various properties may be in part the result of differences in structure and functions of type 1 fimbriae (T1Fs). In S. Enteritidis, T1Fs bind to oligomannosidic structures carried by host cell glycoproteins and are called mannose-sensitive T1Fs (MST1F). In S. Gallinarum, T1Fs lost ability to bind such carbohydrate chains, and were named mannose-resistant MRT1Fs (MRT1F). Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of MST1Fs and MRT1Fs in the adhesion, invasion, intracellular survival and cytotoxicity of S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum toward chicken intestinal CHIC8-E11cells and macrophage-like HD11 cells. Using mutant strains: S. Enteritidis fimH::kan and S. Gallinarum fimH::kan devoid of T1Fs and in vitro assays the following observations were made. MST1Fs have a significant impact on the chicken cell invasion by S. Enteritidis as MST1F-mediated adhesion facilitates direct and stable contact of bacteria with host cells, in contrast to MRT1Fs expressed by S. Gallinarum. MST1Fs as well as MRT1Fs did not affected intracellular viability of S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum. However, absolute numbers of intracellular viable wild-type S. Enteritidis were significantly higher than S. Enteritidis fimH::kan mutant and wild-type S. Gallinarum and S. Gallinarum fimH::kan mutant. These differences, reflecting the numbers of adherent and invading bacteria, underline the importance of MST1Fs in the pathogenicity of S. Enteritidis infections. The cytotoxicity of wild-type S. Enteritidis and its mutant devoid of MST1Fs to HD11 cells was essentially the same, despite the fact that the number of viable intracellular bacteria was significantly lower in the mutated strain. Using HD11 cells with similar number of intracellular wild-type S. Enteritidis and S. Enteritidis fimH::kan mutant, it was found that the lack of MST1Fs did not affect directly the cytotoxicity, suggesting that the increase in cytotoxicity of S. Enteritidis devoid of MST1Fs may be associated with crosstalk between T1Fs and other virulence factors.
Topics: Animals; Salmonella enteritidis; Mannose; Chickens; Glycoproteins; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 37356296
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102833 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Most cases of chicken salmonellosis are caused by serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, which lead to a significant morbidity and fatality rate. Although...
Most cases of chicken salmonellosis are caused by serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, which lead to a significant morbidity and fatality rate. Although the conventional Kaufmann-White scheme is the reliable method for the serotyping of , it does not distinguish between closely related biotypes like . Pullorum and . Gallinarum. Herein, we conducted a single one-step multiplex PCR assay that can identify and distinguish between . Pullorum and . Gallinarum in an accurate manner. This PCR method was based on three genes, including for . Pullorum identification, for . Gallinarum identification, and as the genus-level reference gene for . By comparing . Pullorum to . Gallinarum and other serovars of study revealed that only the former has a deletion of 126 bp-region in the carboxyl terminus of . The gene does not exist in . Gallinarum. However, it is present in all other serotypes. The multiplex PCR approach utilizes unique sets of primers that are intended to specifically target these three different genes. The established PCR method was capable of distinguishing between the biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum from the 29 distinct serotypes as well as the 50 distinct pathogens that are not , showing excellent specificity and exclusivity. The minimal amount of bacterial cells required for PCR detection was 100 CFU, while the lowest level of genomic DNA required was 27.5 pg/μL for both . Pullorum and . Gallinarum. After being implemented on the clinical isolates collected from a poultry farm, the PCR test was capable of distinguishing the two biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum from the other strains. The findings of the PCR assay were in line with those of the traditional serotyping and biochemical identification methods. This new multiplex PCR could be used as a novel tool to reinforce the clinical diagnosis and differentiation of . Pullorum and . Gallinarum, particularly in high-throughput screening situations, providing the opportunity for early screening of infections and, as a result, more effective management of the illness among flocks.
PubMed: 37476820
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1220118 -
Veterinary World Nov 2015The present study was investigated to ascertain the epidemiological status of fowl typhoid (FT) in broilers in some parts of Haryana during January 2011 to December 2013.
AIM
The present study was investigated to ascertain the epidemiological status of fowl typhoid (FT) in broilers in some parts of Haryana during January 2011 to December 2013.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To elucidate the epidemiological status of FT in broiler chickens for the 3 years (2011-2013) and to study the prevalence of various Salmonella serovars in poultry on the basis of culture characteristics, biochemical features, serotyping, and their antibiogram profile from some parts of Haryana (India).
RESULTS
A total of 309 outbreaks of FT were recorded in chickens during this period. Overall percent morbidity, mortality, case-fatality rate (CFR) in broiler chicks due to FT during this period was 9.45, 6.77, and 71.55. The yearly observations were divided into quarters A (January-March), B (April-June), C (July-September) and D (October-December). Maximum number of outbreaks - 106 (34.3%) was recorded in quarter D followed by quarters B - 84 (27.3%), C - 64 (20.7%), and A - 55 (17.7%). Salmonella isolates (253) were recovered from disease outbreaks in broilers from different parts of Haryana. Typical morphology and colony characters on MacConkeys Lactose Agar and Brilliant Green agar, biochemical reactions, serotyping along with antibiogram profiles were able to group these isolates into 3 groups namely Salmonella Gallinarum (183), Salmonella Enteritidis (41) and Salmonella Typhimurium (29). The antibiogram pattern of 183 isolates of S. Gallinarum revealed that most of the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin (76%) followed by amikacin (72%), kanamycin (71%).
CONCLUSION
FT is prevalent in commercial broiler flocks in different parts of Haryana and is responsible for considerably high morbidity and mortality in affected flocks. Isolation of S. Gallinarum (9, 12:183) from FT cases suggest it to be the primary pathogen, however, isolation of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis from these cases is a major concern. The detection of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium from FT cases assumes significance from public health point of view.
PubMed: 27047033
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1300-1304 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022The development of novel therapeutics to treat multidrug-resistant pathogenic infections like is the need of the hour. infection causes typhoid fever, jaundice, and...
The development of novel therapeutics to treat multidrug-resistant pathogenic infections like is the need of the hour. infection causes typhoid fever, jaundice, and hepatitis resulting in severe liver injury. Natural compounds have been proved beneficial for the treatment of these bacterial infections. The beneficial roles of cinnamaldehyde due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties have been determined by many researchers. However, alleviation of liver damage caused by infection to young chicks by cinnamaldehyde remains largely unknown. Therefore, this study was performed to identify the effects of cinnamaldehyde on ameliorating liver damage in young chicks. Young chicks were intraperitoneally infected with and treated with cinnamaldehyde orally. Liver and serum parameters were investigated by qRT-PCR, ELISA kits, biochemistry kits, flow cytometry, JC-1 dye experiment, and transcriptome analysis. We found that ROS, cytochrome c, mitochondrial membrane potential (m), caspase-3 activity, ATP production, hepatic CFU, ALT, and AST, which were initially increased by infection, significantly ( < 0.05) decreased by cinnamaldehyde treatment at 1, 3, and 5 days postinfection (DPI). In addition, infection significantly increased proinflammatory gene expression (, , , , , and ) and decreased the expression of anti-inflammatory genes (, , and ); however, cinnamaldehyde reverted these effects at 1, 3, and 5 DPI. Transcriptome analysis showed that modulates certain genes of the AMPK-mTOR pathway for its survival and replication, and these pathway modulations were reversed by cinnamaldehyde treatment. We concluded that cinnamaldehyde ameliorates inflammation and apoptosis by suppressing NF-K/caspase-3 pathway and reverts the metabolic changes caused by infection via modulating the AMPK-mTOR pathway. Furthermore, cinnamaldehyde has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic properties against challenged young chicks and can be a candidate novel drug to treat salmonellosis in poultry production.
Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Acrolein; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Apoptosis; Caspase 3; Chickens; Hepatocytes; Oxidative Stress; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 35847587
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2459212 -
Journal of Advanced Veterinary and... Jun 2022Here, we developed and tested the efficacy of a vaccination protocol based on a commercially available live attenuated serovar Gallinarum () in layer chickens.
OBJECTIVE
Here, we developed and tested the efficacy of a vaccination protocol based on a commercially available live attenuated serovar Gallinarum () in layer chickens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
50 layer chickens of 16 weeks age were obtained and divided into two groups ( = 25), control and vaccinated. The vaccinated group received vaccine at 0.2 ml/bird, s/c route at 16, 18, 30, and 42 weeks of age. At 21 weeks of age, birds from both groups were challenged with orally at 4 × 10 colony-forming unit per bird.
RESULTS
Both rapid serum plate agglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated a rising rate of seroconversion in vaccinated birds across the study period, with a 4% positive rate at 18 weeks, 56% at 21 weeks, 60% at 30 weeks, and 64% at each time point of 42 and 54 weeks. The vaccine showed 100% clinical protection and reduced the shedding in the feces and eggs of the challenged birds. On the contrary, the unvaccinated challenged birds showed clinical signs and lesions typical of infections with morbidity and mortality rates of 36% and 20%, respectively, and had high rates of shedding in feces and eggs.
CONCLUSIONS
With the proposed vaccination schedule shedding was prevented, and a high seroconversion was confirmed. To prevent infections in laying flocks, a 3-month interval immunization program is advised starting at the pre-laying stage.
PubMed: 35891666
DOI: 10.5455/javar.2022.i597 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Aug 2000Fowl typhoid (FT) and pullorum disease (PD) are septicaemic diseases, primarily of chickens and turkeys, caused by Gram negative bacteria, Salmonella Gallinarum and S.... (Review)
Review
Fowl typhoid (FT) and pullorum disease (PD) are septicaemic diseases, primarily of chickens and turkeys, caused by Gram negative bacteria, Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum, respectively. Clinical signs in chicks and poults include anorexia, diarrhoea, dehydration, weakness and high mortality. In mature fowl, FT and PD are manifested by decreased egg production, fertility, hatchability and anorexia, and increased mortality. Gross and microscopic lesions due to FT and PD in chicks and poults include hepatitis, splenitis, typhlitis, omphalitis, myocarditis, ventriculitis, pneumonia, synovitis, peritonitis and ophthalmitis. In mature fowl, lesions include oophoritis, salpingitis, orchitis, peritonitis and perihepatitis. Transovarian infection resulting in infection of the egg and subsequently the chick or poult is one of the most important modes of transmission of these two diseases. Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum can be isolated by use of selective and non-selective media. Salmonella Pullorum produces rapid decarboxylation of ornithine whereas S. Gallinarum does not, an important biochemical difference between the two bacteria. Both FT and PD can be detected serologically by use of a macroscopic tube agglutination test, rapid serum test, stained antigen whole blood test or microagglutination test. Both diseases can be controlled and eradicated by use of serological testing and elimination of positive birds. Vaccines may be used to control the disease and antibiotics for the treatment of FT and PD. Although FT and PD are widely distributed throughout the world, the diseases have been eradicated from commercial poultry in developed countries such as the United States of America, Canada and most countries of Western Europe. Both S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum are highly adapted to the host species, and therefore are of little public health significance.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Turkeys
PubMed: 10935271
DOI: 10.20506/rst.19.2.1222