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Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jul 2011Fresh and processed poultry have been frequently implicated in cases of human salmonellosis. Furthermore, increased consumption of meat and poultry has increased the... (Review)
Review
Fresh and processed poultry have been frequently implicated in cases of human salmonellosis. Furthermore, increased consumption of meat and poultry has increased the potential for exposure to Salmonella enterica. While advances have been made in reducing the prevalence and frequency of Salmonella contamination in processed poultry, there is mounting pressure on commercial growers to prevent and/or eliminate these human pathogens in preharvest production facilities. Several factors contribute to Salmonella colonization in commercial poultry, including the serovar and the infectious dose. In the early 1900s, Salmonella enterica serovars Pullorum and Gallinarum caused widespread diseases in poultry, but vaccination and other voluntary programs helped eradicate pullorum disease and fowl typhoid from commercial flocks. However, the niche created by the eradication of these serovars was likely filled by S. Enteritidis, which proliferated in the bird populations. While this pathogen remains a significant problem in commercial egg and poultry production, its prevalence among poultry has been declining since the 1990s. Coinciding with the decrease of S. Enteritidis, S. Heidelberg and S. Kentucky have emerged as the predominant serovars in commercial broilers. In this review, we have highlighted bacterial genetic and host-related factors that may contribute to such shifts in Salmonella populations in commercial poultry and intervention strategies that could limit their colonization.
Topics: Animals; Ovum; Population Dynamics; Poultry; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Serotyping
PubMed: 21571882
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00598-11 -
Poultry Science Nov 2020Salmonella spp. are important zoonotic pathogens that are responsible for severe diseases in both animals and humans. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar...
Salmonella spp. are important zoonotic pathogens that are responsible for severe diseases in both animals and humans. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) and biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) are typical infectious pathogens detected in the chicken industry that have caused great economic losses. To facilitate their detection and prevent contamination, we developed a rapid multiple PCR method, which can simultaneously detect Salmonella spp. and further identify the biovars S. Pullorum/Gallinarum. This PCR detection method is based on the cigR gene, which is conserved among Salmonella spp. but has a 42-bp deletion in S. Pullorum/Gallinarum. The specificity and sensitivity of the PCR assay was evaluated with 41 different strains: 34 Salmonella strains, including 5 S. Pullorum/Gallinarum strains, and 7 non-Salmonella strains. The lower limit of detection was 8.15 pg of S. Pullorum (S06004) genomic DNA and 20 cfu in PCR, which shows a great sensitivity. In addition, this method was applied to detect or identify Salmonella from processing chicken liver and egg samples, and the results corresponded to those obtained from serotype analysis using the conventional slide agglutination test. Overall, the new cigR-based PCR assay is efficient and practical for Salmonella detection and S. Pullorum/Gallinarum identification and will greatly reduce the workload of epidemiologic investigation.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Genes, Bacterial; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 33142517
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.026 -
Veterinary World Jun 2022has been identified as one of the most widely distributed zoonotic pathogens in broiler litter. Multidrug-resistant strains have been isolated from salmonellosis...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
has been identified as one of the most widely distributed zoonotic pathogens in broiler litter. Multidrug-resistant strains have been isolated from salmonellosis outbreaks, compromising the success of their treatment. This study aimed to isolate and identify spp. serovars in healthy broiler litter in Tolima (Colombia), determine their resistance to different antimicrobials, and detect genes associated with b-lactam resistance that could be useful to control spp. in poultry.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In total, 45 broiler litter samples were collected. spp. was isolated and identified using selective and differential culture media and biochemical tests. Molecular confirmation of the pathogen was performed with the invA gene and serotyping by Kauffman-White scheme. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 antibiotics was determined by Kirby-Bauer method. In cefotaxime-resistant strains, -F, , , and genes were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
RESULTS
In total, 817 presumptive strains were obtained from xylose lysine deoxycholate and agars and subcultured on xylose-lysine-tergitol 4 and MacConkey agars, from which 150 strains were isolated; 29 of these strains were presumptive for spp. after performing biochemical tests and 16 were confirmed by PCR as Infantis (15) and Gallinarum (1). All strains were found to be multiresistant to antibiotics, showing three different profiles and isolates resistant to cefotaxime, and the gene was detected.
CONCLUSION
This is the first study to isolate . Infantis from broiler litter in Colombia. All isolates exhibited resistance to the evaluated antimicrobials, suggesting the misuse of antimicrobials in small- and medium-sized poultry farms. The presence of serovar Infantis is a public health problem. Thus, regular monitoring of poultry litter is recommended, as these bacteria can be transmitted to humans through animal products or contaminated environments.
PubMed: 35993060
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1557-1565 -
Journal of Bacteriology Oct 2008To elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum, we examined the expression of the genes encoded primarily in Salmonella pathogenicity...
To elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum, we examined the expression of the genes encoded primarily in Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2. These genes were found to be induced as cultures entered stationary phase under high- and low-oxygen growth conditions, as also observed for Salmonella serovar Typhimurium. In contrast, Salmonella serovar Gallinarum in the exponential growth phase most efficiently internalized cultured animal cells. Analysis of mutants defective in SPI-1 genes, SPI-2 genes, and others implicated in early stages of infection revealed that SPI-1 genes were not involved in the internalization of animal cells by Salmonella serovar Gallinarum. Following entry, however, Salmonella serovar Gallinarum was found to reside in LAMP1-positive vacuoles in both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells, although internalization was independent of SPI-1. A mutation that conferred defects in ppGpp synthesis was the only one found to affect animal cell internalization by Salmonella serovar Gallinarum. It was concluded that Salmonella serovar Gallinarum internalizes animal cells by a mechanism independent of SPI-1 genes but dependent on ppGpp. Intracellular growth also required ppGpp for the transcription of genes encoded in SPI-2.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Chickens; Genomic Islands; Mice; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Transcription Initiation Site
PubMed: 18621899
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00385-08 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2019Gallinarum only infects avian species, where it causes a severe systemic infection in birds of all ages. It is generally accepted that interaction with phagocytic cells...
Gallinarum only infects avian species, where it causes a severe systemic infection in birds of all ages. It is generally accepted that interaction with phagocytic cells plays an important role in the development of systemic, host-specific infections. The current study detailed the interaction of . Gallinarum with macrophages derived from chicken (HD11) and cattle (Bomac) compared to interaction of the broad host range serovar, Typhimurium and the cattle adapted serovar Dublin. Results showed a weaker invading ability of . Gallinarum in both kinds of macrophages, regardless whether the bacteria were opsonized or not before infections. However, opsonization of . Gallinarum by chicken serum increased its intracellular survival rate in chicken macrophages. No significant induction of nitrogen oxide was observed in the infected HD11 cells within the first 6 h, and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were similar among the three serovars. . Gallinarum infection was associated with low cell deaths in both chicken and cattle macrophages, whereas . Dublin only induced a comparable high level of cell death in chicken macrophages, but not in macrophages of its preferred host species (Bomac) compared to host generalist . Typhimurium. . Gallinarum-infected HD11 macrophages exhibited low induction of pro-inflammation genes [interleukin (IL)1β, CXCLi1, and CXCLi2] compared to the two other serovars, and contrary to the other serovars, it did not induce significant downregulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and TLR5. In infection of 1-week-old chicken, a significant upregulation of the TLR4 and TLR5 genes in the spleen was observed in . Gallinarum-infected chickens, but not in . Typhimurium-infected chicken at 5 days post-infections. Taken together, results show that . Gallinarum infection of macrophages was characterized by low uptake and low cytotoxicity, possibly allowing long-term persistence in the intracellular environment, and it caused a low induction of pro-inflammatory responses.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chickens; Cytokines; Host Specificity; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Interleukin-1beta; Macrophages; Nitric Oxide; Poultry Diseases; Reactive Oxygen Species; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Serogroup; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 31998655
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00420 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Jan 2015This review documents the sporadic reporting of poultry Salmonella serovars in South Africa, Egypt, Indonesia, India, and Romania, five countries selected based on the... (Review)
Review
This review documents the sporadic reporting of poultry Salmonella serovars in South Africa, Egypt, Indonesia, India, and Romania, five countries selected based on the importance of their distribution in different regions of the world and their cumulative significant population size of 1.6 billion. South Africa reported contamination of its poultry carcasses by S. Hadar, S. Blockley, S. Irumu, and S. Anatum. Results from Egypt showed that S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were predominant in poultry along with other non-typhoid strains, namely S. Infantis, S. Kentucky, S. Tsevie, S. Chiredzi, and S. Heidelberg. In Indonesia, the isolation of Salmonella Typhi was the main focus, while other serovars included S. Kentucky, S. Typhimurium, and S. Paratyhi C. In India, S. Bareilly was predominant compared to S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Paratyphi B, S. Cerro, S. Mbandaka, S. Molade, S. Kottbus, and S. Gallinarum. Romania reported two Salmonella serovars in poultry that affect humans, namely S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, and other non-typhoid strains including S. Infantis, S. Derby, S. Colindale, S. Rissen, S. Ruzizi, S. Virchow, S. Brandenburg, S. Bredeney, S. Muenchen, S. Kortrijk, and S. Calabar. The results showed the spread of different serovars of Salmonella in those five developing countries, which is alarming and emphasizes the urgent need for the World Health Organization Global Foodborne Infections Network (WHO-GFN) to expand its activities to include more strategic participation and partnership with most developing countries in order to protect poultry and humans from the serious health impact of salmonellosis.
Topics: Animals; Developing Countries; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Serogroup
PubMed: 25596565
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.5065 -
Journal of Bacteriology Jul 2005Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum is a fowl-adapted pathogen, causing typhoid fever in chickens. It has the same antigenic formula (1,9,12:--:--) as S. enterica...
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum is a fowl-adapted pathogen, causing typhoid fever in chickens. It has the same antigenic formula (1,9,12:--:--) as S. enterica serovar Pullorum, which is also adapted to fowl but causes pullorum disease (diarrhea). The close relatedness but distinct pathogeneses make this pair of fowl pathogens good models for studies of bacterial genomic evolution and the way these organisms acquired pathogenicity. To locate and characterize the genomic differences between serovar Gallinarum and other salmonellae, we constructed a physical map of serovar Gallinarum strain SARB21 by using I-CeuI, XbaI, and AvrII with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis techniques. In the 4,740-kb genome, we located two insertions and six deletions relative to the genome of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2, which we used as a reference Salmonella genome. Four of the genomic regions with reduced lengths corresponded to the four prophages in the genome of serovar Typhimurium LT2, and the others contained several smaller deletions relative to serovar Typhimurium LT2, including regions containing srfJ, std, and stj and gene clusters encoding a type I restriction system in serovar Typhimurium LT2. The map also revealed some rare rearrangements, including two inversions and several translocations. Further characterization of these insertions, deletions, and rearrangements will provide new insights into the molecular basis for the specific host-pathogen interactions and mechanisms of genomic evolution to create a new pathogen.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Base Sequence; Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes, Bacterial; DNA Primers; DNA Transposable Elements; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Rearrangement; Genetic Markers; Genome, Bacterial; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Salmonella enterica; Sequence Deletion
PubMed: 15995186
DOI: 10.1128/JB.187.14.4720-4727.2005 -
Veterinary World Jan 2016Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen responsible for animal and human diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and stereotyping of...
AIM
Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen responsible for animal and human diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and stereotyping of Salmonella isolates isolated from apparently healthy poultry. Furthermore, the clonal relatedness among the isolated Salmonella serovars was assessed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 150 cloacal swab samples from apparently healthy chickens were collected, and were subjected for the isolation and identification of associated Salmonella organisms. The isolated colonies were identified and characterized on the basis of morphology, cultural characters, biochemical tests, slide agglutination test, polymerase chain reaction, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were also investigated using commonly used antibiotics.
RESULTS
Of the 150 samples, 11 (7.33%) produced characteristics pink colony with black center on XLD agar medium, and all were culturally and biochemically confirmed to be Salmonella. All possessed serovar-specific gene SpeF and reacted uniformly with group D antisera, suggesting that all of the isolates were Salmonella Enterica serovar Gallinarum, biovar Pullorum and/or Gallinarum. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 54.54% of the isolated Salmonella Enterica serovars were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, whereas the 81.81% isolates were resistant to amoxycillin, doxycycline, kanamycin, gentamycin, and tetracycline. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of the XbaI-digested genomic DNA exhibited identical banding patterns, suggesting that the multidrug resistant Salmonella Enterica serovars occurring in commercial layers are highly clonal in Bangladesh.
CONCLUSION
The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of poultry Salmonella in layer chicken and to find out the clonal relationship among them. The data in this study suggest the prevalence of Salmonella Enterica, which is multidrug resistant and highly clonal for commercial layers of Bangladesh.
PubMed: 27051187
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.65-70 -
Infection and Immunity Nov 1995Salmonella typhi and Salmonella gallinarum phenotypes correlated with mouse host restriction have been identified by using in vitro and in vivo systems. S. typhi is...
Salmonella typhi and Salmonella gallinarum phenotypes correlated with mouse host restriction have been identified by using in vitro and in vivo systems. S. typhi is capable of entering the murine intestinal epithelium via M cells, as is Salmonella typhimurium, which causes systemic infection in the mouse. But, unlike S. typhimurium, S. typhi does not destroy the epithelium and is cleared from the Peyer's patches soon after M-cell entry. S. gallinarum appears to be incapable of entering the murine Peyer's patch epithelium. Our in vitro evidence suggests that S. gallinarum is taken up in murine phagocytic cells by a mechanism different from that of S. typhimurium. S. typhimurium is taken up at a higher frequency and is maintained at higher viable counts throughout a 24-h time course in a murine macrophage-like cell line than are S. gallinarum and S. typhi.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Cells, Cultured; Cytoskeleton; Female; Ileum; Intestinal Mucosa; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred DBA; Peyer's Patches; Salmonella; Salmonella typhi; Species Specificity; Video Recording
PubMed: 7591067
DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.11.4329-4335.1995 -
Parasites & Vectors Oct 2020The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) is a major ectoparasite of poultry. Infestations are found in most laying hen farms in Europe, and breeder...
Evidence of vector borne transmission of Salmonella enterica enterica serovar Gallinarum and fowl typhoid disease mediated by the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778).
BACKGROUND
The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) is a major ectoparasite of poultry. Infestations are found in most laying hen farms in Europe, and breeder flocks have also been reported to be affected. Mite infestation has detrimental effects on animal welfare, it causes significant economic losses, and, additionally, D. gallinae is often considered as a vector for pathogens. Despite suspicion of a close relationship between the poultry red mite and Salmonella enterica enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (serovar Gallinarum), the causative agent of fowl typhoid disease (FT), there has been no definitive proof of mite-mediated transmission. Therefore, an investigation was conducted to determine if D. gallinae-mediated transmission of serovar Gallinarum could be demonstrated among four different hen groups.
METHODS
Two groups of 8 hens (A and B) were experimentally infected with serovar Gallinarum in two isolators. After 7 days, when birds showed signs of FT, about 25,000 mites were introduced. After 3 days, mites were harvested and used to infest two other hen groups of 8 (C and D), in two separate isolators. The health status of hens was constantly monitored; detection and quantification of serovar Gallinarum were performed by PCR and qPCR from mites and organs of dead hens. The maximum likelihood estimation of the infection rate and mite vectorial capacity were calculated.
RESULTS
Clinical disease was observed in groups infected with serovar Gallinarum (A and B) and in hens of groups C and D infested with mites harvested from the isolators containing groups A and B. In all four groups, serovar Gallinarum was detected from liver, spleen, ovary, and cecum of hens, thus confirming the diagnosis of FT. Mite analysis demonstrated the presence of the pathogen, with an estimated infection rate ranging between 13.72 and 55.21 infected per thousand mites. Vectorial capacity was estimated to be 73.79.
CONCLUSIONS
Mites harvested from birds infected with serovar Gallinarum were shown to carry the mite, and then to transfer serovar Gallinarum to isolated groups of pathogen-free birds that subsequently showed signs of FT. Mite vectorial capacity was high, demonstrating that D. gallinae should be considered an effective vector of FT.
Topics: Animals; Arachnid Vectors; Chickens; Female; Mite Infestations; Mites; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella enterica; Serogroup; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 33054854
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04393-8