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Journal of Animal Science and... Aug 2021Salmonella pullorum is one of the most harmful pathogens to avian species. Magnolol and honokiol, natural compounds extracted from Magnolia officinalis, exerts...
BACKGROUND
Salmonella pullorum is one of the most harmful pathogens to avian species. Magnolol and honokiol, natural compounds extracted from Magnolia officinalis, exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and antibacterial activities. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplemental magnolol and honokiol in broilers infected with S. pullorum. A total of 360 one-day-old broilers were selected and randomly divided into four groups with six replicates: the negative control group (CTL), S. pullorum-infected group (SP), and the S. pullorum-infected group supplemented with 300 mg/kg honokiol (SPH) or magnolol (SPM).
RESULTS
The results showed that challenging with S. pullorum impaired growth performance in broilers, as indicated by the observed decreases in body weight (P < 0.05) and average daily gains (P < 0.05), along with increased spleen (P < 0.01) and bursa of Fabricus weights (P < 0.05), serum globulin contents, and the decreased intestine villus height and villus/crypt ratios (P < 0.05). Notably, supplemental magnolol and honokiol attenuated these adverse changes, and the effects of magnolol were better than those of honokiol. Therefore, we performed RNA-Seq in ileum tissues and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of ileum bacteria. Our analysis revealed that magnolol increased the α-diversity (observed species, Chao1, ACE, and PD whole tree) and β-diversity of the ileum bacteria (P < 0.05). In addition, magnolol supplementation increased the abundance of Lactobacillus (P < 0.01) and decreased unidentified Cyanobacteria (P < 0.05) both at d 14 and d 21. Further study confirmed that differentially expressed genes induced by magnolol and honokiol supplementation enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, in the intestinal immune network for IgA production, and in the cell adhesion molecule pathways.
CONCLUSIONS
Supplemental magnolol and honokiol alleviated S. pullorum-induced impairments in growth performance, and the effect of magnolol was better than that of honokiol, which could be partially due to magnolol's ability to improve the intestinal microbial and mucosal barrier.
PubMed: 34365974
DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00611-0 -
Poultry Science Jul 2021Salmonella pullorum is a highly pathogenic bacteria in poultry industry. However, antibiotics were restricted in many countries because of the increasing risk of...
Salmonella pullorum is a highly pathogenic bacteria in poultry industry. However, antibiotics were restricted in many countries because of the increasing risk of antibiotic resistance, Therefore, an environmental friendly and effective alternative strives to be developed. This study investigated the benefit of a probiotic-fermented herbal blend on the growth performance and gut microbiota of newborn broilers infected with S. pullorum. A total of 120 one-day-old dwarf male chicks were randomly allotted to 4 treatment groups, each including 5 replicates of 6 chicks: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), herbal blend (HB), and probiotic-fermented herbal blend (PF). All birds (n = 90), except for those in the NC, were infected with S. pullorum (1.69 × 10 CFU) on day 1. On day 11, body weight (BW), mortality, tissue pathology, cecal colony counts, immune organ indices, cecal mucosa secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations, and cecal cytokine mRNA expression levels were investigated. No mortality was observed after the PF treatment, and less pathological condition was in the ileum, cecum, and liver of HB and PF. BW, average daily gain and average daily feed intake were significant higher in the HB group compared to the PC and were the highest in the PF (P < 0.05). HB treatment significantly increased cecal populations of Lactobacilli, and decreased cecal populations of Escherichia coli and Salmonella, but results were more pronounced in the PF group (P < 0.05). Both HB and PF treatments increased cecal mucosa sIgA compared with the PC (P < 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma were lowest (P < 0.05) and interleukin 4 was the highest (P < 0.05) in PF, which exhibited similar levels to the NC group. PF treatment significantly improved the development of the thymus and bursa in S. pullorum-infected chicks. In conclusion, PF treatment prevented death, improved growth performance, regulated intestinal flora and enhanced immune ability of in S. pullorum-infected with chicks.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cecum; Chickens; Diet; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Immunity; Male; Poultry Diseases; Probiotics; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 34111611
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101196 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2017subsp. serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum ( Pullorum) is highly adapted to chickens causing an acute systemic disease that results in high mortality. Vaccination...
subsp. serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum ( Pullorum) is highly adapted to chickens causing an acute systemic disease that results in high mortality. Vaccination represents one approach for promoting animal health, food safety and reducing environmental persistence in control. An important consideration is that vaccination in poultry should not interfere with the salmonellosis monitoring program. This is the basis of the DIVA (Differentiation of Infected and Vaccinated Animals) program. In order to achieve this goal, mutant was developed on a mutant that was developed previously. The safety, efficacy, and DIVA features of this vaccine candidate ( Pullorum ΔΔ) were evaluated in broilers. Our results show that the truncated LPS in the vaccine strain has a differentiating use as both a bacteriological marker (rough phenotype) and also as a serological marker facilitating the differentiation between infected and vaccinated chickens. The rough mutant showed adequate safety being avirulent in the host chicks and showed increased sensitivity to environmental stresses. Single intramuscular immunization of day-old broiler chicks with the mutant confers ideal protection against lethal wild type challenge by significantly stimulating both humoral and cellular immune responses as well as reducing the colonization of the challenge strain. Significantly lower mean pathology scores were observed in the vaccination group compared to the control group. Additionally, the mutant strain generated cross-protection against challenge with the wild type Gallinarum thereby improving survival and with the wild type Enteritidis thereby reducing colonization. These results suggest that the double-mutant strain may be a safe, effective, and cross-protective vaccine against infection in chicks while conforming to the requirements of the DIVA program.
PubMed: 28424675
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00547 -
Microorganisms Dec 2023subsp. serovar Gallinarum biovar pullorum ( pullorum) is an avian-specific pathogen that has caused considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. High...
subsp. serovar Gallinarum biovar pullorum ( pullorum) is an avian-specific pathogen that has caused considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. High endemicity, poor implementation of hygiene measures, and lack of effective vaccines hinder the prevention and control of this disease in intensively maintained poultry flocks. In recent years, the incidence of arthritis in chicks caused by pullorum infection has increased. In this study, four pullorum strains were identified from the livers, spleens, and joint fluids of Qingjiaoma chicken breeders with arthritis clinical signs, and an arthritis model of chicks was successfully established using SP206-2. Whole genome sequencing of the SP206-2 strain showed that the genome was 4,730,579 bp, 52.16% GC content, and contained 5007 genes, including 4729 protein-coding regions. The genomic analysis of four arthritis-causing isolates and three diarrhea-causing isolates showed that the genome of arthritis-causing isolates was subject to nonsynonymous mutations, shift mutations, and gene copy deletions. An SNP phylogenetic tree analysis showed that arthritis-causing isolates are located in a different evolutionary branch from diarrhea-causing isolates. Further differential genes analysis showed that the genome of arthritis-causing isolates had missense mutations in genes related to substance metabolism and substance transport, as a result of adaptive evolution.
PubMed: 38138130
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122986 -
Poultry Science Oct 2011In this study, 2 bacteriophages of Salmonella Pullorum were isolated using an enrichment protocol and the double agar layer method. They were named PSPu-95 and...
In this study, 2 bacteriophages of Salmonella Pullorum were isolated using an enrichment protocol and the double agar layer method. They were named PSPu-95 and PSPu-4-116, respectively, against clinical isolates of Salmonella Pullorum SPu-95 and SPu-116. The host ranges of the 2 bacteriophages were determined by performing spot tests with 20 bacteria strains. Both bacteriophages had wide host ranges. Bacteriophage PSPu-95 had a lytic effect on 17 of the 20 isolates (85%), and PSPu-4-116 produced a lytic effect on 14 isolates (70%) and was the only bacteriophage that produced a clear plaque on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the bacteriophages belonged to the order Caudovirales. Bacteriophage PSPu-95 was a member of the family Siphoviridae, but bacteriophage PSPu-4-116 belonged to the family Myoviridae. Both had a double-stranded DNA, which was digested with HindIII or EcoRI, that was estimated to be 58.3 kbp (PSPu-95) and 45.2 kbp (PSPu-4-116) by 1% agar electrophoresis. One-step growth kinetics showed that the latent periods were all less than 20 min, and the burst size was 77.5 pfu/cell for PSPu-95 and 86 pfu/cell for PSPu-4-116. The bacteriophages were able to survive in a pH range between 4 and 10, and they were able to survive in a treatment of 70°C for 60 min. The characterizations of these 2 bacteriophages were helpful in establishing a basis for adopting the most effective bacteriophage to control bacteria in the poultry industry.
Topics: Bacteriophages; DNA Restriction Enzymes; DNA, Viral; Host Specificity; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Salmonella enterica
PubMed: 21934022
DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01496 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens that can cause both acute and chronic illnesses in poultry flocks, and can also be transmitted to humans from infected...
is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens that can cause both acute and chronic illnesses in poultry flocks, and can also be transmitted to humans from infected poultry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characteristics of isolated from diseased and clinically healthy chickens in Anhui, China. In total, 108 isolates (5.66%) were successfully recovered from chicken samples ( = 1908), including pathological tissue (57/408, 13.97%) and cloacal swabs (51/1500, 3.40%), and Enteritidis (43.52%), Typhimurium (23.15%), and Pullorum (10.19%) were the three most prevalent isolates. isolates showed high rates of resistance to penicillin (61.11%), tetracyclines (47.22% to tetracycline and 45.37% to doxycycline), and sulfonamides (48.89%), and all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and polymyxin B. In total, 43.52% isolates were multidrug-resistant and had complex antimicrobial resistance patterns. The majority of isolates harbored (77.78%), (61.11%), and (63.89%) genes, and the antimicrobial resistance genes in the isolates were significantly positively correlated with their corresponding resistance phenotype. isolates carry high rates of virulence genes, with some of these reaching 100% (, , and ). Fifty-seven isolates (52.78%) were biofilm-producing. The 108 isolates were classified into 12 sequence types (STs), whereby ST11 (43.51%) was the most prevalent, followed by ST19 (20.37%) and ST92 (13.89%). In conclusion, infection in chicken flocks is still serious in Anhui Province, and not only causes disease in chickens but might also pose a threat to public health security.
PubMed: 36986387
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030465 -
Frontiers in Genetics 2019New-born chicks are vulnerable to bacterial infections and not good at regulating body temperature. There is a close relationship between thermal regulation and...
New-born chicks are vulnerable to bacterial infections and not good at regulating body temperature. There is a close relationship between thermal regulation and immunity, however, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. (SP) is a major concern in developing countries and causes significant economic losses in poultry industry. Early body temperature (EBT) has previously shown to be correlated with host immunity and resistance to pullorum disease. In this study, we challenged three independent chick populations (Beijing You, Dwarf and Rhode Island Red) with SP at 4 days of age, and rectal temperature was measured before and after the SP attack from 2 to 7 days of age. Host defense to SP was evaluated by survival and spleen SP carrier status. The results showed that chicks with higher EBT before SP infection tend to have higher resistance to later SP attack in two populations (Dwarf and Beijing You). The association between EBT before SP attack and SP resistance was non-significant in Rohde Island Red population ( = 0.06), but the trend was consistent with the other two populations. We also found low to moderate heritability in all three populations for EBT before and after the SP attack ranging from 0.14 to 0.20. Genome-wide association studies identified several genomic regions and biological pathways determining EBT before SP attack, which provides candidate functional genes of this trait. Our results reveal the genetic determination of EBT, and the relationship between EBT and SP resistance, providing an alternative strategy for improving SP resistant activities in chicken.
PubMed: 32038701
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01287 -
Journal of Food Protection Jul 2021Salmonellosis occurs frequently worldwide, causing serious threats to public health. The abuse of antibiotics is increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria, thereby...
ABSTRACT
Salmonellosis occurs frequently worldwide, causing serious threats to public health. The abuse of antibiotics is increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria, thereby making the prevention and control of Salmonella more difficult. A phage can help control the spread of bacteria. In this study, the lytic phage S55, whose host bacterium is Salmonella Pullorum, was isolated from fecal samples obtained from poultry farms. This phage belongs to the Siphoviridae and has a polyhedral head and a retraction-free tail. S55 lysed most cells of Salmonella Pullorum (58 of 60 strains, 96.67%) and Salmonella Enteritidis (97 of 104 strains, 93.27%). One-step growth kinetics revealed that the latent period was 10 min, the burst period was 80 min, and the burst size was 40 PFU per cell. The optimal multiplicity of infection was 0.01, and the phage was able to survive at pH values of 4 to 11 and temperatures of 40 to 60°C for 60 min. Complete genome sequence analysis revealed that the S55 genome consists of 42,781 bp (50.28% GC content) and 58 open reading frames, including 25 frames with known or assumed functions without tRNA genes. S55 does not carry genes that encode virulence or resistance factors. At 4 and 25°C, S55 reduced the populations of Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Enteritidis on chicken skin surfaces. S55 may be useful as a biological agent for the prevention and control of Salmonella infections.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriophages; Genome, Viral; Poultry Products; Salmonella Phages; Salmonella enteritidis
PubMed: 33710342
DOI: 10.4315/JFP-20-438 -
Veterinary World Jan 2016Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen responsible for animal and human diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and stereotyping of...
AIM
Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen responsible for animal and human diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and stereotyping of Salmonella isolates isolated from apparently healthy poultry. Furthermore, the clonal relatedness among the isolated Salmonella serovars was assessed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 150 cloacal swab samples from apparently healthy chickens were collected, and were subjected for the isolation and identification of associated Salmonella organisms. The isolated colonies were identified and characterized on the basis of morphology, cultural characters, biochemical tests, slide agglutination test, polymerase chain reaction, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were also investigated using commonly used antibiotics.
RESULTS
Of the 150 samples, 11 (7.33%) produced characteristics pink colony with black center on XLD agar medium, and all were culturally and biochemically confirmed to be Salmonella. All possessed serovar-specific gene SpeF and reacted uniformly with group D antisera, suggesting that all of the isolates were Salmonella Enterica serovar Gallinarum, biovar Pullorum and/or Gallinarum. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 54.54% of the isolated Salmonella Enterica serovars were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, whereas the 81.81% isolates were resistant to amoxycillin, doxycycline, kanamycin, gentamycin, and tetracycline. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of the XbaI-digested genomic DNA exhibited identical banding patterns, suggesting that the multidrug resistant Salmonella Enterica serovars occurring in commercial layers are highly clonal in Bangladesh.
CONCLUSION
The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of poultry Salmonella in layer chicken and to find out the clonal relationship among them. The data in this study suggest the prevalence of Salmonella Enterica, which is multidrug resistant and highly clonal for commercial layers of Bangladesh.
PubMed: 27051187
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.65-70 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jul 2015Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) causes Pullorum disease (PD), a severe systemic disease of poultry and results in considerable economic losses in... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) causes Pullorum disease (PD), a severe systemic disease of poultry and results in considerable economic losses in developing countries. In order to develop a safe and immunogenic vaccine, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of S06004ΔSPI2, a Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) deleted mutant of S. Pullorum was evaluated in 2-day old chickens.
RESULTS
Single intramuscular vaccination with S06004ΔSPI2 (2 × 10(7) CFU) of chickens revealed no differences in body weight or clinical symptoms compared to control group. S06004ΔSPI2 bacteria can colonize and persistent in liver and spleen of vaccinated chickens approximately 14 days, and specific humoral and cellular immune responses were significantly induced. Vaccination of chickens offered efficient protection against S. Pullorum strain S06004 and S. Gallinarum strain SG9 challenge, respectively, at 10 days post vaccination (dpv) based on mortality and clinical symptoms compared to control group.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that S06004ΔSPI2 appears to be a highly immunogenic and efficient live attenuated vaccine candidate.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Vaccines; Chickens; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Immunoglobulin G; Membrane Proteins; Mutation; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 26205518
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0497-3