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Viruses Jan 2021Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a multifactorial disease in which dietary, genetic, immunological, and... (Review)
Review
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a multifactorial disease in which dietary, genetic, immunological, and microbial factors are at play. The role of enteric viruses in IBD remains only partially explored. To date, epidemiological studies have not fully described the role of enteric viruses in inflammatory flare-ups, especially that of human noroviruses and rotaviruses, which are the main causative agents of viral gastroenteritis. Genome-wide association studies have demonstrated the association between IBD, polymorphisms of the and genes (which drive the synthesis of histo-blood group antigens), and ligands for norovirus and rotavirus in the intestine. The role of autophagy in defensin-deficient Paneth cells and the perturbations of cytokine secretion in T-helper 1 and T-helper 17 inflammatory pathways following enteric virus infections have been demonstrated as well. Enteric virus interactions with commensal bacteria could play a significant role in the modulation of enteric virus infections in IBD. Based on the currently incomplete knowledge of the complex phenomena underlying IBD pathogenesis, future studies using multi-sampling and data integration combined with new techniques such as human intestinal enteroids could help to decipher the role of enteric viruses in IBD.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Biomarkers; Blood Group Antigens; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Microbial Interactions; Signal Transduction; Virome
PubMed: 33451106
DOI: 10.3390/v13010104 -
PloS One 2021Diarrhoea remains a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aimed to monitor the aetiology of acute diarrhoea in children in Shanghai....
Diarrhoea remains a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aimed to monitor the aetiology of acute diarrhoea in children in Shanghai. Paediatric outpatients with acute diarrhoea were enrolled in the study from Jan 2015 to Dec 2018. Faecal samples were collected for testing. Enteric bacteria were identified and typed by culture and serotyping, respectively. Enteric viruses were identified by real-time PCR. Enteric pathogens were identified in 1572 (58.4%) of the 2692 enrolled children with acute diarrhoea. Viruses were detected more frequently than bacteria (41.3% versus 25.0%). Nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. (NTS) was the most common (10.3%) bacteria isolated, followed by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (6.5%), enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) (6.2%), Campylobacter spp. (3.6%), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (1.1%), Shigella spp. (0.2%), and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) (0.1%). Rotavirus was the most common (16.0%) virus detected, followed by norovirus (15.5%), adenovirus (7.2%), sapovirus (3.0%) and astrovirus (2.7%). Rotavirus, norovirus and NTS were the major pathogens responsible for diarrhoea in Shanghainese children. Improving uptake of the rotavirus vaccine and strengthening foodborne-pathogen prevention will aid in reducing the burden of diarrhoeal disease in children in Shanghai.
Topics: Campylobacter; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Diarrhea; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Norovirus; Rotavirus; Salmonella
PubMed: 33831124
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249888 -
Viruses Mar 2019Besides noroviruses, the family comprises four other accepted genera: , and . There are six new genera proposed: , and All have closely related genome structures, but... (Review)
Review
Besides noroviruses, the family comprises four other accepted genera: , and . There are six new genera proposed: , and All have closely related genome structures, but are genetically and antigenically highly diverse and infect a wide range of mammalian host species including humans. Recombination in nature is not infrequent for most of the , contributing to their diversity. Sapovirus infections cause diarrhoea in pigs, humans and other mammalian hosts. Lagovirus infections cause systemic haemorrhagic disease in rabbits and hares, and vesivirus infections lead to lung disease in cats, vesicular disease in swine, and exanthema and diseases of the reproductive system in large sea mammals. Neboviruses are an enteric pathogen of cattle, differing from bovine norovirus. At present, only a few selected caliciviruses can be propagated in cell culture (permanent cell lines or enteroids), and for most of the cultivatable caliciviruses helper virus-free, plasmid only-based reverse genetics systems have been established. The replication cycles of the caliciviruses are similar as far as they have been explored: viruses interact with a multitude of cell surface attachment factors (glycans) and co-receptors (proteins) for adsorption and penetration, use cellular membranes for the formation of replication complexes and have developed mechanisms to circumvent innate immune responses. Vaccines have been developed against lagoviruses and vesiviruses, and are under development against human noroviruses.
Topics: Animals; Caliciviridae; Caliciviridae Infections; Genome, Viral; Humans; Norovirus; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 30901945
DOI: 10.3390/v11030286 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Mar 2015The appropriate treatment and control of infectious gastroenteritis depend on the ability to rapidly detect the wide range of etiologic agents associated with the...
The appropriate treatment and control of infectious gastroenteritis depend on the ability to rapidly detect the wide range of etiologic agents associated with the disease. Clinical laboratories currently utilize an array of different methodologies to test for bacterial, parasitic, and viral causes of gastroenteritis, a strategy that suffers from poor sensitivity, potentially long turnaround times, and complicated ordering practices and workflows. Additionally, there are limited or no testing methods routinely available for most diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains, astroviruses, and sapoviruses. This study assessed the performance of the FilmArray Gastrointestinal (GI) Panel for the simultaneous detection of 22 different enteric pathogens directly from stool specimens: Campylobacter spp., Clostridium difficile (toxin A/B), Plesiomonas shigelloides, Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, enteroaggregative E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli (stx1 and stx2) (including specific detection of E. coli O157), Shigella spp./enteroinvasive E. coli, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, adenovirus F 40/41, astrovirus, norovirus GI/GII, rotavirus A, and sapovirus. Prospectively collected stool specimens (n = 1,556) were evaluated using the BioFire FilmArray GI Panel and tested with conventional stool culture and molecular methods for comparison. The FilmArray GI Panel sensitivity was 100% for 12/22 targets and ≥94.5% for an additional 7/22 targets. For the remaining three targets, sensitivity could not be calculated due to the low prevalences in this study. The FilmArray GI Panel specificity was ≥97.1% for all panel targets. The FilmArray GI Panel provides a comprehensive, rapid, and streamlined alternative to conventional methods for the etiologic diagnosis of infectious gastroenteritis in the laboratory setting. The potential advantages include improved performance parameters, a more extensive menu of pathogens, and a turnaround time of as short as 1 h.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Bacteria; Child; Child, Preschool; Feces; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Microbiological Techniques; Middle Aged; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Parasites; Prospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Time Factors; Viruses; Young Adult
PubMed: 25588652
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02674-14 -
Medicine (Abingdon, England : UK Ed.) Nov 2017This article reviews the virology, immunology and epidemiology of the most common viral causes of acute gastroenteritis (rotaviruses, human caliciviruses, astroviruses,... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the virology, immunology and epidemiology of the most common viral causes of acute gastroenteritis (rotaviruses, human caliciviruses, astroviruses, enteric adenoviruses). Clinical symptoms range from mild diarrhoea to life-threatening dehydration, and rotavirus disease is a major cause of childhood mortality, mainly in developing countries. The diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures are reviewed. Uncommon viral causes of acute gastroenteritis and viruses causing gastroenteritis in immunodeficient patients are also discussed. Two live attenuated rotavirus vaccines (Rotarix, RotaTeq) have been licensed in >100 countries since 2006 and used in universal mass vaccination (UMV) programmes. In addition, a new rotavirus vaccine was licensed in India in 2015 for UMV. Although rotavirus vaccines are highly effective in industrialized countries, they are less so in low-income countries of sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia. Vaccines against human norovirus disease are under development. Major progress has recently been made in basic research on rotaviruses and human caliciviruses.
PubMed: 32288581
DOI: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2017.08.005 -
Uirusu Dec 2011Caliciviruses represented by norovirus and sapovirus exist not only in human but also in other animal species. Clinical manifestations are gastroenteritis, respiratory... (Review)
Review
Caliciviruses represented by norovirus and sapovirus exist not only in human but also in other animal species. Clinical manifestations are gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, vesicles and hemorrhagic skin diseases and others symptoms depended on the viruses. Inapparent symptom of calicivirus infection is also recognized. Calicivirus is stable in the environment and found sometimes in contaminated food or water sources. In addition to intragenomic mutation, intragenomic recombination is the common phenomenon that usually found in calicivirus genome. The genomic recombinations have been reported among the strains within the same animal species. For diagnosis and molecular epidemiological study, several laboratory methods are available, such as genetic molecular analysis, enzyme immunoassay and immunochromatography, which developed by using the antibody against virus-like particles. The reactivity between virus and host immunity is type specific and the titer of cross reaction is not so high. There are evidences that the new variant strains are emerged and spread quickly year by year. Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) is one of the specific host cells receptor for calicivirus. Infectivity of the virus depends on specificity of the HBGA on the host cells. Because of the inability to culture human norovirus and sapovirus, pathogenesis and immunological data are limited. So far, only feline calicivirus and mouse norovirus are cultivable. Animal model studies for calicivirus by gnotobiotic pigs with human calicivirus and mouse with mouse norovirus are mainly used for experiments of pathobiological study, treatment and vaccine development.
Topics: Animals; Caliciviridae; Caliciviridae Infections; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Mice; Norovirus; Sapovirus; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 22916566
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.61.193 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019Noroviruses and Sapoviruses, classified in the family, are small positive-stranded RNA viruses, considered nowadays the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis globally... (Review)
Review
Noroviruses and Sapoviruses, classified in the family, are small positive-stranded RNA viruses, considered nowadays the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis globally in both children and adults. Although most noroviruses have been associated with gastrointestinal disease in humans, almost 50 years after its discovery, there is still a lack of comprehensive evidence regarding its biology and pathogenesis mainly because they can be neither conveniently grown in cultured cells nor propagated in animal models. However, other members of this family such as Feline calicivirus (FCV), Murine norovirus (MNV), Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), and Porcine sapovirus (PS), from which there are accessible propagation systems, have been useful to study the calicivirus replication strategies. Using cell cultures and animal models, many of the functions of the viral proteins in the viral replication cycles have been well-characterized. Moreover, evidence of the role of viral proteins from different members of the family in the establishment of infection has been generated and the mechanism of their immunopathogenesis begins to be understood. In this review, we discuss different aspects of how caliciviruses are implicated in membrane rearrangements, apoptosis, and evasion of the immune responses, highlighting some of the pathogenic mechanisms triggered by different members of the family.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Apoptosis; Caliciviridae; Caliciviridae Infections; Cell Membrane; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Disease Susceptibility; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Genome, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunity; Immunity, Innate; Immunomodulation; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31632406
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02334 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Oct 2020Sapovirus, a genus in the Caliciviridae family alongside norovirus, is increasingly recognized as an important cause of childhood diarrhea. Some challenges exist in our... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Sapovirus, a genus in the Caliciviridae family alongside norovirus, is increasingly recognized as an important cause of childhood diarrhea. Some challenges exist in our ability to better understand sapovirus infections, including the inability to grow sapovirus in cell culture, which has hindered diagnosis and studies of immunity. Another challenge is that individuals with sapovirus infection are commonly coinfected with other enteric pathogens, complicating our ability to attribute the diarrhea episode to a single pathogen.
RECENT FINDINGS
Development of molecular methods for sapovirus detection has increased our ability to measure disease prevalence. The prevalence of sapovirus varies between 1 and 17% of diarrhea episodes worldwide, with the highest burden in young children and older adults. Further, epidemiological studies have used novel approaches to account for the presence of coinfections with other enteric pathogens; one multisite cohort study of children under two years of age found that sapovirus had the second-highest attributable incidence among all diarrheal pathogens studied.
SUMMARY
Especially in settings where rotavirus vaccines have been introduced, efforts to reduce the overall burden of childhood diarrhea should focus on the reduction of sapovirus transmission and disease burden.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Caliciviridae Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Coinfection; Diarrhea; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Rotavirus Vaccines; Sapovirus; Young Adult
PubMed: 32796163
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000671 -
Medicine (Abingdon, England : UK Ed.) Dec 2013This article reviews the virology, immunology and epidemiology of the most common viral causes of acute gastroenteritis (rotaviruses, human caliciviruses, astroviruses... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the virology, immunology and epidemiology of the most common viral causes of acute gastroenteritis (rotaviruses, human caliciviruses, astroviruses and enteric adenoviruses). The clinical symptoms span from mild diarrhoea to life-threatening dehydration, and rotavirus disease is a major cause of childhood mortality, mainly in developing countries. The diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures are reviewed. Uncommon viral causes of acute gastroenteritis and viruses causing gastroenteritis in immunodeficient patients are mentioned. The clinically most important development in this field over the past 3 years has been the wide application of the new live attenuated rotavirus vaccines in universal mass vaccination programmes in many countries.
PubMed: 32288575
DOI: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2013.09.009 -
PloS One 2017Norovirus and sapovirus are important causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among American Indian infants. We investigated the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of...
Norovirus and sapovirus are important causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among American Indian infants. We investigated the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of norovirus and sapovirus in American Indian infants who have historically experienced a high burden of AGE compared to other US populations. Stool samples were collected from 241 children with AGE (cases) and from 343 infants without AGE (controls) ≤9 months of age from 2002-2004. Cases experienced forceful vomiting and/or 3 or more watery or looser-than-normal stools in 24 hours. Stools were tested by real-time RT-PCR for norovirus GI, GII and GIV and sapovirus GI, GII, GIV and GV. Positive samples were genotyped after sequencing conventional RT-PCR products. Norovirus was identified in 76 (31.5%) of the cases and 70 (20.4%) of the controls (p<0.001). GII.3 and GII.4 Farmington Hills were the most frequently identified genotypes in 14.5% and 30.3% of cases and 17.1% and 27.1% of controls, respectively. Sapovirus GI and GII genotypes were identified in 8 (3.3%) of cases and 8 (2.3%) of controls and a single GIV virus was detected in a control. The same norovirus and sapovirus genotypes were circulating in the general U.S. population in the same time period. The high detection rate of norovirus in healthy controls suggests significant asymptomatic transmission in young infants in these communities.
Topics: Caliciviridae Infections; Case-Control Studies; Diarrhea; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Humans; Indians, North American; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Molecular Epidemiology; Norovirus; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sapovirus; United States; Vomiting
PubMed: 28046108
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169491