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Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia E... Jan 2019The aim of the present study was to perform a comprehensive review of the literature to provide a complete and clear picture of isthmocele-a hypoechoic area within... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the present study was to perform a comprehensive review of the literature to provide a complete and clear picture of isthmocele-a hypoechoic area within the myometrium at the site of the uterine scar of a previous cesarean section-by exploring in depth every aspect of this condition.
METHODS
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to identify the most relevant studies about this topic.
RESULTS
Every aspect of isthmocele has been studied and described: pathophysiology, clinical symptoms, classification, and diagnosis. Its treatment, both medical and surgical, has also been reported according to the actual literature data.
CONCLUSION
Cesarean section is the most common surgical procedure performed worldwide, and one of the consequences of this technique is isthmocele. A single and systematic classification of isthmocele is needed to improve its diagnosis and management. Further studies should be performed to better understand its pathogenesis.
Topics: Cesarean Section; Cicatrix; Female; Humans; Myometrium; Risk Factors; Uterine Diseases
PubMed: 30646424
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676109 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2021Scars, as the result of abnormal wound-healing response after skin injury, may lead to loss of aesthetics and physical dysfunction. Current clinical strategies, such as... (Review)
Review
Scars, as the result of abnormal wound-healing response after skin injury, may lead to loss of aesthetics and physical dysfunction. Current clinical strategies, such as surgical excision, laser treatment, and drug application, provide late remedies for scarring, yet it is difficult to eliminate scars. In this review, the functions, roles of multiple polymer scaffolds in wound healing and scar inhibition are explored. Polysaccharide and protein scaffolds, an analog of extracellular matrix, act as templates for cell adhesion and migration, differentiation to facilitate wound reconstruction and limit scarring. Stem cell-seeded scaffolds and growth factors-loaded scaffolds offer significant bioactive substances to improve the wound healing process. Special emphasis is placed on scaffolds that continuously release oxygen, which greatly accelerates the vascularization process and ensures graft survival, providing convincing theoretical support and great promise for scarless healing.
Topics: Animals; Cell Proliferation; Cicatrix; Humans; Oxygen; Polymers; Skin; Tissue Scaffolds; Wound Healing
PubMed: 34684690
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206110 -
Experimental Dermatology Jun 2014Most cutaneous wounds heal with scar formation. Ideally, an inconspicuous normotrophic scar is formed, but an abnormal scar (hypertrophic scar or keloid) can also... (Review)
Review
Most cutaneous wounds heal with scar formation. Ideally, an inconspicuous normotrophic scar is formed, but an abnormal scar (hypertrophic scar or keloid) can also develop. A major challenge to scientists and physicians is to prevent adverse scar formation after severe trauma (e.g. burn injury) and understand why some individuals will form adverse scars even after relatively minor injury. Currently, many different models exist to study scar formation, ranging from simple monolayer cell culture to 3D tissue-engineered models even to humanized mouse models. Currently, these high-/medium-throughput test models avoid the main questions referring to why an adverse scar forms instead of a normotrophic scar and what causes a hypertrophic scar to form rather than a keloid scar and also, how is the genetic predisposition of the individual and the immune system involved. This information is essential if we are to identify new drug targets and develop optimal strategies in the future to prevent adverse scar formation. This viewpoint review summarizes the progress on in vitro and animal scar models, stresses the limitations in the current models and identifies the future challenges if scar-free healing is to be achieved in the future.
Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Cicatrix, Hypertrophic; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Keloid; Mice; Models, Animal; Models, Biological; Skin; Tissue Engineering; Wound Healing
PubMed: 24750541
DOI: 10.1111/exd.12419 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2023Pathological scars are the result of over-repair and excessive tissue proliferation of the skin injury. It may cause serious dysfunction, resulting in psychological and... (Review)
Review
Pathological scars are the result of over-repair and excessive tissue proliferation of the skin injury. It may cause serious dysfunction, resulting in psychological and physiological burdens on the patients. Currently, mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) displayed a promising therapeutic effect on wound repair and scar attenuation. But the regulatory mechanisms are opinions vary. In view of inflammation has long been proven as the initial factor of wound healing and scarring, and the unique immunomodulation mechanism of MSC-Exo, the utilization of MSC-Exo may be promising therapeutic for pathological scars. However, different immune cells function differently during wound repair and scar formation. The immunoregulatory mechanism of MSC-Exo would differ among different immune cells and molecules. Herein, this review gave a comprehensive summary of MSC-Exo immunomodulating different immune cells in wound healing and scar formation to provide basic theoretical references and therapeutic exploration of inflammatory wound healing and pathological scars.
Topics: Humans; Cicatrix; Exosomes; Immune System; Immunomodulation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Wound Healing
PubMed: 37427367
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S412717 -
Burns : Journal of the International... Jun 2014Keloids and hypertrophic scars are prevalent disabling conditions with still suboptimal treatments. Basic science and molecular-based medicine research have contributed... (Review)
Review
Keloids and hypertrophic scars are prevalent disabling conditions with still suboptimal treatments. Basic science and molecular-based medicine research have contributed to unravel new bench-to-bedside scar therapies and to dissect the complex signalling pathways involved. Peptides such as the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, with Smads, Ski, SnoN, Fussels, endoglin, DS-Sily, Cav-1p, AZX100, thymosin-β4 and other related molecules may emerge as targets to prevent and treat keloids and hypertrophic scars. The aim of this review is to describe the basic complexity of these new molecular scar management strategies and point out new fibrosis research lines.
Topics: Cicatrix, Hypertrophic; Humans; Keloid
PubMed: 24438742
DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.11.010 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2024Skin injury always results in fibrotic, non-functional scars in adults. Although multiple factors are well-known contributors to scar formation, the precise underlying... (Review)
Review
Skin injury always results in fibrotic, non-functional scars in adults. Although multiple factors are well-known contributors to scar formation, the precise underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This review aims to elucidate the intricacies of the wound healing process, summarize the known factors driving skin cells in wounds toward a scarring fate, and particularly to discuss the impact of fibroblast heterogeneity on scar formation. To the end, we explore potential therapeutic interventions used in the treatment of scarring wounds.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Cicatrix; Skin; Wound Healing; Fibroblasts
PubMed: 38338767
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031458 -
Fertility and Sterility Aug 2021
Topics: Cesarean Section; Cicatrix; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Uterine Diseases
PubMed: 34233841
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.06.006 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Jun 2018Hypertrophic, keloidal and contracted scars can be cosmetically and functionally debilitating, and by patients this is often perceived as traumatising. Psychological and... (Review)
Review
Hypertrophic, keloidal and contracted scars can be cosmetically and functionally debilitating, and by patients this is often perceived as traumatising. Psychological and social impairments are common in these types of scars. Currently, autologous lipofilling, with or without enrichment with stem cells, is performed to improve scar quality. In this review, we evaluate the evidence on lipofilling as a treatment of scars. The literature mainly consists of studies of low-level evidence, i.e. they lack controls and randomisation. Nevertheless, all studies indicate, that lipofilling may improve the quality of scars.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Cicatrix; Humans; Injections; Stem Cell Transplantation; Transplantation, Autologous; Wound Healing
PubMed: 29938639
DOI: No ID Found -
Scientific Reports Jan 2020The spiny mouse, Acomys cahirinus displays a unique wound healing ability with regeneration of all skin components in a scar-free manner. To identify orchestrators of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The spiny mouse, Acomys cahirinus displays a unique wound healing ability with regeneration of all skin components in a scar-free manner. To identify orchestrators of this regenerative response we have performed proteomic analyses of skin from Acomys and Mus musculus before and after wounding. Of the ~2000 proteins identified many are expressed at similar levels in Acomys and Mus, but there are significant differences. Following wounding in Mus the complement and coagulation cascades, PPAR signaling pathway and ECM-receptor interactions predominate. In Acomys, other pathways predominate including the Wnt, MAPK, the ribosome, proteasome, endocytosis and tight junction pathways. Notable among Acomys specific proteins are several ubiquitin-associated enzymes and kinases, whereas in Mus immuno-modulation proteins characteristic of inflammatory response are unique or more prominent. ECM proteins such as collagens are more highly expressed in Mus, but likely more important is the higher expression of matrix remodeling proteases in Acomys. Another distinctive difference between Acomys and Mus lies in the macrophage-produced arginase 1 is found in Mus whereas arginase 2 is found in Acomys. Thus, we have identified several avenues for experimental approaches whose aim is to reduce the fibrotic response that the typical mammal displays in response to wounding.
Topics: Animals; Cicatrix; Mice; Murinae; Proteome; Regeneration; Skin; Wound Healing
PubMed: 31932597
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56823-y -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Oct 2021
Topics: Cicatrix; Electrocardiography; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Myocardium
PubMed: 34709295
DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210712