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British Medical Journal Mar 1973
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anorexia Nervosa; Female; Humans; Menstruation Disturbances; Neurotic Disorders; Pregnancy; Premenstrual Syndrome; Progesterone; Pseudopregnancy; Scopolamine; Stress, Psychological; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 4735136
DOI: No ID Found -
Toxins Sep 2022The cereal grains, which represent the cultivated grasses fruits, supply almost half of the total caloric requirements for humans and provide more nourishment compared...
The cereal grains, which represent the cultivated grasses fruits, supply almost half of the total caloric requirements for humans and provide more nourishment compared with any other class of the food. Out of many cereals used for food, maize, rice, and wheat are the most important food resources for humans, representing 94% of the total cereals consumption. According to the data of the Republic Institute of Statistics for the year 2018, the harvested areas of corn amount to 906,753 hectares. The production of about 7 million tons was achieved with an average yield of 7.7 t/ha according to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Serbia. Serbia is still among the ten largest exporters of wheat and corn in the world for the period of 2014/15-2017/18. More precisely, it ranks seventh in the export of corn. Utilization of maize products for food animal nutrition (1000 t) is 491,48, and for industrial processing (1000 t) 278,862 expressed as the total consumption (1000 t) is 769,910. Therefore, a total of 103 samples of maize products were analyzed for the presence of toxins, i.e., tropane alkaloids (TAs). The samples were collected from the retail stores in the Republic of Serbia in 2021 and analyzed for the presence of atropine and scopolamine (33 corn grits, 39 polenta, and 31 semolina samples). Therefore, the Recommendation 2015/976/EU on the monitoring of TAs in food was adopted by the EU Commission to obtain more occurrence data on TAs in food. The monitoring extent, however, is restricted because reliable analytical methods and appropriate sensitivity are limited. There was a limit of 1 g/kg for each atropine and scopolamine in cereals containing millet, sorghum, buckwheat, or their derivatives. All the samples were analyzed by the LC-MS/MS. The LOQ was set at 1.0 μg/kg. Out of the total 103 tested samples, 32 samples (31.1%) were contaminated with atropine and scopolamine in concentrations above the LOQ. The highest concentrations of the studied TAs were observed in a semolina sample-atropine: 58.80 μg/kg, scopolamine: 10.20 μg/kg. The obtained results indicate that the TAs concentrations are above the LOQ which can be considered potential human and animal health hazards.
Topics: Animals; Atropine; Chromatography, Liquid; Edible Grain; Food Contamination; Humans; Scopolamine; Serbia; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Tropanes; Zea mays
PubMed: 36136559
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090621 -
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Jan 2019
Topics: Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Scopolamine
PubMed: 30267844
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.09.012 -
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Mar 2019
Topics: Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Scopolamine
PubMed: 30496790
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.11.020 -
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Jan 2019
Topics: Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Scopolamine
PubMed: 30367929
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.10.497 -
Zoological Research Jul 2023Delirium is a severe acute neuropsychiatric syndrome that commonly occurs in the elderly and is considered an independent risk factor for later dementia. However, given...
Delirium is a severe acute neuropsychiatric syndrome that commonly occurs in the elderly and is considered an independent risk factor for later dementia. However, given its inherent complexity, few animal models of delirium have been established and the mechanism underlying the onset of delirium remains elusive. Here, we conducted a comparison of three mouse models of delirium induced by clinically relevant risk factors, including anesthesia with surgery (AS), systemic inflammation, and neurotransmission modulation. We found that both bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cholinergic receptor antagonist scopolamine (Scop) induction reduced neuronal activities in the delirium-related brain network, with the latter presenting a similar pattern of reduction as found in delirium patients. Consistently, Scop injection resulted in reversible cognitive impairment with hyperactive behavior. No loss of cholinergic neurons was found with treatment, but hippocampal synaptic functions were affected. These findings provide further clues regarding the mechanism underlying delirium onset and demonstrate the successful application of the Scop injection model in mimicking delirium-like phenotypes in mice.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Scopolamine; Brain Diseases; Brain; Cognitive Dysfunction; Delirium
PubMed: 37313848
DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.473 -
Pharmacological Reports : PR Dec 2023The desire to find a gold-standard therapy for depression is still ongoing. Developing one universal and effective pharmacotherapy remains troublesome due to the high... (Review)
Review
The desire to find a gold-standard therapy for depression is still ongoing. Developing one universal and effective pharmacotherapy remains troublesome due to the high complexity and variety of symptoms. Over the last decades, the understanding of the mechanism of pathophysiology of depression and its key consequences for brain functioning have undergone significant changes, referring to the monoaminergic theory of the disease. After the breakthrough discovery of ketamine, research began to focus on the modulation of glutamatergic transmission as a new pharmacological target. Glutamate is a crucial player in mechanisms of a novel class of antidepressants, including hallucinogens such as ketamine. The role of glutamatergic transmission is also suggested in the antidepressant (AD) action of scopolamine and psilocybin. Despite fast, robust, and sustained AD action hallucinogens belonging to a group of rapid-acting antidepressants (RAA) exert significant undesired effects, which hamper their use in the clinic. Thus, the synergistic action of more than one substance in lower doses instead of monotherapy may alleviate the likelihood of adverse effects while improving therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we explore AD-like behavioral, synaptic, and molecular action of RAAs such as ketamine, scopolamine, and psilocybin, in combination with mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists.
Topics: Ketamine; Hallucinogens; Psilocybin; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Antidepressive Agents; Depression; Scopolamine
PubMed: 37932583
DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00547-4 -
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 2021Fasting, anticholinergics, and seizures affect c‑fos activation in the brain. Additionally, antimuscarinic treated fasted animals develop convulsion soon after...
Fasting, anticholinergics, and seizures affect c‑fos activation in the brain. Additionally, antimuscarinic treated fasted animals develop convulsion soon after re‑feeding. Therefore, we assessed whether c‑fos expression changes in fed, fasting, and refed animals and how scopolamine treatment affects these changes. We further assessed whether there is a change in c‑fos expression after convulsions. For this purpose, BALB/c mice fasted for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h periods were used. The animals were treated with saline or scopolamine. Half\r\nof the animals treated with saline or scopolamine were given food 20 min after injection. All animals were observed for development of convulsions for 30 min. At the end of this period, the brains of all animals were removed, and the percentage of c‑fos active cells in the hypothalamus was determined immunohistochemically. Convulsions occurred within 1‑48 h of fasting, after scopolamine treatment and re‑feeding. Compared to fed animals, c‑fos expression was not significantly changed in those undergoing different fasting periods, but significantly decreased after 12 h fasting. After animals were allowed to eat, c‑fos activation significantly increased in the 1, 3, 6 and 12 refed‑saline groups and decreased in the 48 refed‑saline group. Scopolamine treatment in 1‑24 h fasted animals increased c‑fos expression, but decreased in 48 h fasted animals. Whereas convulsion development in scopolamine‑treated 3, 6, 12 and 24 h refed animals suppressed c‑fos expression. These results demonstrate that re‑feeding and scopolamine treatment induces neuronal activity in the hypothalamus, while scopolamine induced convulsions after food intake suppressed the c‑fos activity.
Topics: Animals; Eating; Fasting; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Scopolamine; Seizures
PubMed: 34672296
DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-024 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jun 2011This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in The Cochrane Library in Issue 3, 2004 and previously updated in 2007 and 2009.Motion sickness, the discomfort... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in The Cochrane Library in Issue 3, 2004 and previously updated in 2007 and 2009.Motion sickness, the discomfort experienced when perceived motion disturbs the organs of balance, may include symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, pallor, cold sweats, hypersalivation, hyperventilation and headaches. The control and prevention of these symptoms has included pharmacological, behavioural and complementary therapies. Although scopolamine (hyoscine) has been used in the treatment and prevention of motion sickness for decades, there have been no systematic reviews of its effectiveness.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effectiveness of scopolamine versus no therapy, placebo, other drugs, behavioural and complementary therapy or two or more of the above therapies in combination for motion sickness in persons (both adults and children) without known vestibular, visual or central nervous system pathology.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group Trials Register; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); PubMed; EMBASE; CINAHL; Web of Science; BIOSIS Previews; Cambridge Scientific Abstracts; ICTRP and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the most recent search was 14 April 2011.
SELECTION CRITERIA
All parallel-arm, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on scopolamine versus no therapy, placebo, other drugs, behavioural and complementary therapy or two or more of the above therapies in combination. We considered outcomes relating to the prevention of onset or treatment of clinically-defined motion sickness, task ability and psychological tests, changes in physiological parameters and adverse effects.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently extracted data from the studies using standardised forms. We assessed study quality. We expressed dichotomous data as odds ratio (OR) and calculated a pooled OR using the random-effects model.
MAIN RESULTS
Of 35 studies considered potentially relevant, 14 studies enrolling 1025 subjects met the entry criteria. Scopolamine was administered via transdermal patches, tablets or capsules, oral solutions or intravenously. Scopolamine was compared against placebo, calcium channel antagonists, antihistamine, methscopolamine or a combination of scopolamine and ephedrine. Studies were generally small in size and of varying quality.Scopolamine was more effective than placebo in the prevention of symptoms. Comparisons between scopolamine and other agents were few and suggested that scopolamine was superior (versus methscopolamine) or equivalent (versus antihistamines) as a preventative agent. Evidence comparing scopolamine to cinnarizine or combinations of scopolamine and ephedrine is equivocal or minimal.Although sample sizes were small, scopolamine was no more likely to induce drowsiness, blurring of vision or dizziness compared to other agents. Dry mouth was more likely with scopolamine than with methscopolamine or cinnarizine.No studies were available relating to the therapeutic effectiveness of scopolamine in the management of established symptoms of motion sickness.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
The use of scopolamine versus placebo in preventing motion sickness has been shown to be effective. No conclusions can be made on the comparative effectiveness of scopolamine and other agents such as antihistamines and calcium channel antagonists. In addition, we identified no randomised controlled trials that examined the effectiveness of scopolamine in the treatment of established symptoms of motion sickness.
Topics: Adult; Child; Ephedrine; Histamine Antagonists; Humans; Motion Sickness; Muscarinic Antagonists; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Scopolamine; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 21678338
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002851.pub4 -
British Journal of Anaesthesia Jul 1979
Review
Topics: Atropine; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Hemodynamics; Humans; Kinetics; Parasympatholytics; Scopolamine
PubMed: 399194
DOI: 10.1093/bja/51.7.671