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Radiographics : a Review Publication of... 2017Testicular seminoma is the most common malignant tumor of the testis. It classically manifests as a painless mass. Radiologic evaluation with high-frequency... (Review)
Review
Testicular seminoma is the most common malignant tumor of the testis. It classically manifests as a painless mass. Radiologic evaluation with high-frequency ultrasonography (US) is critical for diagnosis. Seminomas are usually homogeneously hypoechoic masses at US. In challenging cases, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may help confirm that a mass is intratesticular and provide data for local staging. Computed tomography (CT) provides valuable information for staging, including the presence and size of retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Testicular seminoma is treated with radical inguinal orchiectomy and is highly curable even at advanced stages of disease. Several neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions may mimic testicular seminoma at imaging. Benign mimics include segmental infarction, hematoma, infection, epidermoid cyst, adrenal rests, sarcoidosis, splenogonadal fusion, and sex cord-stromal tumors. Malignant mimics include nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, lymphoma, and metastases. These conditions are individually reviewed with emphasis on features that allow differentiation from seminoma. Spermatocytic tumor, formerly known as spermatocytic seminoma, accounts for only 1% of testicular tumors. It is distinct from classic seminoma, with unique histologic, molecular, and genetic features. It affects an older patient population than classic seminoma and demonstrates indolent clinical behavior. Radiologists serve a key role in diagnosis, staging, and surveillance of patients with seminoma. A thorough knowledge of related clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings will help the radiologist contribute to high-quality interdisciplinary care of affected patients.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Multimodal Imaging; Risk Factors; Seminoma; Testicular Neoplasms
PubMed: 28574809
DOI: 10.1148/rg.2017160164 -
Radiation Oncology (London, England) Aug 2011Pure seminoma is a rare pathology of the young adult, often discovered in the early stages. Its prognosis is generally excellent and many therapeutic options are... (Review)
Review
Pure seminoma is a rare pathology of the young adult, often discovered in the early stages. Its prognosis is generally excellent and many therapeutic options are available, especially in stage I tumors. High cure rates can be achieved in several ways: standard treatment with radiotherapy is challenged by surveillance and chemotherapy. Toxicity issues and the patients' preferences should be considered when management decisions are made. This paper describes firstly the management of primary seminoma and its nodal involvement and, secondly, the various therapeutic options according to stage.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biopsy; Clinical Trials as Topic; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Medical Oncology; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Radiotherapy; Recurrence; Seminoma; Testicular Neoplasms; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 21819630
DOI: 10.1186/1748-717X-6-90 -
Acta Clinica Croatica Sep 2020Germ-cell testicular cancer (GCTC) is a malignant neoplasm derived from the primordial germ cell. Although it accounts for approximately 1% of all malignancies in men,... (Review)
Review
Germ-cell testicular cancer (GCTC) is a malignant neoplasm derived from the primordial germ cell. Although it accounts for approximately 1% of all malignancies in men, it is the most common cancer of younger male population, with the highest incidence between ages 15 and 35. Testicular cancer incidence rate has risen globally over the past several decades, with the average increase in the incidence of testicular cancer in Croatia of 7% from the year 1983 to 2007. Two main groups are seminomas and non-seminomas, each accounting for 50% of cases, and they differ in treatment modalities and response to therapy. Despite increase in the incidence rate, a promising circumstance is that GCTC has become a model of curable cancer. Because of advances in diagnostic procedures, sophisticated radiation techniques and especially the introduction of cisplatin based chemotherapy protocols together with advanced postchemotherapy surgical techniques, curability is expected in about 95% of all patients diagnosed with testicular cancer and over 70% of patients with advanced disease. In this review, we will focus on treatment strategies of primary GCTC.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Croatia; Humans; Male; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal; Seminoma; Testicular Neoplasms; Young Adult
PubMed: 34177060
DOI: 10.20471/acc.2020.59.03.14 -
Acta Biochimica Et Biophysica Sinica May 2022Testicular seminoma is a relatively rare tumor which is mostly detected in male population aged from 15 to 35 years old. Although several molecular biomarkers have...
Testicular seminoma is a relatively rare tumor which is mostly detected in male population aged from 15 to 35 years old. Although several molecular biomarkers have been identified to be associated with testicular seminoma pathogenesis, the exact mechanism for testicular seminoma progression remains largely unknown. CDKN2A interacting protein (CDKN2AIP) has previously been identified as a tumor suppressor in multiple malignant diseases. In this study, we aimed to further explore its role in testicular seminoma as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. Retrospective testicular seminoma clinical samples, normal tissues, NTERA-2 cell line, and mouse xenograft models were used in this study. RT-qPCR, western blot analysis, immunofluorescence microscopy, Co-IP and IP-MS experiments were performed to detect the expression of CDKN2AIP and its interaction with CARM1 and eIF4β. SA-β-gal staining assay and H3K9me3 activity experiments were used to subsequently evaluate the cell senescence and apoptosis. Mouse xenograft animal model was used for study. The results showed that CDKN2AIP is highly expressed in normal testis samples, and is significantly suppressed in testicular seminoma clinical samples and cell line model. Up-regulation of CDKN2AIP is significantly associated with the inhibition of testicular seminoma tumor growth and the increase of cell senescence and apoptosis. CDKN2AIP exhibits anti-tumor activity by interacting with CARM1 and eIF4β. CDKN2AIP induces testicular seminoma cell senescence by suppressing CARM1 expression and eIF4β phosphorylation. The CDKN2AIP-CARM1 and CDKN2AIP-eIF4β interactions, which induce tumor cell senescence and apoptosis, may be the potential druggable molecular pathways in testicular seminoma tumor pathogenesis and progression.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Male; Mice; Apoptosis; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; Cellular Senescence; Retrospective Studies; RNA-Binding Proteins; Seminoma; Testicular Neoplasms
PubMed: 35593475
DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022040 -
Journal of Ayub Medical College,... 2021Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome is extremely rare. Our patient, a 32 years old male, with history of orchidectomy presented with mass abdomen. He was initially...
Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome is extremely rare. Our patient, a 32 years old male, with history of orchidectomy presented with mass abdomen. He was initially diagnosed with seminoma and subsequently treated with chemotherapy. Biopsy of the mass showed germ cell tumour and MRI abdomen revealed female rudimentary organs confirmed on per operative and later on histopathology. Karyotype was 46 XY.
Topics: Adult; Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY; Female; Humans; Male; Mullerian Ducts; Orchiectomy; Seminoma; Testicular Neoplasms
PubMed: 35077632
DOI: No ID Found -
Oncology Research 2022Seminomas are most commonly diagnosed in clinical stage I (CSI). After orchiectomy, approximately 15% of patients in this stage have subclinical metastases. Adjuvant... (Review)
Review
Seminomas are most commonly diagnosed in clinical stage I (CSI). After orchiectomy, approximately 15% of patients in this stage have subclinical metastases. Adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) delivered to the retroperitoneum and ipsilateral pelvic lymph nodes has been the mainstay of treatment for many years. Although highly efficient, with long-term cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates approaching almost 100%, ART is associated with considerable long-term consequences, particularly cardiovascular toxicity and increased risk of secondary malignancies (SMN). Therefore, active surveillance (AS) and adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) were developed as alternative treatment options. While AS prevents patient overtreatment, it is associated with strict follow-up regimens and increased radiation exposure due to repeated imaging. Due to equivalent CSS rates to ART, and lower toxicity, one course of adjuvant carboplatin presents the cornerstone of chemotherapy for CSI patients. CSS is almost 100% for patients with CSI seminoma, regardless of the chosen treatment option. Therefore, a personalized approach in treatment selection is preferred. Currently, routine radiotherapy for CSI seminoma patients is no longer recommended. Instead, it should be reserved for patients who are unfit or unwilling for AS or ACT. Identification of prognostic factors for disease relapse allowed for the development of risk-adapted treatment strategy and stratification of patients in low-risk and high-risk groups. Although risk-adapted policy needs further validation, surveillance is currently recommended in low-risk patients, while ACT is reserved for patients with a higher risk of relapse.
Topics: Humans; Male; Seminoma; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Carboplatin; Testicular Neoplasms
PubMed: 37305015
DOI: 10.32604/or.2022.027511 -
World Journal of Urology Dec 2022The optimal treatment for clinical stage (CS) IIA/IIB seminomas is still controversial. We evaluated current treatment options.
PURPOSE
The optimal treatment for clinical stage (CS) IIA/IIB seminomas is still controversial. We evaluated current treatment options.
METHODS
A systematic review was performed. Only randomized clinical trials and comparative studies published from January 2010 until February 2021 were included. Search items included: seminoma, CS IIA, CS IIB and therapy. Outcome parameters were relapse rate (RR), relapse-free (RFS), overall and cancer-specific survival (OS, CSS). Additionally, acute and long-term side effects including secondary malignancies (SMs) were analyzed.
RESULTS
Seven comparative studies (one prospective and six retrospective) were identified with a total of 5049 patients (CS IIA: 2840, CS IIB: 2209). The applied treatment modalities were radiotherapy (RT) (n = 3049; CS IIA: 1888, CSIIB: 1006, unknown: 155) and chemotherapy (CT) or no RT (n = 2000; CS IIA: 797, CS IIB: 1074, unknown: 129). In CS IIA, RRs ranged from 0% to 4.8% for RT and 0% for CT. Concerning CS IIB RRs of 9.5%-21.1% for RT and of 0%-14.2% for CT have been reported. 5-year OS ranged from 90 to 100%. Only two studies reported on treatment-related toxicities.
CONCLUSIONS
RT and CT are the most commonly applied treatments in CS IIA/B seminoma. In CS IIA seminomas, RRs after RT and CT are similar. However, in CS IIB, CT seems to be more effective. Survival rates of CS IIA/B seminomas are excellent. Consequently, long-term toxicities and SMs are important survivorship issues. Alternative treatment approaches, e.g., retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) or dose-reduced sequential CT/RT are currently under prospective investigation.
Topics: Male; Humans; Seminoma; Retrospective Studies; Prospective Studies; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Testicular Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Second Primary
PubMed: 34779882
DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03873-5 -
International Braz J Urol : Official... 2021Testicular cancer is considered a rare disease affecting approximately 1% to 2% of the male population. This neoplasm has a cure rate of over 95%; as a result, a major... (Review)
Review
Testicular cancer is considered a rare disease affecting approximately 1% to 2% of the male population. This neoplasm has a cure rate of over 95%; as a result, a major concern is the future of fertility of carriers from this disease. There are several histological subtypes of testicular tumors; however, the Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (TGCTs), comprising both seminoma and non-seminoma tumors, are considered the main subtypes of testicular neoplasms. TGCT are characterized by being a solid tumor that mostly affects young men aged between 15 and 40 years old. While TGCT subtypes may have an invasive potential, seminoma subtype does not affect other cells rather than germ cells, while non-seminomas have more invasive properties and can achieve somatic cells; thus, having a more aggressive nature. This research intends to review the literature regarding information about sperm parameters, correlating the data found in those studies to the subfertility and infertility of patients with TCGTs. Furthermore, it will also correlate the data to the non-seminoma and seminoma histological subtypes from pre- and post-cancer therapy. PubMed databases were used. Searched keywords included: seminoma AND non-seminoma; male infertility; germ cell tumor; chemotherapy AND radiotherapy. Only articles published in English were considered. Current studies demonstrate that both TGCT subtypes promote deleterious effects on semen quality resulting in decreased sperm concentration, declined sperm total motility and an increase in the morphology alterations. However, findings suggest that the non-seminoma subtype effects are more pronounced and deleterious. More studies will be necessary to clarify the behavior of seminoma and non-seminoma tumors implicating the reproductive health of male patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Humans; Male; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal; Semen Analysis; Seminoma; Spermatozoa; Testicular Neoplasms; Young Adult
PubMed: 32459453
DOI: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2021.99.01 -
Annals of Oncology : Official Journal... Apr 2022
Topics: Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Orchiectomy; Seminoma; Testicular Neoplasms
PubMed: 35065204
DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.01.002 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Feb 2008Testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer among Norwegian 15 to 40-year-old men. The incidence has doubled in Norway and Denmark during the last 50 years and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer among Norwegian 15 to 40-year-old men. The incidence has doubled in Norway and Denmark during the last 50 years and is currently the highest in the world.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The review article is based on relevant publications, own research and clinical experience.
RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
Post-orchiectomy treatment is only offered at university hospitals. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy (introduced in Norway in the early 1980s) has resulted in a remarkably improved survival for patients with advanced testicular cancer. Most patients are cured (> 80%), also those with metastases. Cancer-related survival approaches 95%. Treatment-induced side effects and efforts to reduce these have been an issue of increasing importance during recent years.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antineoplastic Agents; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Cisplatin; Denmark; Humans; Incidence; Male; Norway; Orchiectomy; Seminoma; Survival Rate; Testicular Neoplasms
PubMed: 18274581
DOI: No ID Found