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NCHS Data Brief Dec 2022This report presents final 2021 U.S. mortality data on deaths and death rates by demographic and medical characteristics. These data provide information on mortality...
This report presents final 2021 U.S. mortality data on deaths and death rates by demographic and medical characteristics. These data provide information on mortality patterns among U.S. residents by variables such as sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, and cause of death. Life expectancy estimates, ageadjusted death rates, age-specific death rates, the 10 leading causes of death,infant mortality rates, and the 10 leading causes of infant death were analyzed by comparing 2021 and 2020 final data (1).
Topics: Infant; Humans; United States; Cause of Death; Sex Distribution; Infant Mortality; Life Expectancy; Mortality
PubMed: 36598387
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD 2021Reported sex distributions differ between frontotemporal dementia (FTD) cohorts. Possible explanations are the evolving clinical criteria of FTD and its subtypes and the...
BACKGROUND
Reported sex distributions differ between frontotemporal dementia (FTD) cohorts. Possible explanations are the evolving clinical criteria of FTD and its subtypes and the discovery of FTD causal genetic mutations that has resulted in varying demographics.
OBJECTIVE
Our aim was to determine the sex distribution of sporadic and genetic FTD cases and its subtypes in an international cohort.
METHODS
We included 910 patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD; n = 654), non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA; n = 99), semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA; n = 117), and right temporal variant frontotemporal dementia (rtvFTD; n = 40). We compared sex distribution between genetic and sporadic FTD using χ2-tests.
RESULTS
The genetic FTD group consisted of 51.2% males, which did not differ from sporadic FTD (57.8% male, p = 0.08). In the sporadic bvFTD subgroup, males were predominant in contrast to genetic bvFTD (61.6% versus 52.9% males, p = 0.04). In the other clinical FTD subgroups, genetic cases were underrepresented and within the sporadic cases the sex distribution was somewhat equal.
CONCLUSION
The higher male prevalence in sporadic bvFTD may provide important clues for its differential pathogenesis and warrants further research.
Topics: Aphasia, Primary Progressive; Female; Frontotemporal Dementia; Humans; Internationality; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Semantics; Sex Distribution
PubMed: 34633319
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-210688 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Oct 2017
Topics: Cluster Headache; Female; Humans; Male; Sex Distribution; Sex Factors
PubMed: 29199809
DOI: No ID Found -
Heart (British Cardiac Society) Jan 2020
Topics: Aged; Aorta, Thoracic; Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic; Female; Humans; Male; Sex Distribution
PubMed: 31619449
DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315903 -
Urologie (Heidelberg, Germany) Oct 2022
Topics: Humans; Physicians, Women; Sex Distribution; Urology
PubMed: 36214820
DOI: 10.1007/s00120-022-01930-4 -
International Journal of Stroke :... Aug 2021Beat-to-beat blood pressure variability is associated with increased stroke risk but its importance at different ages is unclear.
BACKGROUND
Beat-to-beat blood pressure variability is associated with increased stroke risk but its importance at different ages is unclear.
AIMS
To determine the age-sex distribution of blood pressure variability in patients with transient ischemic stroke or minor stroke.
METHODS
In consecutive patients within six weeks of transient ischemic stroke or non-disabling stroke (Oxford Vascular Study), non-invasive blood pressure was measured beat-to-beat over five minutes (Finometer). The age-sex distribution of blood pressure variability (residual coefficient of variation) was determined for systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. The risk of top-decile blood pressure variability was estimated (logistic regression), unadjusted, and adjusted for age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors.
RESULTS
In 908 of 1013 patients, excluding 54 in atrial fibrillation and 51 with low quality recordings, residual coefficient of variation was positively skewed with a median systolic residual coefficient of variation of 4.2% (IQR 3.2-5.5) and diastolic residual coefficient of variation of 3.9% (3.0-5.5), with 90th centile thresholds of 7.2 and 7.3%. Median systolic residual coefficient of variation was higher in patients under 50 years (4.5 and 3.0-5.3) compared to 60-70 years (4.1 and 3.2-5.2), but rose to 4.5% (3.5-6.9) above 80 years, with an increasingly positive skew. The proportion of patients with markedly elevated blood pressure variability in the top-decile increased significantly per decade (OR 1.72, p < 0.001), after adjustment for sex and risk factors.
CONCLUSIONS
Median beat-to-beat blood pressure variability fell in midlife, reflecting loss of physiological, organized blood pressure variability. However, rates of markedly elevated blood pressure variability significantly increased with greater age, suggesting that blood pressure variability may be particularly important in older patients.
Topics: Aged; Blood Pressure; Humans; Hypertension; Ischemic Attack, Transient; Risk Factors; Sex Distribution; Stroke
PubMed: 33167788
DOI: 10.1177/1747493020971905 -
Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) Apr 2016There is growing epidemiologic data demonstrating sex differences with respect to prevalence and progression of airway diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive... (Review)
Review
There is growing epidemiologic data demonstrating sex differences with respect to prevalence and progression of airway diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF-related bronchiectasis. In asthma, for example, young boys have increased exacerbations and higher morbidity than girls which distinctly reverses after adolescence and into adulthood. In COPD, a disease that was historically considered an illness of men, the number of women dying per year is now greater than in men. Finally, women with CF-related bronchiectasis have a decreased median life expectancy relative to men and a higher risk of respiratory infections despite equal prevalence of the disease. A number of studies now exist demonstrating mechanisms behind these sex differences, including influences of genetic predisposition, sex hormones and comorbidities. The notable sex disparity has potential diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications and for the practicing respiratory or general physician, a familiarity with these distinctions may augment effective management of patients with airway diseases. This review seeks to concisely summarize the data regarding gender-based differences in airway diseases, outline the current understanding of contributing factors and discuss therapeutic implications for clinicians.
Topics: Awareness; Disease Progression; Female; Global Health; Humans; Male; Morbidity; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Sex Distribution; Sex Factors
PubMed: 26677803
DOI: 10.1111/resp.12702 -
Steroids May 2018Sleep apnea is a disorder, which increasingly affects people worldwide. Whether the associated hypoxic events during sleep are central or obstructive in origin, the end... (Review)
Review
Sleep apnea is a disorder, which increasingly affects people worldwide. Whether the associated hypoxic events during sleep are central or obstructive in origin, the end result is excessive daytime sleepiness and an increased risk for several comorbidities, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Sleep apnea is diagnosed more frequently in men than women, suggesting a role of sex hormones in the pathology of the disease. Furthermore, there are sex differences in the development and progression of comorbid diseases associated with sleep apnea. Therefore, treatment of sleep apnea may be clinically relevant for prevention of subsequent sex-specific comorbid disorders. While the impact sleep apnea has on cardiovascular events has been the subject of many research studies, the role of sleep apnea in neurodegeneration is less established. Here we review known risk factors for sleep apnea and the implications of the observed sex differences in this disease. We also summarize the evidence and mechanisms for how sleep apnea may contribute to the onset of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Topics: Comorbidity; Humans; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Sex Distribution; Sleep Apnea Syndromes
PubMed: 29258810
DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.12.006 -
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... May 2012Uncorrected presbyopia is a significant cause of visual disability globally. Greater comprehension of the etiology of presbyopia and its contributing factors among... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
PURPOSE
Uncorrected presbyopia is a significant cause of visual disability globally. Greater comprehension of the etiology of presbyopia and its contributing factors among medical and vision care providers could lead to changes in correction methods and account for sex differences in near-vision requirements.
METHODS
A meta-analysis was performed using nine cross-sectional studies that provided sufficient data to compare the prevalence and magnitude of presbyopia among men and women. This analysis was further subdivided into measurement methods to determine what differences in presbyopia might exist between men and women.
RESULTS
Studies of presbyopia including sex as a contributing factor were highly heterogenic (P = 0.01) but overall found female sex to be statistically significant in predicting earlier onset for presbyopia with an adjusted confidence interval (CI) using the Shore method of 95% CI [1.02, 1.45]. When limited to studies only measuring accommodative amplitude, female sex was not associated with presbyopia in a fixed effects model with a 95% CI [0.49, 1.07].
CONCLUSIONS
While an association between female sex and presbyopia for subjective measurements (near spectacle prescriptions and add powers) was indicated, measurements of accommodative amplitude show a weak tendency toward the opposite.
CONCLUSION
This suggests that increased association of presbyopia for women is not due to a physiologic difference in accommodation but rather due to other sex differences, such as tasks performed and viewing distances. Age-based correction nomograms for presbyopia should therefore consider these sex differences when prescribing add powers for near tasks.
Topics: Female; Global Health; Humans; Male; Presbyopia; Prevalence; Sex Distribution; Sex Factors
PubMed: 22531698
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9791 -
Global Health Action 2016Although observational data show social characteristics such as gender or socio-economic status to be strong predictors of health, their impact is seldom investigated in... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Although observational data show social characteristics such as gender or socio-economic status to be strong predictors of health, their impact is seldom investigated in randomised controlled studies (RCTs).
OBJECTIVE & DESIGN
Using a random sample of recent RCTs from high-impact journals, we examined how the most often recorded social characteristic, sex/gender, is considered in design, analysis, and interpretation. Of 712 RCTs published from September 2008 to 31 December 2013 in the Annals of Internal Medicine, British Medical Journal, Lancet, Canadian Medical Association Journal, or New England Journal of Medicine, we randomly selected 57 to analyse funding, methods, number of centres, documentation of social circumstances, inclusion/exclusion criteria, proportions of women/men, and reporting about sex/gender in analyses and discussion.
RESULTS
Participants' sex was recorded in most studies (52/57). Thirty-nine percent included men and women approximately equally. Overrepresentation of men in 43% of studies without explicit exclusions for women suggested interference in selection processes. The minority of studies that did analyse sex/gender differences (22%) did not discuss or reflect upon these, or dismissed significant findings. Two studies reinforced traditional beliefs about women's roles, finding no impact of breastfeeding on infant health but nevertheless reporting possible benefits. Questionable methods such as changing protocols mid-study, having undefined exclusion criteria, allowing local researchers to remove participants from studies, and suggesting possible benefit where none was found were evident, particularly in industry-funded research.
CONCLUSIONS
Social characteristics like sex/gender remain hidden from analyses and interpretation in RCTs, with loss of information and embedding of error all along the path from design to interpretation, and therefore, to uptake in clinical practice. Our results suggest that to broaden external validity, in particular, more refined trial designs and analyses that account for sex/gender and other social characteristics are needed.
Topics: Canada; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Minority Groups; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Research Design; Sex; Sex Distribution; Social Class
PubMed: 27087576
DOI: 10.3402/gha.v9.29597