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Journal of Molecular Structure Aug 2021Face shield are the unmistakable plastic gatekeepers secures eyes and face, simpler to wear and a group of specialists state face shields may supplant masks as an...
Face shield are the unmistakable plastic gatekeepers secures eyes and face, simpler to wear and a group of specialists state face shields may supplant masks as an increasingly agreeable and progressively successful obstacle to COVID-19. Face shields are useful in stopping respiratory droplets from speading from the wearer to others. The droplets, which come into contact with the shield, are quickly spread over a large area, both transversely and vertically, over the shield, but with a shrinking concentration of droplets, as opposed to face masks, which appear to slide under the nose of the wearer or, worse, collapse entirely off the shield. Hence, a face- shield can be considered as personal protective equipment (PPE), which is a first line of resistance, utilized by the clinicians and forefront health workers for protection against the infectious body fluid and aerosols. Face-shields are mainly fabricated using polycarbonate material, because of their excellent optical transparency in UVA-visible-IR spectrum and mechanical properties. The goal of this article is to provide researchers working in the same area, as well as health and industrial staff, with a detailed analysis of the usage of face shields against bioaerosols and the need for personal security. The reviews main focus on the background of the face shield, provide assistance in the selection, its design and structure, applications, advantages and disadvantages. Lastly, people's view about the usage of face shield as it becomes an essential part of human beings like an accomplice during this current pandemic situation.
PubMed: 33867574
DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130443 -
Infection and Immunity Mar 2020The complex bacterial populations that constitute the gut microbiota can harbor antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including those encoding β-lactamase enzymes (BLA),...
The complex bacterial populations that constitute the gut microbiota can harbor antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including those encoding β-lactamase enzymes (BLA), which degrade commonly prescribed antibiotics such as ampicillin. The prevalence of such genes in commensal bacteria has been increased in recent years by the wide use of antibiotics in human populations and in livestock. While transfer of ARGs between bacterial species has well-established dramatic public health implications, these genes can also function in within bacterial consortia, where antibiotic-resistant bacteria can provide antibiotic-sensitive neighbors with leaky protection from drugs, as shown both and , in models of lung and subcutaneous coinfection. However, whether the expression of ARGs by harmless commensal bacterial species can destroy antibiotics in the intestinal lumen and shield antibiotic-sensitive pathogens is unknown. To address this question, we colonized germfree or wild-type mice with a model intestinal commensal strain of that produces either functional or defective BLA. Mice were subsequently infected with or , followed by treatment with oral ampicillin. The production of functional BLA by commensal markedly reduced clearance of these pathogens and enhanced systemic dissemination during ampicillin treatment. Pathogen resistance was independent of ARG acquisition via horizontal gene transfer but instead relied on antibiotic degradation in the intestinal lumen by BLA. We conclude that commensal bacteria that have acquired ARGs can mediate shielding of pathogens from the bactericidal effects of antibiotics.
Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clostridioides difficile; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Hydrolysis; Intestines; Listeria monocytogenes; Mice; Microbial Interactions; Microbial Viability; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 31964746
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00012-20 -
Physics of Fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. :... Mar 2021A flow simulation was performed for face shields to investigate whether varying a shield's edge shape could prevent droplets from entering the shield. Face shields with...
A flow simulation was performed for face shields to investigate whether varying a shield's edge shape could prevent droplets from entering the shield. Face shields with two types of edge shapes were used. The "Type I" shield had small plates mounted on the top and bottom edges of the shield to physically inhibit the sneeze inflow. The "Type II" shield had small brims sticking forward from the shield surface and small plates sticking upward and downward at the top and bottom edges to inhibit the entrainment flow produced by the vortex ring using sneeze flow. We confirmed that the flow characteristics around a face shield can be controlled using the shield's edge shape. In Type I, the entraining flow inside the shield was inhibited by the mounted small plate at the bottom edge, ensuring the inhibiting effect, but not at the top edge. In Type II, the entrained flow inside the shield was inhibited by the mounted brim and small plate at the top edge, ensuring the inhibiting effect, but not at the bottom edge. The effects of the Type II design parameters on the flow characteristics around the face shield were examined. The results indicate that at the top edge, increasing the length of the brim and not mounting the small plate at an incline from the shield surface improves the inhibition effect. At the bottom edge, shortening the length of the brim and mounting the small plate at an incline from the shield surface improves the inhibition effect.
PubMed: 33897244
DOI: 10.1063/5.0044367 -
American Journal of Otolaryngology 2020The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19) pandemic has pushed health workers to find creative solutions to a global shortage of personal protection equipment (PPE)....
The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19) pandemic has pushed health workers to find creative solutions to a global shortage of personal protection equipment (PPE). 3D-printing technology is having an essential role during the pandemic providing solutions for this problem, for instance, modifying full-face snorkel masks or creating low-cost face shields to use as PPE (Ishack and Lipner, 2020 [1]). Otolaryngologists are at increased occupational risk to COVID19 infection due to the exposure to respiratory droplets and aerosols, especially during the routine nose and mouth examinations where coughing and sneezing happen regularly (Rna et al., 2017 [2]; Tysome and Bhutta, 2020 [3]). The use of a headlight is essential during these examinations. However, to our knowledge, none of the commercially available or 3D-printable face shields are compatible with a headlight. Hence, using a face shield and a headlight at the same time can be very uncomfortable and sometimes impossible. To solve this problem, we have designed a 3D-printable adapter for medical headlights, which can hold a transparent sheet to create a face shield as an effective barrier protection that can be used comfortably with the headlight. The adapter can be printed in different materials with the most commonly used nowadays being the cost-efficient PLA (Polylactic Acid) used for this prototype. The resulting piece weighs only 7 g and has an estimated cost of $0.15 USD. The transparent sheets, typically made from polyester and used for laser printing, can be purchased in any office material store with a standard price of 0.4 USD per unit. After use, the transparent sheet can be easily removed. We trialed the adapter in 7 different headlights. All of these headlights accommodated the printed blocks extremely well. The headlights were used in many different settings, including the ENT clinic, the operating room, the emergency room, the ENT ward and the COVID19 intensive care unit (ICU) for a two weeks period. All doctors using the headlight felt they were fully protected from respiratory droplets, blood, sputum and other fluids. The face shield with the headlight has been found very useful for treating epistaxis, changing tracheostomy cannulas and during routine nasal and oral examinations. The headlight face shield adapter was designed to solve a specific problem among the ENT community; however other specialist can find it useful as well. Nonetheless, manufacturers should take care of specifics problems like this and provide commercially available products to protect the ENT workforce in this new era.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Lighting; Pandemics; Personal Protective Equipment; Pneumonia, Viral; Printing, Three-Dimensional; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32518019
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102576 -
Journal of Orthopaedics 2020A major challenge of the coronavirus pandemic is personal protective equipment (PPE) shortage. The open source community mobilised solutions to combat this using 3D...
BACKGROUND
A major challenge of the coronavirus pandemic is personal protective equipment (PPE) shortage. The open source community mobilised solutions to combat this using 3D printing technology. One such solution was the face shield, which protects facial areas from droplet contamination when used by orthopaedic and other front line health care workers (HCWs).
OBJECTIVES
To assess the efficacy of an in-house developed face shield based on feedback by HCWs and its usage in triaging zones and operation theatre in a tertiary care hospital.
METHODS
A protective face shield was developed and distributed among the orthopaedic surgeons and front line HCWs involved in the ICU in our hospital and neighbouring facilities. Feedback was obtained using a questionnaire utilising a Likert scale.
RESULTS
227 face shields were distributed to the HCWs in our hospital (157) and neighbouring facilities (70). Design modifications were done as per the needs of the HCWs. 37 HCWs provided feedback giving the face shields an overall mean score of 7.92 out of 10. The poly vinyl chloride (PVC) film visors were better for airway management procedures as it can be tucked into PPE suit and visors with overhead projector (OHP) sheets were suitable for ICU and operative procedures.
CONCLUSION
A locally developed face shield design by an inter disciplinary team in synchrony with HCWs is found to increase its acceptability and efficacy. Face shields can be made more effective in different triaging and treatment situations by varying the device setup.
PubMed: 32753794
DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2020.07.003 -
Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica... Nov 2020While many studies have investigated the importance of optimizing pumping patterns for milk removal, the influence of breast shield design on milk removal has not been... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
INTRODUCTION
While many studies have investigated the importance of optimizing pumping patterns for milk removal, the influence of breast shield design on milk removal has not been the focus of extensive investigation. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of breast shields with either a 105° or a 90° flange opening angle on breast drainage and milk volume expressed during pumping.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This study was a cross-over, randomized controlled non-inferiority trial (Registration; NCT03091985). Mothers (n = 49) of breastfeeding infants participated in the study over two study sessions. Participants were randomly assigned to pump both breasts simultaneously for 15 minutes with either the 105° or 90° breast shield in the first session, and the other shield in the second session. Effectiveness (breast drainage) and efficiency (volume expressed) of both breast shields were assessed after 15 minutes of pumping. Intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses were performed to determine if the 105° breast shield was non-inferior to the 90° breast shield for breast drainage and volume expressed. Perceived comfort was assessed via questionnaire.
RESULTS
The 105° breast shield was both non-inferior and superior compared to the standard 90° shield for breast drainage (intention-to-treat, 3.87% (0.01-7.72), P = .049) and volume expressed (intention-to-treat, 9.14 mL (1.37-16.91), P=.02). In addition, the 105° shield was rated as feeling more comfortable (P < .001) and as having an improved fit to the breast (P < .001) compared to the 90° shield.
CONCLUSIONS
Expressing with the 105° breast shield was more efficient, effective and comfortable compared to the 90° shield. Breast shield design can significantly impact pumping outcomes, and an opening angle of 105° improves both the dynamics and comfort of milk removal.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Breast Milk Expression; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Humans; Intention to Treat Analysis; Lactation; Young Adult
PubMed: 32401335
DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13897 -
Breastfeeding Medicine : the Official... Dec 2010Nipple shields have become commonplace in the United States for a wide range of breastfeeding problems. This article is a summary of the current literature describing... (Review)
Review
Nipple shields have become commonplace in the United States for a wide range of breastfeeding problems. This article is a summary of the current literature describing the evidence for nipple shield use. The authors reviewed all available articles on nipple shields and selected 13 studies for inclusion. The studies were organized into three categories: physiologic responses, premature infants, and mothers' experiences. This review concludes that current published research does not provide evidence for safety or effectiveness of contemporary nipple shield use.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Lactation; Milk, Human; Mothers; Nipples; Patient Satisfaction; Protective Devices; Weight Gain
PubMed: 20807104
DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2010.0003 -
Clinical Nuclear Medicine Jul 2022Point of injection scatter (SPI) confounds breast cancer sentinel lymph node detection. Round flat lead shields (FLSs) incompletely reduce SPI, requiring repositioning....
BACKGROUND
Point of injection scatter (SPI) confounds breast cancer sentinel lymph node detection. Round flat lead shields (FLSs) incompletely reduce SPI, requiring repositioning. We designed lead shields that reduce SPI and acquisition time.
METHODS
Two concave lead shields, a semioval lead shield (OLS) and a semispherical lead alloy shield (SLS), were created with a SICNOVA JCR 1000 3D printer to cover the point of injection (patent no. ES1219895U). Twenty breast cancer patients had anterior and anterior oblique imaging, 5 minutes and 2 hours after a single 111 MBq nanocolloid in 0.2 mL intratumoral or periareolar injection. Each acquisition was 2 minutes. Absolute and normalized background corrected scatter counts (CSCs) and scatter reduction percentage (%SR) related to the FLS were calculated. Repositionings were recorded. Differences between means of %SR (t test) and between means of CSC (analysis of variance) with Holm multiple comparison tests were determined.
RESULTS
Mean %SR was 91.8% with OLS and 92% using SLS in early images (P = 0.91) and 87.2%SR in OLS and 88.5% in late images (P = 0.66). There were significant differences between CSC using FLS and OLS (P < 0.001) and between FLS and SLS (P < 0.001), but not between OLS and SLS (P = 0.17) in early images, with the same results observed in delayed studies (P < 0.001 in relation to FLS and P = 0.1 between both curved lead shields). Repositioning was required 14/20 times with FLS, 4/20 times with OLS, and 2/20 times with SLS.
CONCLUSIONS
We designed 2 concave lead shields that significantly reduce the SPI and repositioning with sentinel lymph node lymphoscintigraphy.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Metastasis; Radionuclide Imaging; Radiopharmaceuticals; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
PubMed: 35605055
DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000004274 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2021We presented a development of a custom lead shield and mouse strainer for targeted irradiation from the gamma-cell chamber. This study was divided into two parts i.e.,...
We presented a development of a custom lead shield and mouse strainer for targeted irradiation from the gamma-cell chamber. This study was divided into two parts i.e., to (i) fabricate the shield and strainer from a lead (Pb) and (ii) optimize the irradiation to the mice-bearing tumour model with 2 and 8 Gy absorbed doses. The lead shielding was fabricated into a cuboid shape with a canal on the top and a hole on the vertical side for the beam path. Respective deliveries doses of 28 and 75 Gy from gamma-cell were used to achieve 2 and 8 Gy absorbed doses at the tumour sites.
Topics: Animals; Equipment Design; Female; Film Dosimetry; Gamma Rays; Lead; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neoplasms, Experimental; Radiation Protection; Radiotherapy Dosage; Mice
PubMed: 34267293
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93964-5 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2020While the number of coronavirus cases from 2019 continues to grow, hospitals are reporting shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) for frontline healthcare...
While the number of coronavirus cases from 2019 continues to grow, hospitals are reporting shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) for frontline healthcare workers. Furthermore, PPE for the eyes and mouth, such as face shields, allow for additional protection when working with aerosols. 3-D printing enables the easy and rapid production of lightweight plastic frameworks based on open-source data. The practicality and clinical suitability of four face shields printed using a fused deposition modeling printer were examined. The weight, printing time, and required tools for assembly were evaluated. To assess the clinical suitability, each face shield was worn for one hour by 10 clinicians and rated using a visual analogue scale. The filament weight (21-42 g) and printing time (1:40-3:17 h) differed significantly between the four frames. Likewise, the fit, wearing comfort, space for additional PPE, and protection varied between the designs. For clinical suitability, a chosen design should allow sufficient space for goggles and N95 respirators as well as maximum coverage of the facial area. Consequently, two datasets are recommended. For the final selection of the ideal dataset to be used for printing, scalability and economic efficiency need to be carefully balanced with an acceptable degree of protection.
PubMed: 32344688
DOI: 10.3390/ma13081997