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Archives of Microbiology Jan 2021Shigella sonnei is the emerging pathogen globally, as it is the second common infectious species of shigellosis (bloody diarrhoea) in low- and middle-income countries... (Review)
Review
Shigella sonnei is the emerging pathogen globally, as it is the second common infectious species of shigellosis (bloody diarrhoea) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and the leading one in developed world. The multifactorial processes and novel mechanisms have been identified in S. sonnei, that are collectively playing apart a substantial role in increasing its prevalence, while replacing the S. flexneri and other Gram-negative gut pathogens niche occupancy. Recently, studies suggest that due to improvement in sanitation S. sonnei has reduced cross-immunization from Plesiomonas shigelliodes (having same O-antigen as S. sonnei) and also found to outcompete the two major species of Enterobacteriaceae family (Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli), due to encoding of type VI secretion system (T6SS). This review aimed to highlight S. sonnei as an emerging pathogen in the light of recent research with pondering aspects on its epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenic mechanisms. Additionally, this paper aimed to review S. sonnei disease pattern and related complications, symptoms, and laboratory diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, the available treatment reigns and antibiotic-resistance patterns of S. sonnei are also discussed, as the ciprofloxacin and fluoroquinolone-resistant S. sonnei has already intensified the global spread and burden of antimicrobial resistance. In last, prevention and controlling strategies are briefed to limit and tackle S. sonnei and possible future areas are also explored that needed more research to unravel the hidden mysteries surrounding S. sonnei.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Type VI Secretion Systems
PubMed: 32929595
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02034-3 -
Trends in Microbiology Aug 2020
Topics: Dysentery, Bacillary; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Shigella sonnei; Type III Secretion Systems; Type VI Secretion Systems
PubMed: 32663462
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.02.011 -
Virulence Dec 2023spp. are the causative agent of shigellosis (or bacillary dysentery), a diarrhoeal disease characterized for the bacterial invasion of gut epithelial cells. Among the 4... (Review)
Review
spp. are the causative agent of shigellosis (or bacillary dysentery), a diarrhoeal disease characterized for the bacterial invasion of gut epithelial cells. Among the 4 species included in the genus, is principally responsible for the disease in the developing world while is the main causative agent in high-income countries. Remarkably, as more countries improve their socioeconomic conditions, we observe an increase in the relative prevalence of . To date, the reasons behind this change in aetiology depending on economic growth are not understood. has been widely used as a model to study the pathogenesis of the genus, but as more research data are collected, important discrepancies with have come to light. In comparison to can be differentiated in numerous aspects; it presents a characteristic O-antigen identical to that of one serogroup of the environmental bacterium , a group 4 capsule, antibacterial mechanisms to outcompete and displace gut commensal bacteria, and a poorer adaptation to an intracellular lifestyle. In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) have recognized the significant threat posed by antibiotic-resistant strains of , demanding new approaches. This review gathers knowledge on what is known about within the context of other spp. and aims to open the door for future research on understanding the increasing spread of this pathogen.
Topics: Humans; Shigella sonnei; Virulence; Prevalence; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cell Differentiation; Dysentery, Bacillary
PubMed: 37994877
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2280838 -
Nature Communications Apr 2023Shigella sonnei causes shigellosis, a severe gastrointestinal illness that is sexually transmissible among men who have sex with men (MSM). Multidrug resistance in S....
Shigella sonnei causes shigellosis, a severe gastrointestinal illness that is sexually transmissible among men who have sex with men (MSM). Multidrug resistance in S. sonnei is common including against World Health Organisation recommended treatment options, azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin. Recently, an MSM-associated outbreak of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing, extensively drug resistant S. sonnei was reported in the United Kingdom. Here, we aimed to identify the genetic basis, evolutionary history, and international dissemination of the outbreak strain. Our genomic epidemiological analyses of 3,304 isolates from the United Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, France, and the United States of America revealed an internationally connected outbreak with a most recent common ancestor in 2018 carrying a low-fitness cost resistance plasmid, previously observed in travel associated sublineages of S. flexneri. Our results highlight the persistent threat of horizontally transmitted antimicrobial resistance and the value of continuing to work towards early and open international sharing of genomic surveillance data.
Topics: Male; Humans; Shigella sonnei; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Homosexuality, Male; Travel; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Shigella
PubMed: 37031199
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37672-w -
Nature Communications Nov 2022Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella sonnei has become a global concern. Here, we report a phylogenetic group of S. sonnei with extensive drug resistance, including a...
Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella sonnei has become a global concern. Here, we report a phylogenetic group of S. sonnei with extensive drug resistance, including a combination of multidrug resistance, coresistance to ceftriaxone and azithromycin (cefazi), reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, and even colistin resistance (col). This distinct clone caused six waterborne shigellosis outbreaks in China from 2015 to 2020. We collect 155 outbreak isolates and 152 sporadic isolates. The cefazi isolates, including outbreak strains, are mainly distributed in a distinct clade located in global Lineage III. The outbreak strains form a recently derived monophyletic group that may have emerged circa 2010. The cefazi and col phenotypes are attributed to the acquisition of different plasmids, particularly the IncB/O/K/Z plasmid coharboring the bla, mphA, aac(3)-IId, dfrA17, aadA5, and sul1 genes and the IncI2 plasmid with an mcr-1 gene. Genetic analyses identify 92 accessory genes and 60 single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the cefazi phenotype. Surveillance of this clone is required to determine its dissemination and threat to global public health.
Topics: Shigella sonnei; Phylogeny; Disease Outbreaks; China; Fluoroquinolones; Drug Resistance; Clone Cells
PubMed: 36450777
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35136-1 -
MicrobiologyOpen Aug 2022Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has become a staple in clinical microbiology laboratories. Protein-profiling...
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has become a staple in clinical microbiology laboratories. Protein-profiling of bacteria using this technique has accelerated the identification of pathogens in diagnostic workflows. Recently, lipid profiling has emerged as a way to complement bacterial identification where protein-based methods fail to provide accurate results. This study aimed to address the challenge of rapid discrimination between Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. using MALDI-TOF MS in the negative ion mode for lipid profiling coupled with machine learning. Both E. coli and Shigella species are closely related; they share high sequence homology, reported for 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between E. coli and Shigella spp. exceeding 99%, and a similar protein expression pattern but are epidemiologically distinct. A bacterial collection of 45 E. coli, 48 Shigella flexneri, and 62 Shigella sonnei clinical isolates were submitted to lipid profiling in negative ion mode using the MALDI Biotyper Sirius® system after treatment with mild-acid hydrolysis (acetic acid 1% v/v for 15 min at 98°C). Spectra were then analyzed using our in-house machine learning algorithm and top-ranked features used for the discrimination of the bacterial species. Here, as a proof-of-concept, we showed that lipid profiling might have the potential to differentiate E. coli from Shigella species using the analysis of the top five ranked features obtained by MALDI-TOF MS in the negative ion mode of the MALDI Biotyper Sirius® system. Based on this new approach, MALDI-TOF MS analysis of lipids might help pave the way toward these goals.
Topics: Bacteria; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Lipids; Machine Learning; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Shigella; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 36004556
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1313 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Dec 2023is a major human enteric pathogen that causes bacillary dysentery. The increasing spread of drug-resistant strains has caused an emergent need for the development of...
is a major human enteric pathogen that causes bacillary dysentery. The increasing spread of drug-resistant strains has caused an emergent need for the development of new antimicrobial agents against this pathogenic bacterium. In this study, we demonstrate that Stattic employs two antibacterial mechanisms against . It exerted both anti-virulence activity and bactericidal activity against , suggesting that it shows advantages over traditional antibiotics. Moreover, Stattic showed excellent synergistic effects with kanamycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin against . Our findings suggest that Stattic has promising potential for development as a new antibiotic or as an adjuvant to antibiotics for infections caused by .
Topics: Humans; Shigella sonnei; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dysentery, Bacillary; Ampicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Shigella
PubMed: 38032177
DOI: 10.1128/aem.01074-23 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2016Shigella is a pathovar of Escherichia coli comprising four groups, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, and Shigella boydii, each of them, with the... (Review)
Review
Shigella is a pathovar of Escherichia coli comprising four groups, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, and Shigella boydii, each of them, with the exception of S.sonnei, comprising several serotypes. Shigella accounts for the majority of dysentery causing infections occurring world-wide each year. Recent advancements in the Shigella field have led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host epithelial cell invasion and immune cell function manipulation, mainly using S. flexneri as a model. Host-cell invasion is the final step of the infection process, as Shigella's virulence strategy relies also on its ability to survive hostile conditions during its journey through the gastro-intestinal tract, to compete with the host microbiota and to cross the intestinal mucus layer. Hence, the diversity of the virulence strategies among the different Shigella species has not yet been deeply investigated, which might be an important step to understand the epidemiological spreading of Shigella species worldwide and a key aspect for the validation of novel vaccine candidates. The recent development of high-throughput screening and sequencing methods will facilitate these complex comparison studies. In this review we discuss several of the major avenues that the Shigella research field has taken over the past few years and hopefully gain some insights into the questions that remain surrounding this important human pathogen.
Topics: Dysentery, Bacillary; Epithelial Cells; Geography; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Shigella boydii; Shigella dysenteriae; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei
PubMed: 27148494
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00045 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2016Although the incidence of bacillary dysentery in China has been declining progressively, a considerable disease burden still exists. Few studies have analyzed bacillary... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Although the incidence of bacillary dysentery in China has been declining progressively, a considerable disease burden still exists. Few studies have analyzed bacillary dysentery across China and knowledge gaps still exist in the aspects of geographic distribution and ecological drivers, seasonality and its association with meteorological factors, urban-rural disparity, prevalence and distribution of Shigella species. Here, we performed nationwide analyses to fill the above gaps. Geographically, we found that incidence increased along an east-west gradient which was inversely related to the economic conditions of China. Two large endemically high-risk regions in western China and their ecological drivers were identified for the first time. We characterized seasonality of bacillary dysentery incidence and assessed its association with meteorological factors, and saw that it exhibits north-south differences in peak duration, relative amplitude and key meteorological factors. Urban and rural incidences among China's cities were compared, and disparity associated with urbanization level was invariant in most cities. Balanced decrease of urban and rural incidence was observed for all provinces except Hunan. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were identified as major causative species. Increasing prevalence of S. sonnei and geographic distribution of Shigella species were associated with economic status. Findings and inferences from this study draw broader pictures of bacillary dysentery in mainland China and could provide useful information for better interventions and public health planning.
Topics: China; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Incidence; Meteorological Concepts; Prevalence; Public Health; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Seasons; Serotyping; Shigella; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Socioeconomic Factors; Urban Population
PubMed: 26828503
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020164 -
Communications Biology Mar 2021Conventional disease surveillance for shigellosis in developing country settings relies on serotyping and low-resolution molecular typing, which fails to contextualise...
Conventional disease surveillance for shigellosis in developing country settings relies on serotyping and low-resolution molecular typing, which fails to contextualise the evolutionary history of the genus. Here, we interrogated a collection of 1,804 Shigella whole genome sequences from organisms isolated in four continental Southeast Asian countries (Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) over three decades to characterise the evolution of both S. flexneri and S. sonnei. We show that S. sonnei and each major S. flexneri serotype are comprised of genetically diverse populations, the majority of which were likely introduced into Southeast Asia in the 1970s-1990s. Intranational and regional dissemination allowed widespread propagation of both species across the region. Our data indicate that the epidemiology of S. sonnei and the major S. flexneri serotypes were characterised by frequent clonal replacement events, coinciding with changing susceptibility patterns against contemporaneous antimicrobials. We conclude that adaptation to antimicrobial pressure was pivotal to the recent evolutionary trajectory of Shigella in Southeast Asia.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Asia, Southeastern; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Phylogeny; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 33742111
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01905-9