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Frontiers in Immunology 2020Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster). VZV and other members of the herpesvirus family are... (Review)
Review
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster). VZV and other members of the herpesvirus family are distinguished by their ability to establish a latent infection, with the potential to reactivate and spread virus to other susceptible individuals. This lifelong relationship continually subjects VZV to the host immune system and as such VZV has evolved a plethora of strategies to evade and manipulate the immune response. This review will focus on our current understanding of the innate anti-viral control mechanisms faced by VZV. We will also discuss the diverse array of strategies employed by VZV to regulate these innate immune responses and highlight new knowledge on the interactions between VZV and human innate immune cells.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Chickenpox; Genome, Viral; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunity, Innate; Killer Cells, Natural; Latent Infection; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Open Reading Frames
PubMed: 32038653
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00001 -
Viruses Mar 2022Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella as a primary infection and remains latent in the ganglia until it becomes reactivated to cause herpes zoster. Individuals... (Review)
Review
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella as a primary infection and remains latent in the ganglia until it becomes reactivated to cause herpes zoster. Individuals with varicella develop adaptive humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Compromised cell-mediated immunity is thought to contribute to the development of herpes zoster. Recent evidence suggests that changes in the epidemiology of varicella have affected the epidemiology of herpes zoster. The incidence of herpes zoster is higher in older adults; thus, the herpes zoster vaccine is recommended for older adults. However, the incidence of herpes zoster is expected to rise among younger individuals; hence, vaccination with the varicella vaccine should also be considered in younger adults. In order to determine the need for vaccination in different populations, it is important to establish methods to accurately assess the activity of cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity.
Topics: Aged; Chickenpox; Herpes Zoster; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Vaccination
PubMed: 35336994
DOI: 10.3390/v14030588 -
Wounds : a Compendium of Clinical... May 2018
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Ganglia, Sensory; Herpes Zoster; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neuralgia, Postherpetic; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 29847305
DOI: No ID Found -
Revue Medicale de Liege Nov 2021Postherpetic neuralgia is the most feared complication of herpes zoster (HZ). The incidence increases with age. Nevertheless, around 5 % of HZ patients will experience a...
Postherpetic neuralgia is the most feared complication of herpes zoster (HZ). The incidence increases with age. Nevertheless, around 5 % of HZ patients will experience a motor deficiency known as segmental zoster paresis (SZP) according to the affected dermatome. Abdominal pseudohernia is an exceptional clinical presentation of SZP, involving the T6-L1 dermatomas. The recognition of this rare complication of HZ prevents unnecessary explorations and interventions. There is no specific treatment but in general the evolution is favorable and spontaneous healing is observed within several months.
Topics: Abdominal Wall; Herpes Zoster; Humans; Paresis
PubMed: 34738748
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Sep 2018Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a ubiquitous, exclusively human alphaherpesvirus that produces varicella then becomes latent in ganglionic neurons. In elderly and...
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a ubiquitous, exclusively human alphaherpesvirus that produces varicella then becomes latent in ganglionic neurons. In elderly and immunocompromised individuals, VZV reactivates and typically produces herpes zoster. Studies of patients with VZV vasculopathy have identified key clinical, imaging, and laboratory features to assist in diagnosis and treatment. Complementary studies have further expanded the spectrum of VZV vasculopathy to include the extracranial circulation and identified mechanisms contributing to its pathogenesis. Given our increasing aging population and recognition that VZV reactivation manifesting as zoster is a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction, recognition of VZV as a potential cause of vascular disease with or without associated zoster rash is essential to decrease associated morbidity and mortality because VZV vasculopathy can be treated with antiviral therapy.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Aortic Diseases; Arteritis; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Risk Factors; Stroke
PubMed: 30247600
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy425 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2023Herpes zoster (HZ) is a debilitating vaccine-preventable disease. Impairment of cell-mediated immunity, as observed with aging and immunosuppressive disorders and... (Review)
Review
Herpes zoster (HZ) is a debilitating vaccine-preventable disease. Impairment of cell-mediated immunity, as observed with aging and immunosuppressive disorders and therapies, increases risk. Recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) is efficacious against HZ in adults aged ≥50 years in different settings, and in immunocompromised adults aged ≥18 years who are at increased risk of developing HZ. RZV is the first and only HZ vaccine approved for use in immunocompromised adults globally, including in Europe and the US. RZV has a clinically acceptable safety profile and elicits robust immune responses in adults aged ≥50 years, and in immunocompromised adults aged ≥18 years who are at increased risk of HZ. Additionally, RZV is efficacious against HZ complications such as post-herpetic neuralgia and HZ-related pain. This review updates knowledge from a randomized controlled trial setting on the efficacy, safety, immunogenicity, and impact on quality of life of RZV.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Adolescent; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Quality of Life; Herpes Zoster; Neuralgia, Postherpetic; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Vaccines, Synthetic
PubMed: 37965770
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2278362 -
Viruses Apr 2022The bicyclic nucleoside analogue (BCNA) Cf1743 and its orally bioavailable prodrug FV-100 have unique potential as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) inhibitors to treat... (Review)
Review
The bicyclic nucleoside analogue (BCNA) Cf1743 and its orally bioavailable prodrug FV-100 have unique potential as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) inhibitors to treat herpes zoster (shingles) and the therewith associated pain, including post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). The anti-VZV activity of Cf1743 depends on a specific phosphorylation by the VZV-encoded thymidine kinase (TK). The target of antiviral action is assumed to be the viral DNA polymerase (or DNA synthesis in the virus-infected cells).
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Chickenpox; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Nucleosides; Pyrimidine Nucleosides
PubMed: 35458500
DOI: 10.3390/v14040770 -
Clinical Interventions in Aging 2008Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a common disease in the elderly population that is caused by reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus. Its manifestations... (Review)
Review
Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a common disease in the elderly population that is caused by reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus. Its manifestations and complications can lead to significant short- and long-term morbidity. In 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved Zoster Vaccine Live (Zostavax) for the prevention of herpes zoster in immunocompetent adults age 60 and over. The approval was based on the results ofa large, multi-center clinical trial, the Shingles Prevention Study. This study showed that vaccination significantly decreased shingles incidence, burden of illness due to disease, and the development of, and severity of postherpetic neuralgia. This review offers an overview of varicella zoster virus infection and complications, a summary of the Shingles Prevention Study, and a critical analysis designed to aid the practicing physician who has questions about vaccine administration.
Topics: Aged; Herpes Zoster; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Neuralgia, Postherpetic; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Virus Latency
PubMed: 18686747
DOI: 10.2147/cia.s1225 -
Atencion Primaria Oct 2023To review the latest published evidence on the vaccine used in our country against the herpes zoster virus, breaking down the results according to the efficacy,... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVE
To review the latest published evidence on the vaccine used in our country against the herpes zoster virus, breaking down the results according to the efficacy, efficiency, effectiveness and safety of the vaccine. Include the current recommendations for vaccination.
DESIGN
Secondary review. Descriptive qualitative review. Review using the search term "herpes zoster vaccine" and "Adjuvanted recombinant Herpes Zoster subunit vaccine". Retrospective observational study.
DATA SOURCES
Embase, Medline and Google Scholar. Selection of studies Search criterion with the terms "Shingrix vaccine" and "Adjuvanted Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine". Search period 2013-2023. Studies classified as clinical trials or randomized clinical trials were selected. 21 published studies were evaluated. There were no exclusions.
RESULTS
The evaluated studies were found to be coherent and in all of them efficacy in adult individuals in preventing viral reactivation and in preventing complications was higher than 80%. The effectiveness of the vaccine after two doses was also higher than 80%. Cost-effectiveness studies were always favourable in adults, immunodepressed patients and individuals with chronic pathology. The safety of the vaccine was evaluated in the pivotal studies and in the post-commercialization studies that were undertaken (although there were few of the latter due to the short period of time studied). The safety profile of the vaccine is very high and in the case of severe adverse effects, their frequency was similar to that of a placebo.
CONCLUSIONS
We have a safe and effective vaccine against the herpes zoster virus that allows us to protect the most vulnerable population groups against this virus.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Herpes Zoster; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Vaccination; Vaccines, Subunit
PubMed: 37573820
DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2023.102710 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal May 2006Chickenpox in the United Kingdom, where vaccination is not undertaken, has had a stable epidemiology for decades and is a routine childhood illness. Because of... (Review)
Review
Chickenpox in the United Kingdom, where vaccination is not undertaken, has had a stable epidemiology for decades and is a routine childhood illness. Because of vaccination, chickenpox is now a rarity in the USA. In the UK vaccination is not done because introduction of a routine childhood vaccination might drive up the age at which those who are non-immune get the illness (chickenpox tends to be more severe the older you are), and the incidence of shingles may increase. The United Kingdom is waiting to see what happens in countries where vaccination is routine.
Topics: Adult; Chickenpox; Chickenpox Vaccine; Child; Herpes Zoster; Humans; Risk Factors; Vaccination
PubMed: 16679476
DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2005.038984