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The New Microbiologica Apr 2017Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a double-stranded circular DNA virus belonging to the papillomavirus family. It is transmitted by skin-to-skin or mucosa-to-mucosa contact... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a double-stranded circular DNA virus belonging to the papillomavirus family. It is transmitted by skin-to-skin or mucosa-to-mucosa contact and enters the body via cutaneous or mucosal trauma. HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease, although it is usually cured by the immune system. Worldwide, the risk of being infected at least once in a lifetime among both men and women is 50%. HPV infection causes common and anogenital warts, as well as other non-dermatological diseases. The role of HPV in cancer development has been extensively studied, primarily in cervical cancer, but also in other types of neoplasms.
Topics: Genome, Viral; Humans; Neoplasms; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 28368072
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Clinical Pathology Apr 2002The causal role of human papillomavirus infections in cervical cancer has been documented beyond reasonable doubt. The association is present in virtually all cervical... (Review)
Review
The causal role of human papillomavirus infections in cervical cancer has been documented beyond reasonable doubt. The association is present in virtually all cervical cancer cases worldwide. It is the right time for medical societies and public health regulators to consider this evidence and to define its preventive and clinical implications. A comprehensive review of key studies and results is presented.
Topics: Causality; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cell Transformation, Viral; DNA, Viral; Female; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Risk Factors; Tumor Virus Infections; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 11919208
DOI: 10.1136/jcp.55.4.244 -
The Lancet. Neurology Apr 2010Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare but often fatal brain disease caused by reactivation of the polyomavirus JC. Knowledge of the characteristics... (Review)
Review
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare but often fatal brain disease caused by reactivation of the polyomavirus JC. Knowledge of the characteristics of PML has substantially expanded since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy during the HIV epidemic and the development of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in patients with PML. Recently, the monoclonal antibodies natalizumab, efalizumab, and rituximab--used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, haematological malignancies, Crohn's disease, and rheumatic diseases--have been associated with PML. Additionally, the JC virus can also lead to novel neurological disorders such as JC virus granule cell neuronopathy and JC virus encephalopathy, and might also cause meningitis. The increasingly diverse populations at risk and the recent discovery of the presence of the JC virus in the grey matter invite us to reappraise the pathogenesis of this virus in the CNS.
Topics: Humans; JC Virus; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; Polyomavirus Infections; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 20298966
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70040-5 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Dec 2020Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a transmembrane mucin glycoprotein expressed on the surface of almost all epithelial cells. Aberrantly glycosylated MUC1 is associated with cellular... (Review)
Review
Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a transmembrane mucin glycoprotein expressed on the surface of almost all epithelial cells. Aberrantly glycosylated MUC1 is associated with cellular transformation from a normal to malignant phenotype in human cancers. Therefore, MUC1 is the major target for the design and development of cancer vaccines. MUC1-based cancer vaccines are a promising strategy for preventing cancer progression and metastasis. This review summarizes the most significant milestones achieved to date in the development of different MUC-1-based vaccine approaches in clinical trials. Further, it provides perspectives for future research that may promote clinical advances in infection-associated cancers.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Vaccines; Cancer Vaccines; Glycosylation; Humans; Immunization; Mucin-1; Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment; Tumor Virus Infections; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 33113416
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110888 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2016Over the last 10 years, the number of identified polyomaviruses has grown to more than 35 subtypes, including 13 in humans. The polyomaviruses have similar genetic... (Review)
Review
Over the last 10 years, the number of identified polyomaviruses has grown to more than 35 subtypes, including 13 in humans. The polyomaviruses have similar genetic makeup, including genes that encode viral capsid proteins VP1, 2, and 3 and large and small T region proteins. The T proteins play a role in viral replication and have been implicated in viral chromosomal integration and possible dysregulation of growth factor genes. In humans, the Merkel cell polyomavirus has been shown to be highly associated with integration and the development of Merkel cell cancers. The first two human polyomaviruses discovered, BKPyV and JCPyV, are the causative agents for transplant-related kidney disease, BK commonly and JC rarely. JC has also been strongly associated with the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare but serious infection in untreated HIV-1-infected individuals and in other immunosuppressed patients including those treated with monoclonal antibody therapies for autoimmune diseases systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple sclerosis. The trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSAPyV) may be the causative agent of the rare skin disease trichodysplasia spinulosa. The remaining nine polyomaviruses have not been strongly associated with clinical disease to date. Antiviral therapies for these infections are under development. Antibodies specific for each of the 13 human polyomaviruses have been identified in a high percentage of normal individuals, indicating a high rate of exposure to each of the polyomaviruses in the human population. PCR methods are now available for detection of these viruses in a variety of clinical samples.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Disease Susceptibility; Drug Discovery; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Polyomavirus; Polyomavirus Infections; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 27726799
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0010-2015 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Aug 2015Myxomatosis, a major disease of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), is enzootic on several continents. The disease is infectious, virulent and contagious. The... (Review)
Review
Myxomatosis, a major disease of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), is enzootic on several continents. The disease is infectious, virulent and contagious. The pathogen is a virus of the family Poxviridae, genus Leporipoxvirus. In its classic form the disease is often fatal, characterised by severe immunosuppression and the appearance of skin pseudotumours (myxomas); it is conducive to effective mechanical transmission by many biting arthropods. Atypical clinical forms, referred to as amyxomatous, of variable severity and with an apparent preference for direct transmission, have recently emerged in Europe. Virus-host interactions have been particularly well studied since the voluntary introduction of the myxoma virus into Australia and Europe, revealing a remarkable process of co-evolution. Molecular analysis has recently demonstrated the extraordinary evolutionary capacity of the myxoma virus.
Topics: Animals; Myxoma virus; Poxviridae Infections; Rabbits; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 26601455
DOI: No ID Found -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Oct 2017A viral etiology of cancer was first demonstrated in 1911 by Peyton Rous who injected cell-free filtrate from a chicken sarcoma into healthy chickens and found it... (Review)
Review
A viral etiology of cancer was first demonstrated in 1911 by Peyton Rous who injected cell-free filtrate from a chicken sarcoma into healthy chickens and found it induced a tumour. Since the discovery over 50 years ago of the Epstein-Barr virus as the cause of Burkitt lymphoma, seven other human viruses or groups of viruses-hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, some human papillomaviruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus-have been linked to human cancer. Collectively, these eight viruses cause over 20 different types of cancer and contribute to 10-12% of all cancer, with a greater burden in low- and middle-income countries. For many viruses, immunosuppression greatly increases the risks of persistent infection, development of chronic sequelae and cancer. Although several viruses share similar routes of transmission (especially sexual activity, injection drug use and mother-to-child transmission), the predominant route of transmission varies across viruses, and for the same virus can vary by geographical location. In general, vulnerable populations at the greatest risk for viral infections and their associated diseases include people, especially children, living in low- to middle-income countries, men who have sex with men, people who use injection drugs and female sex workers.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
Topics: Humans; Oncogenic Viruses; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 28893933
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0266 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Oct 2017Host cells sense viral infection through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and stimulate an innate immune... (Review)
Review
Host cells sense viral infection through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and stimulate an innate immune response. PRRs are localized to several different cellular compartments and are stimulated by viral proteins and nucleic acids. PRR activation initiates signal transduction events that ultimately result in an inflammatory response. Human tumour viruses, which include Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and Merkel cell polyomavirus, are detected by several different PRRs. These viruses engage in a variety of mechanisms to evade the innate immune response, including downregulating PRRs, inhibiting PRR signalling, and disrupting the activation of transcription factors critical for mediating the inflammatory response, among others. This review will describe tumour virus PAMPs and the PRRs responsible for detecting viral infection, PRR signalling pathways, and the mechanisms by which tumour viruses evade the host innate immune system.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
Topics: Humans; Immunity, Innate; Oncogenic Viruses; Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules; Receptors, Pattern Recognition; Signal Transduction; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 28893934
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0267 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Apr 2001The persisting ancient view of cancer as a contagious disease ended with 19th century scientific investigations which seemed to show it was not. The resulting dogma... (Review)
Review
The persisting ancient view of cancer as a contagious disease ended with 19th century scientific investigations which seemed to show it was not. The resulting dogma against an infectious cause for cancer produced great prejudice in the scientific community against the first report of an oncogenic virus by Rous early in the 20th century and, even in the 1950s, against Gross's finding of a murine leukaemia virus and a murine virus causing solid tumours. The Lucké frog renal carcinoma virus was the first cancer-associated herpesvirus. Intriguingly, an environmental factor, ambient temperature, determines virus genome expression in the poikilothermic frog cells. Although an alpha-herpesvirus, Marek's disease virus of chickens shares some aspects of biological behaviour with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) of man. Very significantly, its lymphomas are the first naturally occurring malignancy to be controlled by an antiviral vaccine, with implications for human virus-associated cancers. The circumstances and climate of opinion in which successive gamma-herpesviruses were discovered are described. The identification of EBV involved two unconventionalities: its finding in cultured Burkitt's lymphoma cells when no human lymphoid cell had ever been maintained in vitro, and its recognition in the absence of biological activity by the then new technique of electron microscopy. These factors engendered hostility to its acceptance as a new human tumour-associated virus. The EBV-like agents of Old World apes and monkeys and the T-lymphotropic gamma-herpesviruses of New World monkeys were found at about the same time, not long after the discovery of EBV. For many years these were thought to be the only gamma-herpesviruses of non-human primates; however, very recently B-lymphotropic EBV-like agents have been identified in New World species as well. Mouse herpesvirus 68 came to light by chance during a search for arboviruses and has become important as a laboratory model because of its close genetic relatedness to EBV and its comparable biological behaviour. The discovery of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus six years ago was made using unconventional new methods, but, unlike with EBV 30 years before, this did not hinder its acceptance. This contrast is discussed in the context of the great progress in human tumour virology which has been made in recent years.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Herpesvirus 2, Gallid; History, 20th Century; Humans; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Tumor Virus Infections; Viral Vaccines; Virology
PubMed: 11313002
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2000.0774 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2016Viruses play an important role in cancerogenesis. It is estimated that approximately 20% of all cancers are linked to infectious agents. The viral genes modulate the... (Review)
Review
Viruses play an important role in cancerogenesis. It is estimated that approximately 20% of all cancers are linked to infectious agents. The viral genes modulate the physiological machinery of infected cells that lead to cell transformation and development of cancer. One of the important adoptive responses by the cancer cells is their metabolic change to cope up with continuous requirement of cell survival and proliferation. In this review we will focus on how DNA viruses alter the glucose metabolism of transformed cells. Tumor DNA viruses enhance "aerobic" glycolysis upon virus-induced cell transformation, supporting rapid cell proliferation and showing the Warburg effect. Moreover, viral proteins enhance glucose uptake and controls tumor microenvironment, promoting metastasizing of the tumor cells.
Topics: Animals; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cell Transformation, Viral; DNA Tumor Viruses; Glycolysis; Humans; Neoplasms; Tumor Virus Infections; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 27034740
DOI: 10.1155/2016/6468342