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Nature Reviews. Endocrinology Feb 2023Traditional risk factors for obesity and the metabolic syndrome, such as excess energy intake and lack of physical activity, cannot fully explain the high prevalence of... (Review)
Review
Traditional risk factors for obesity and the metabolic syndrome, such as excess energy intake and lack of physical activity, cannot fully explain the high prevalence of these conditions. Insufficient sleep and circadian misalignment predispose individuals to poor metabolic health and promote weight gain and have received increased research attention in the past 10 years. Insufficient sleep is defined as sleeping less than recommended for health benefits, whereas circadian misalignment is defined as wakefulness and food intake occurring when the internal circadian system is promoting sleep. This Review discusses the impact of insufficient sleep and circadian misalignment in humans on appetite hormones (focusing on ghrelin, leptin and peptide-YY), energy expenditure, food intake and choice, and risk of obesity. Some potential strategies to reduce the adverse effects of sleep disruption on metabolic health are provided and future research priorities are highlighted. Millions of individuals worldwide do not obtain sufficient sleep for healthy metabolic functions. Furthermore, modern working patterns, lifestyles and technologies are often not conducive to adequate sleep at times when the internal physiological clock is promoting it (for example, late-night screen time, shift work and nocturnal social activities). Efforts are needed to highlight the importance of optimal sleep and circadian health in the maintenance of metabolic health and body weight regulation.
Topics: Humans; Sleep Deprivation; Circadian Rhythm; Sleep; Obesity; Weight Gain
PubMed: 36280789
DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00747-7 -
International Journal of Sports Medicine Aug 2019For elite athletes who exercise at a high level, sleep is critical to overall health. Many studies have documented the effects of sleep deprivation in the general... (Review)
Review
For elite athletes who exercise at a high level, sleep is critical to overall health. Many studies have documented the effects of sleep deprivation in the general population, but few studies exist regarding specific effects in the athlete. This review summarizes the effects of sleep deprivation and sleep extension on athletic performance, including reaction time, accuracy, strength and endurance, and cognitive function. There are clear negative effects of sleep deprivation on performance, including reaction time, accuracy, vigor, submaximal strength, and endurance. Cognitive functions such as judgment and decision-making also suffer. Sleep extension can positively affect reaction times, mood, sprint times, tennis serve accuracy, swim turns, kick stroke efficiency, and increased free throw and 3-point accuracy. Banking sleep (sleep extension prior to night of intentional sleep deprivation before sporting event) is a new concept that may also improve performance. For sports medicine providers, the negative effects of sleep deprivation cannot be overstated to athletes. To battle sleep deprivation, athletes may seek supplements with potentially serious side effects; improving sleep quality however is simple and effective, benefiting not only athlete health but also athletic performance.
Topics: Athletic Performance; Circadian Rhythm; Cognition; Humans; Jet Lag Syndrome; Muscle Strength; Reaction Time; Sleep Deprivation; Sleep Hygiene
PubMed: 31288293
DOI: 10.1055/a-0905-3103 -
Neuropsychopharmacology : Official... Jan 2020Since ancient times it is known that melancholia and sleep disturbances co-occur. The introduction of polysomnography into psychiatric research confirmed a disturbance... (Review)
Review
Since ancient times it is known that melancholia and sleep disturbances co-occur. The introduction of polysomnography into psychiatric research confirmed a disturbance of sleep continuity in patients with depression, revealing not only a decrease in Slow Wave Sleep, but also a disinhibition of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, demonstrated as a shortening of REM latency, an increase of REM density, as well as total REM sleep time. Initial hopes that these abnormalities of REM sleep may serve as differential-diagnostic markers for subtypes of depression were not fulfilled. Almost all antidepressant agents suppress REM sleep and a time-and-dose-response relationship between total REM sleep suppression and therapeutic response to treatment seemed apparent. The so-called Cholinergic REM Induction Test revealed that REM sleep abnormalities can be mimicked by administration of cholinomimetic agents. Another important research avenue is the study of chrono-medical timing of sleep deprivation and light exposure for their positive effects on mood in depression. Present day research takes the view on insomnia, i.e., prolonged sleep latency, problems to maintain sleep, and early morning awakening, as a transdiagnostic symptom for many mental disorders, being most closely related to depression. Studying insomnia from different angles as a transdiagnostic phenotype has opened many new perspectives for research into mechanisms but also for clinical practice. Thus, the question is: can the early and adequate treatment of insomnia prevent depression? This article will link current understanding about sleep regulatory mechanisms with knowledge about changes in physiology due to depression. The review aims to draw the attention to current and future strategies in research and clinical practice to the benefits of sleep and depression therapeutics.
Topics: Depression; Humans; Polysomnography; Sleep; Sleep Deprivation; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
PubMed: 31071719
DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0411-y -
Neuropsychopharmacology : Official... Jan 2020Vigilant attention is a major component of a wide range of cognitive performance tasks. Vigilant attention is impaired by sleep deprivation and restored after rest... (Review)
Review
Vigilant attention is a major component of a wide range of cognitive performance tasks. Vigilant attention is impaired by sleep deprivation and restored after rest breaks and (more enduringly) after sleep. The temporal dynamics of vigilant attention deficits across hours and days are driven by physiologic, sleep regulatory processes-a sleep homeostatic process and a circadian process. There is also evidence of a slower, allostatic process, which modulates the sleep homeostatic setpoint across days and weeks and is responsible for cumulative deficits in vigilant attention across consecutive days of sleep restriction. There are large inter-individual differences in vulnerability to sleep loss, and these inter-individual differences constitute a pronounced human phenotype. However, this phenotype is multi-dimensional; vulnerability in terms of vigilant attention impairment can be dissociated from vulnerability in terms of other cognitive processes such as attentional control. The vigilance decrement, or time-on-task effect-a decline in performance across the duration of a vigilant attention task-is characterized by progressively increasing response variability, which is exacerbated by sleep loss. This variability, while crucial to understanding the impact of sleep deprivation on performance in safety-critical tasks, is not well explained by top-down regulatory mechanisms, such as the homeostatic and circadian processes. A bottom-up, neuronal pathway-dependent mechanism involving use-dependent, local sleep may be the main driver of response variability. This bottom-up mechanism may also explain the dissociation between cognitive processes with regard to trait vulnerability to sleep loss.
Topics: Arousal; Attention; Brain; Humans; Sleep Deprivation; Wakefulness
PubMed: 31176308
DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0432-6 -
Science Translational Medicine Apr 2023Sleep loss is associated with cognitive decline in the aging population and is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Considering the crucial role of...
Sleep loss is associated with cognitive decline in the aging population and is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Considering the crucial role of immunomodulating genes such as that encoding the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells type 2 (TREM2) in removing pathogenic amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and regulating neurodegeneration in the brain, our aim was to investigate whether and how sleep loss influences microglial function in mice. We chronically sleep-deprived wild-type mice and the 5xFAD mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis, expressing either the humanized TREM2 common variant, the loss-of-function R47H AD-associated risk variant, or without TREM2 expression. Sleep deprivation not only enhanced TREM2-dependent Aβ plaque deposition compared with 5xFAD mice with normal sleeping patterns but also induced microglial reactivity that was independent of the presence of parenchymal Aβ plaques. We investigated lysosomal morphology using transmission electron microscopy and found abnormalities particularly in mice without Aβ plaques and also observed lysosomal maturation impairments in a TREM2-dependent manner in both microglia and neurons, suggesting that changes in sleep modified neuro-immune cross-talk. Unbiased transcriptome and proteome profiling provided mechanistic insights into functional pathways triggered by sleep deprivation that were unique to TREM2 and Aβ pathology and that converged on metabolic dyshomeostasis. Our findings highlight that sleep deprivation directly affects microglial reactivity, for which TREM2 is required, by altering the metabolic ability to cope with the energy demands of prolonged wakefulness, leading to further Aβ deposition, and underlines the importance of sleep modulation as a promising future therapeutic approach.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Microglia; Sleep Deprivation; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloidosis; Brain; Plaque, Amyloid; Disease Models, Animal; Membrane Glycoproteins; Receptors, Immunologic
PubMed: 37099634
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade6285 -
Jornal de Pediatria 2019To describe the association between sleep duration and weight-height development in children and adolescents. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To describe the association between sleep duration and weight-height development in children and adolescents.
SOURCE OF DATA
A non-systematic search in the MEDLINE database was performed using the terms anthropometry, body composition, overweight, obesity, body mass index, growth, length, short stature, sleep, children, and infants and adolescents, limited to the last 5 years. The references cited in the revised articles were also reviewed, when relevant.
SYNTHESIS OF DATA
Sleep disorders are prevalent in the pediatric population. Among them, insomnia, which leads to a reduction in total sleep time, is the most prevalent disorder. Evidence found in the current literature allows the conclusion that sleep time reduction has a role in the current pandemic of overweight and obesity. Studies associating sleep deprivation and deficit in height growth are still insufficient.
CONCLUSIONS
The association between shorter sleep duration and risk of overweight and obesity is well established for all pediatric age groups. However, more evidence is needed to establish an association between insufficient sleep duration and height growth deficit. Pediatricians should include the encouragement of healthy sleep habits in their routine guidelines as an adjuvant in the prevention and management of excess weight.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Obesity; Risk Factors; Sleep Deprivation; Weight Gain
PubMed: 30528567
DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2018.10.009 -
Journal of Sleep Research Dec 2016Retrieving false information can have serious consequences. Sleep is important for memory, but voluntary sleep curtailment is becoming more rampant. Here, the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Retrieving false information can have serious consequences. Sleep is important for memory, but voluntary sleep curtailment is becoming more rampant. Here, the misinformation paradigm was used to investigate false memory formation after 1 night of total sleep deprivation in healthy young adults (N = 58, mean age ± SD = 22.10 ± 1.60 years; 29 males), and 7 nights of partial sleep deprivation (5 h sleep opportunity) in these young adults and healthy adolescents (N = 54, mean age ± SD = 16.67 ± 1.03 years; 25 males). In both age groups, sleep-deprived individuals were more likely than well-rested persons to incorporate misleading post-event information into their responses during memory retrieval (P < 0.050). These findings reiterate the importance of adequate sleep in optimal cognitive functioning, reveal the vulnerability of adolescents' memory during sleep curtailment, and suggest the need to assess eyewitnesses' sleep history after encountering misleading information.
Topics: Adolescent; Cognition; Deception; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Consolidation; Mental Recall; Sleep; Sleep Deprivation; Young Adult
PubMed: 27381857
DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12436 -
Biological Psychiatry Jul 2016Sleep disturbance is associated with inflammatory disease risk and all-cause mortality. Here, we assess global evidence linking sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Sleep disturbance is associated with inflammatory disease risk and all-cause mortality. Here, we assess global evidence linking sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation in adult humans.
METHODS
A systematic search of English language publications was performed, with inclusion of primary research articles that characterized sleep disturbance and/or sleep duration or performed experimental sleep deprivation and assessed inflammation by levels of circulating markers. Effect sizes (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were extracted and pooled using a random effect model.
RESULTS
A total of 72 studies (n > 50,000) were analyzed with assessment of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Sleep disturbance was associated with higher levels of CRP (ES .12; 95% CI = .05-.19) and IL-6 (ES .20; 95% CI = .08-.31). Shorter sleep duration, but not the extreme of short sleep, was associated with higher levels of CRP (ES .09; 95% CI = .01-.17) but not IL-6 (ES .03; 95% CI: -.09 to .14). The extreme of long sleep duration was associated with higher levels of CRP (ES .17; 95% CI = .01-.34) and IL-6 (ES .11; 95% CI = .02-20). Neither sleep disturbances nor sleep duration was associated with TNFα. Neither experimental sleep deprivation nor sleep restriction was associated with CRP, IL-6, or TNFα. Some heterogeneity among studies was found, but there was no evidence of publication bias.
CONCLUSIONS
Sleep disturbance and long sleep duration, but not short sleep duration, are associated with increases in markers of systemic inflammation.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Inflammation; Sleep; Sleep Deprivation; Sleep Wake Disorders
PubMed: 26140821
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.014 -
Journal of Epidemiology and Global... Sep 2017Medical students tend to reduce their sleep, in an effort to adjust and cope with their workload and stressful environment. This study estimated the prevalence of and...
INTRODUCTION
Medical students tend to reduce their sleep, in an effort to adjust and cope with their workload and stressful environment. This study estimated the prevalence of and the relationship between poor sleep quality and stress among medical students.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study was conducted using a stratified random sample of male and female medical students in King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to assess sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the stress level by using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale.
RESULTS
A high prevalence of poor sleep quality (76%) and stress (53%) were found, with a statistically significant association (p<0.001). Logistic regression indicated that students who are not suffering from stress are less likely to have poor sleep quality (OR=0.28, p<0.001), and the risk of having poor sleep quality is almost four times higher in students whose cumulative grade point average (GPA) is less than 4.25 (OR=3.83, p=0.01).
CONCLUSION
The study documents a statistically significant association between stress and poor sleep quality. A recommendation for the management of medical college is to establish academic counseling centers focusing in promoting good sleep hygiene and strengthening students' study skills and coping with their stressful environment.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Saudi Arabia; Sleep Deprivation; Sleep Hygiene; Social Adjustment; Stress, Psychological; Students, Medical; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 28756825
DOI: 10.1016/j.jegh.2017.04.005 -
Endocrine Development 2010Compared to a few decades ago, adults, as well as children, sleep less. Sleeping as little as possible is often seen as an admirable behavior in contemporary society.... (Review)
Review
Compared to a few decades ago, adults, as well as children, sleep less. Sleeping as little as possible is often seen as an admirable behavior in contemporary society. However, sleep plays a major role in neuroendocrine function and glucose metabolism. Evidence that the curtailment of sleep duration may have adverse health effects has emerged in the past 10 years. Accumulating evidence from both epidemiologic studies and well-controlled laboratory studies indicates that chronic partial sleep loss may increase the risk of obesity and weight gain. The present chapter reviews epidemiologic studies in adults and children and laboratory studies in young adults indicating that sleep restriction results in metabolic and endocrine alterations, including decreased glucose tolerance, decreased insulin sensitivity, increased evening concentrations of cortisol, increased levels of ghrelin, decreased levels of leptin and increased hunger and appetite. Altogether, the evidence points to a possible role of decreased sleep duration in the current epidemic of obesity. Bedtime extension in short sleepers should be explored as a novel behavioral intervention that may prevent weight gain or facilitate weight loss. Avoiding sleep deprivation may help to prevent the development of obesity, particularly in children.
Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Appetite; Child; Glucose; Hormones; Humans; Obesity; Sleep; Sleep Deprivation
PubMed: 19955752
DOI: 10.1159/000262524