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Mediators of Inflammation 2020Sleep disorder significantly affects the life quality of a large number of people but is still an underrecognized disease. Dietary nutrition is believed to play a... (Review)
Review
Sleep disorder significantly affects the life quality of a large number of people but is still an underrecognized disease. Dietary nutrition is believed to play a significant impact on sleeping wellness. Many nutritional supplements have been used trying to benefit sleep wellness. However, the relationship between nutritional components and sleep is complicated. Nutritional factors vary dramatically with different diet patterns and depend significantly on the digestive and metabiotic functions of each individual. Moreover, nutrition can profoundly affect the hormones and inflammation status which directly or indirectly contribute to insomnia. In this review, we summarized the role of major nutritional factors, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and vitamins on sleep and sleep disorders and discussed the potential mechanisms.
Topics: Amino Acids; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Nutritional Status; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders
PubMed: 32684833
DOI: 10.1155/2020/3142874 -
Sleep Medicine Clinics Mar 2017Biological needs for sleep are met by engaging in behaviors that are largely influenced by the environment, social norms and demands, and societal influences and... (Review)
Review
Biological needs for sleep are met by engaging in behaviors that are largely influenced by the environment, social norms and demands, and societal influences and pressures. Insufficient sleep duration and sleep disorders such as insomnia and sleep apnea are highly prevalent in the US population. This article outlines some of these downstream factors, including cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk, neurocognitive dysfunction, and mortality, as well as societal factors such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomics. This review also discusses societal factors related to sleep, such as globalization, health disparities, public policy, public safety, and changing patterns of use of technology.
Topics: Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Public Health; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Sociological Factors
PubMed: 28159089
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.10.012 -
Current Neuropharmacology 2022Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSWDs) are a distinct class of sleep disorders caused by alterations to the circadian time-keeping system, its entrainment... (Review)
Review
Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSWDs) are a distinct class of sleep disorders caused by alterations to the circadian time-keeping system, its entrainment mechanisms, or a mismatch between the endogenous circadian rhythm and the external environment. The main clinical manifestations are insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness that often lead to clinically meaningful distress or cause mental, physical, social, occupational, educational, or other functional impairment. CRSWDs are easily mistaken for insomnia or early waking up, resulting in inappropriate treatment. CRSWDs can be roughly divided into two categories, namely, intrinsic CRSWDs, in which sleep disturbances are caused by alterations to the endogenous circadian rhythm system due to chronic changes in the regulation or capture mechanism of the biological clock, and extrinsic circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, in which sleep disorders, such as jet lag or shift-work disorder, result from environmental changes that cause a mismatch between sleep-wakefulness times and internal circadian rhythms. Sleep diaries, actigraphy, and determination of day and night phase markers (dim light melatonin onset and core body temperature minimum) have all become routine diagnostic methods for CRSWDs. Common treatments for CRSWD currently include sleep health education, time therapy, light therapy, melatonin, and hypnotic drug therapy. Here, we review the progress in the epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of intrinsic CRSWD, with emphasis on the latter, in the hope of bolstering the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CRSWDs.
Topics: Circadian Rhythm; Humans; Melatonin; Sleep; Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Sleep Wake Disorders
PubMed: 34493186
DOI: 10.2174/1570159X19666210907122933 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021Thyroid disorders and sleep disorders are common problems in the general population that can affect people of all ages, backgrounds, and sexes, but little is known about... (Review)
Review
Thyroid disorders and sleep disorders are common problems in the general population that can affect people of all ages, backgrounds, and sexes, but little is known about their clinical associations. We reviewed the literature assessing the associations between thyroid disease and sleep disorders and noted that hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism have clinical overlap with sleep conditions such as insomnia, restless legs syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea. These findings highlight the importance of identifying and managing thyroid dysfunction for patients with these common sleep disorders. Additional research is needed to further understand how thyroid dysfunction affects sleep physiology.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Sleep Wake Disorders; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Gland
PubMed: 34504473
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.725829 -
Missouri Medicine 2020Aging is associated with several changes in sleep patterns. Older adults have increased prevalence of primary sleep disorders including insomnia, sleep disordered... (Review)
Review
Aging is associated with several changes in sleep patterns. Older adults have increased prevalence of primary sleep disorders including insomnia, sleep disordered breathing, restless legs syndrome, REM sleep behavior disorder, and circadian rhythm disturbances. These can be further compromised by sleep disturbances secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders, and medication side effects. This review discusses age-related changes in sleep architecture, etiology, clinical presentation, and treatment options of various sleep disorders in the elderly.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Humans; REM Sleep Behavior Disorder; Restless Legs Syndrome; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders
PubMed: 33311760
DOI: No ID Found -
The Permanente Journal Mar 2023Sleep disorders in older adults increase with aging, likely due to increased sleep latency, decreased sleep efficiency, and total sleep time. Common sleep issues include... (Review)
Review
Sleep disorders in older adults increase with aging, likely due to increased sleep latency, decreased sleep efficiency, and total sleep time. Common sleep issues include chronic insomnia, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, sleep-related movement disorders, and sleep-disordered breathing. Diagnostic tools, such as a comprehensive sleep history and questionnaires, or a sleep log for more specific complaints, are commonly used. Polysomnography is not recommended as a routine test; however, it can be used for abnormal behaviors during sleep or if treatment fails. Sleep disorder management is based on the etiology and may include nonpharmacological and pharmacological alternative treatments. For example, nonpharmacological management for chronic insomnia and some sleep disorders may consist of cognitive behavioral therapy, sleep hygiene education, relaxation therapy, sleep restriction, light therapy, and stimulus control therapy. Because the quality of evidence for pharmacological treatment is poor, the medication choice should be based on shared decision-making between the practitioner and the patient, with limited prescription.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Sleep; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Polysomnography; Sleep Wake Disorders
PubMed: 36503403
DOI: 10.7812/TPP/22.114 -
Current Biology : CB Nov 2017Considerable advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep have occurred over the past decade. Much of this progress... (Review)
Review
Considerable advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep have occurred over the past decade. Much of this progress can be attributed to the development of new neuroscience tools that have enabled high-precision interrogation of brain circuitry linked with REM sleep control, in turn revealing how REM sleep mechanisms themselves impact processes such as sensorimotor function. This review is intended to update the general scientific community about the recent mechanistic, functional and conceptual developments in our current understanding of REM sleep biology and pathobiology. Specifically, this review outlines the historical origins of the discovery of REM sleep, the diversity of REM sleep expression across and within species, the potential functions of REM sleep (e.g., memory consolidation), the neural circuits that control REM sleep, and how dysfunction of REM sleep mechanisms underlie debilitating sleep disorders such as REM sleep behaviour disorder and narcolepsy.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Humans; Narcolepsy; REM Sleep Behavior Disorder; Sleep Wake Disorders; Sleep, REM
PubMed: 29161567
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.026 -
Physiological Reviews Apr 2020Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sleeping mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in... (Review)
Review
Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sleeping mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As one of the most inheritable sleep EEG signatures, sleep spindles probably reflect the strength and malleability of thalamocortical circuits that underlie individual cognitive profiles. We review the characteristics, organization, regulation, and origins of sleep spindles and their implication in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and its functions, focusing on human and rodent. Spatially, sleep spindle-related neuronal activity appears on scales ranging from small thalamic circuits to functional cortical areas, and generates a cortical state favoring intracortical plasticity while limiting cortical output. Temporally, sleep spindles are discrete events, part of a continuous power band, and elements grouped on an infraslow time scale over which NREMS alternates between continuity and fragility. We synthesize diverse and seemingly unlinked functions of sleep spindles for sleep architecture, sensory processing, synaptic plasticity, memory formation, and cognitive abilities into a unifying sleep spindle concept, according to which sleep spindles ) generate neural conditions of large-scale functional connectivity and plasticity that outlast their appearance as discrete EEG events, ) appear preferentially in thalamic circuits engaged in learning and attention-based experience during wakefulness, and ) enable a selective reactivation and routing of wake-instated neuronal traces between brain areas such as hippocampus and cortex. Their fine spatiotemporal organization reflects NREMS as a physiological state coordinated over brain and body and may indicate, if not anticipate and ultimately differentiate, pathologies in sleep and neurodevelopmental, -degenerative, and -psychiatric conditions.
Topics: Animals; Attention; Brain; Brain Waves; Cognition; Humans; Intelligence; Memory; Nervous System Diseases; Neuronal Plasticity; Periodicity; Sleep Stages; Sleep Wake Disorders; Time Factors
PubMed: 31804897
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2018 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International Oct 2019Sleep-related disorders are a group of illnesses with marked effects on patients' quality of life and functional ability. Their diagnosis and treatment is a matter of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Sleep-related disorders are a group of illnesses with marked effects on patients' quality of life and functional ability. Their diagnosis and treatment is a matter of common interest to multiple medical disciplines.
METHODS
This review is based on relevant publications retrieved by a selective search in PubMed (Medline) and on the guide- lines of the German Society for Sleep Medicine, the German Neurological Society, and the German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics.
RESULTS
A pragmatic classification of sleep disorders by their three chief complaints-insomnia, daytime somnolence, and sleep-associated motor phenomena-enables tentative diagnoses that are often highly accurate. Some of these disorders can be treated by primary care physicians, while others call for referral to a neurologist or psychiatrist with special experience in sleep medicine. For patients suffering from insomnia as a primary sleep disorder, rather than a symptom of another disease, meta-analyses have shown the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy, with high average effect sizes. These patients, like those suffering from secondary sleep disorders, can also benefit from drug treatment for a limited time. Studies have shown marked improvement of sleep latency and sleep duration from short-term treatment with benzodiazepines and Z-drugs (non- benzodiazepine agonists such as zolpidem and zopiclone), but not without a risk of tolerance and dependence. For sleep disorders with the other two main manifestations, specific drug therapy has been found to be beneficial.
CONCLUSION
Sleep disorders in neurology and psychiatry are a heterogeneous group of disorders with diverse manifestations. Their proper diagnosis and treatment can help prevent secondary diseases and the worsening of concomitant conditions. Care structures for the treatment of sleep disorders should be further developed.
Topics: Humans; Neurology; Psychiatry; Sleep Wake Disorders
PubMed: 31709972
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0681 -
Neuropsychopharmacology : Official... Jan 2020Sleep disturbances are common in Parkinson's disease and comprise the entire spectrum of sleep disorders. On the one hand regulation of sleep and wakefulness is affected... (Review)
Review
Sleep disturbances are common in Parkinson's disease and comprise the entire spectrum of sleep disorders. On the one hand regulation of sleep and wakefulness is affected in Parkinson's disease, leading to the development of disorders, such as insomnia and daytime sleepiness. While on the other hand control of motor activity during sleep is impaired, with subsequent manifestation of parasomnias (mainly REM sleep behavior disorders, but also, albeit more rarely, sleepwalking, and overlap parasomnia). Restless legs syndrome has been reported to be frequent in patients with Parkinson's disease, although there is no consensus on whether it is more frequent in Parkinson's disease than in the general population. The same is true for sleep-related breathing disorders. Regarding the diagnosis of sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease, one of the main challenges is correctly identifying excessive daytime sleepiness as there are many potential confounding factors, for example it is necessary to distinguish sleep-related breathing disorders from medication effects, and to distinguish restless legs syndrome from the concomitant presence of potential mimics specific to Parkinson's disease, such as akathisia, nocturnal leg cramps, nocturnal hypokinesia, early morning dystonia, etc. The correct diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder is also not always easy, and video-polysomnography should be performed in order to exclude mimic-like movements at the end of sleep apneas or violent periodic leg movements of sleep. These aspects and specific considerations about diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease will be reviewed.
Topics: Humans; Parkinson Disease; Polysomnography; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Wakefulness
PubMed: 31234200
DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0448-y