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Revista Chilena de Pediatria Dec 2017
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Health; Chile; Humans; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking Prevention; Tobacco Smoke Pollution
PubMed: 29546916
DOI: 10.4067/S0370-41062017000600697 -
Thorax Jan 2022Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. It causes chronic lung disease and predisposes individuals to acute lung injury and pulmonary... (Review)
Review
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. It causes chronic lung disease and predisposes individuals to acute lung injury and pulmonary infection. Alveolar macrophages are sentinel cells strategically positioned in the interface between the airway lumen and the alveolar spaces. These are the most abundant immune cells and are the first line of defence against inhaled particulates and pathogens. Recently, there has been a better understanding about the ontogeny, phenotype and function of alveolar macrophages and their role, not only in phagocytosis, but also in initiating and resolving immune response. Many of the functions of the alveolar macrophage have been shown to be dysregulated following exposure to cigarette smoke. While the mechanisms for these changes remain poorly understood, they are important in the understanding of cigarette smoking-induced lung disease. We review the mechanisms by which smoking influences alveolar macrophage: (1) recruitment, (2) phenotype, (3) immune function (bacterial killing, phagocytosis, proteinase/anti-proteinase release and reactive oxygen species production) and (4) homeostasis (surfactant/lipid processing, iron homeostasis and efferocytosis). Further understanding of the mechanisms of cigarette smoking on alveolar macrophages and other lung monocyte/macrophage populations may allow novel ways of restoring cellular function in those patients who have stopped smoking in order to reduce the risk of subsequent infection or further lung injury.
Topics: Humans; Lung; Macrophages, Alveolar; Phagocytosis; Pneumonia; Smoke; Smoking
PubMed: 33986144
DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216296 -
Tuberkuloz Ve Toraks Sep 2016Smoking is one of the major causes of preventable diseases, disability and death in the globe and Turkey. In our study, the knowledge of students about smoking addiction...
INTRODUCTION
Smoking is one of the major causes of preventable diseases, disability and death in the globe and Turkey. In our study, the knowledge of students about smoking addiction and which organ in the body is damaged due to smoking are aimed to be determined.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Surveys were applied to students of private university preparatory training center on the Anatolian side of Istanbul. In the conducted survey, the questions related with students' demographic characteristics, themselves, their families and friends smoking addiction, the reasons to start smoking, whether they want to quit smoking, whether they try to quit smoking and which of the organs that they know smoking is harmful were asked. The data obtained were transferred to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows.
RESULT
Out of 358 students who answered the survey completely, 152 students (42.4%) were male, 206 (57.6%) were female. Students were between the ages of 16-20 and the mean age was 18 ± 1.15. When asked about their smoking addiction, 84 (23.5%) of total actively continued to smoke. Total of 14 students (3.9%) smoked and then stopped smoking, 260 students (72.6%) have never smoked. Curiosity was the most commonly reported reason to start smoking (39%) and for the second row, they indicated to start smoking due to tobacco user friends (30.6%).
CONCLUSIONS
More and more young people begin smoking at an earlier age and they transfer the problems of this bad addiction to the later years of their lives. There should be fight resolutely against actions and conditions encouraging smoking both as a state and society and in order to rescue young people from this bad addiction, it should continue to take steps which facilitate accessibility to supportive institutions.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Smoking Prevention; Students; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Tobacco Use Disorder; Turkey; Young Adult
PubMed: 28393728
DOI: 10.5578/tt.20925 -
Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and... Jun 2021Tobacco-smoking in children is one of the most crucial public health concerns, which could be highly prevalent in underprivileged populations. A cross sectional,...
Tobacco-smoking in children is one of the most crucial public health concerns, which could be highly prevalent in underprivileged populations. A cross sectional, random sampling survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of current tobacco-smoking and related risk factors among adolescents living in a low-income area of Santiago de Chile. Of the 2,747 adolescents participating in the study, 24.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 22.3-25.5] were current smokers, with no significant difference between girls and boys. Factors associated with current smoking were as follows: positive attitude to smoking cigarettes offered by peers [odds ratio (OR) 8.0; 95% CI 5.7-11.3, < 0.001], having smoking best friends (OR 4.0; 95% CI 2.6-6.0, < 0.001), and passive smoking in the house (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-3.1, = 0.008). A total of 16.8% (95% CI 11.4-18.2) of children had smoked an entire cigarette at the age of ≤12, and 62.3% (95% CI, 60.5-64.1) were passive smokers at home. Regarding nonsmoking children, 52.4% (95% CI 49.74-55.06) were exposed to tobacco smoke at home. The prevalence of current tobacco-smoking in adolescents is high and increasing compared to previous studies undertaken in the selected low-resourced area. Two-thirds of children who started smoking before the age of 12 years were current smokers at the time of the survey, highlighting the prevalence of the powerful addiction generated and the need for better preventive strategies against tobacco-smoking for children living in low-resource communities.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Smoking; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Tobacco Smoking
PubMed: 34107753
DOI: 10.1089/ped.2021.0018 -
Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology Feb 2024Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Although smoking-related lung cancers continue to account for the majority of diagnoses, smoking... (Review)
Review
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Although smoking-related lung cancers continue to account for the majority of diagnoses, smoking rates have been decreasing for several decades. Lung cancer in individuals who have never smoked (LCINS) is estimated to be the fifth most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2023, preferentially occurring in women and Asian populations. As smoking rates continue to decline, understanding the aetiology and features of this disease, which necessitate unique diagnostic and treatment paradigms, will be imperative. New data have provided important insights into the molecular and genomic characteristics of LCINS, which are distinct from those of smoking-associated lung cancers and directly affect treatment decisions and outcomes. Herein, we review the emerging data regarding the aetiology and features of LCINS, particularly the genetic and environmental underpinnings of this disease as well as their implications for treatment. In addition, we outline the unique diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms of LCINS and discuss future directions in identifying individuals at high risk of this disease for potential screening efforts.
Topics: Humans; Female; Lung Neoplasms; Smoke; Risk Factors; Smoking
PubMed: 38195910
DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00844-0 -
Journal Francais D'ophtalmologie Mar 2022Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor for cataract and other ailments, including heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cannabis...
BACKGROUND
Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor for cataract and other ailments, including heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cannabis smoke, like tobacco smoke, contains a comparable variety of carcinogenic and toxic compounds.
PURPOSE
In the present study, we analyzed UK Biobank data to determine whether smoking cannabis, like cigarettes, might be related to cataract.
METHODS
Our analysis included all UK Biobank subjects with cataracts and information on cannabis and cigarette smoking habits. The diagnosis of cataract was ascertained using the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD10), H25. The age at diagnosis of cataract was obtained from UK Biobank data field 4700. Cannabis information was recorded in UK Biobank category 143, data field 20453, ever taken cannabis.
RESULTS
Subjects who used cannabis 11-100 times or more were significantly younger (4-5 years) when they developed cataract than subjects who never used cannabis. To determine the relationship of current cigarette smoking to cannabis use and age at cataract, the univariate general linear model of SPSS was used, dependent variable age at cataract, fixed factor cannabis use, random factor pack years of cigarettes smoked. Cannabis use was significantly related to age at cataract diagnosis (P<0.001) and independent of the effect of pack-years of cigarettes smoked (P=0.008). Linear regression revealed an insignificant relationship between pack-years of cigarette smoking and age at cataract diagnosis (P=0.073). To further evaluate the relationship of cannabis to cataract, propensity score matching was performed. We identified 28,432 subjects with cataract. Current cigarette smoking and age were covariates; cannabis use (yes/no) was the indicator variable. Current cigarette smoking was significantly associated with a 1.2 odds ratio for cataract. Cannabis use was not significantly associated with the odds ratio for cataract.
CONCLUSION
Like tobacco smoke, cannabis smoke contains thousands of organic and inorganic chemical compounds. Cannabis tar is chemically similar to tar found in tobacco smoke, and over fifty known carcinogens have been identified in cannabis smoke, including nitrosamines, reactive aldehydes, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. Thus, the association of cannabis with cataract that we report here is not entirely surprising. Further studies are warranted.
Topics: Cataract; Humans; Marijuana Smoking; Smoke; Smoking; Nicotiana
PubMed: 35093261
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2021.12.008 -
American Journal of Respiratory Cell... Feb 2018The epithelial lining of the airway forms the first barrier against environmental insults, such as inhaled cigarette smoke, which is the primary risk factor for the... (Review)
Review
The epithelial lining of the airway forms the first barrier against environmental insults, such as inhaled cigarette smoke, which is the primary risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The barrier is formed by airway epithelial junctions, which are interconnected structures that restrict permeability to inhaled pathogens and environmental stressors. Destruction of the epithelial barrier not only exposes subepithelial layers to hazardous agents in the inspired air, but also alters the normal function of epithelial cells, which may eventually contribute to the development of COPD. Of note, disruption of epithelial junctions may lead to modulation of signaling pathways involved in differentiation, repair, and proinflammatory responses. Epithelial barrier dysfunction may be particularly relevant in COPD, where repeated injury by cigarette smoke exposure, pathogens, inflammatory mediators, and impaired epithelial regeneration may compromise the barrier function. In the current review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of barrier dysfunction in COPD, as well as the molecular mechanisms that underlie the impaired repair response of the injured epithelium in COPD and its inability to redifferentiate into a functionally intact epithelium.
Topics: Epithelial Cells; Humans; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory Mucosa; Signal Transduction; Smoke; Smoking; Tight Junctions
PubMed: 28933915
DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0200TR -
BMC Public Health Sep 2015According to the partial smoke-free legislation implemented on 1 September 2010 in Guangzhou, China, smoke-free did not cover all indoor areas. Some places have a full... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
According to the partial smoke-free legislation implemented on 1 September 2010 in Guangzhou, China, smoke-free did not cover all indoor areas. Some places have a full smoking ban (100 % smoke-free), other places have a partial smoking ban, and homes have no ban. This study aimed to compare the smoking behaviors before and after implementation of a smoke-free legislation.
METHOD
A repeated cross-sectional survey was conducted on smoking-related behaviors with a total of 4,900 respondents before, and 5,135 respondents after the legislation was instituted. For each wave of the survey, a three-stage stratified sampling process was used to obtain a representative sample. Pearson's Chi-square test was used to determine differences of smoking prevalence and quit ratio between the two samples. Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of a smoke-free legislation with smoking behaviors.
RESULTS
The overall daily smoking rate declined significantly from 20.8 % to 18.2 % (p < 0.05), especially among those aged 15-24 years. The quit ratios increased significantly (from 14.5 % to 17.9 %), but remained low among 15-44 year olds. The overall self-reported smoking behaviors in locations with a full smoking ban decreased significantly from 36.4 % to 24.3 % with the greater drops occurring in cultural venues, public transport vehicles, and government offices. Smoking in places with partial smoking bans remained high (89.6 % vs. 90.4 %), although a slight decrease was observed in some of these areas. The implementation of a smoke-free legislation did not lead to more smoking in homes (91.0 % vs 89.4 %), but smoking in homes remained high.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings highlight the urgent need for a comprehensive smoke-free legislation covering all public places in Guangzhou, simultaneously educational interventions and campaigns promoting voluntary changes in home smoking need to occur.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Government Regulation; Health Behavior; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Self Report; Smoke; Smoke-Free Policy; Smoking; Smoking Prevention; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Young Adult
PubMed: 26420222
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2353-6 -
Environmental Research Oct 2017Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for ageing-related disease, but its association with biological ageing, indicated by telomere length, is unclear. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for ageing-related disease, but its association with biological ageing, indicated by telomere length, is unclear.
METHODS
We systematically reviewed evidence evaluating association between smoking status and telomere length. Searches were performed in MEDLINE (Ovid) and EMBASE (Ovid) databases, combining variation of keywords "smoking" and "telomere". Data was extracted for study characteristics and estimates for association between smoking and telomere length. Quality of studies was assessed with a risk of bias score, and publication bias was assessed with a funnel plot. I test was used to observe heterogeneity. Meta-analysis was carried out to compare mean difference in telomere length by smoking status, and a dose-response approach was carried out for pack-years of smoking and telomere length. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to examine sources of heterogeneity.
RESULTS
A total of 84 studies were included in the review, and 30 among them were included in our meta-analysis. Potential bias was addressed in half of included studies, and there was little evidence of small study bias. Telomere length was shorter among ever smokers compared to never smokers (summary standard mean difference [SMD]: -0.11 (95% CI -0.16 to -0.07)). Similarly, shorter telomere length was found among smokers compared to non-smokers, and among current smokers compared to never or former smokers. Dose-response meta-analysis suggested an inverse trend between pack-years of smoking and telomere length. However, heterogeneity among some analyses was observed.
CONCLUSION
Shorter telomeres among ever smokers compared to those who never smoked may imply mechanisms linking tobacco smoke exposure to ageing-related disease.
Topics: Humans; Risk Factors; Smoking; Telomere Homeostasis; Telomere Shortening; Tobacco Smoke Pollution
PubMed: 28704792
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.038 -
Pneumonologia I Alergologia Polska 2011
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Indian Ocean; Iran; Male; Middle Aged; Poland; Prevalence; Smoking; Smoking Prevention; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Tobacco Use Disorder; World Health Organization; Young Adult
PubMed: 21190145
DOI: No ID Found