-
Oncotarget Jul 2016Several studies have reported that cigarette smoking is inversely associated with the risk of melanoma. This study further tested whether incorporating genetic factors...
Several studies have reported that cigarette smoking is inversely associated with the risk of melanoma. This study further tested whether incorporating genetic factors will provide another level of evaluation of mechanisms underlying the association between smoking and risk of melanoma. We investigated the association between SNPs selected from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on smoking behaviors and risk of melanoma using 2,298 melanoma cases and 6,654 controls. Among 16 SNPs, three (rs16969968 [A], rs1051730 [A] and rs2036534 [C] in the 15q25.1 region) reached significance for association with melanoma risk in men (0.01 < = P values < = 0.02; 0.85 < = Odds Ratios (ORs) <= 1.20). There was association between the genetic scores based on the number of smoking behavior-risk alleles and melanoma risk with P-trend = 0.005 among HPFS. Further association with smoking behaviors indicating those three SNPs (rs16969968 [A], rs1051730 [A] and rs2036534 [C]) significantly associated with number of cigarettes smoked per day, CPD, with P = 0.009, 0.011 and 0.001 respectively. The SNPs rs215605 in the PDE1C gene and rs6265 in the BDNF gene significantly interacted with smoking status on melanoma risk (interaction P = 0.005 and P = 0.003 respectively). Our study suggests that smoking behavior-related SNPs are likely to play a role in melanoma development and the potential public health importance of polymorphisms in the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster. Further larger studies are warranted to validate the findings.
Topics: Adult; Alleles; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1; Female; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Male; Melanoma; Middle Aged; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Risk; Smoking
PubMed: 27344179
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10144 -
Social Science & Medicine (1982) Jul 2021Despite overall declines in cigarette smoking prevalence in the United States (U.S.) in the past several decades, smoking rates remain highly variable across geographic...
Despite overall declines in cigarette smoking prevalence in the United States (U.S.) in the past several decades, smoking rates remain highly variable across geographic areas. Past work suggests that smoking norms and exposure to other smokers in one's social environment may correlate with smoking risk and cessation, but little is known about how exposure to other smokers in one's community is causally linked to smoking behavior - in part due to endogeneity and inability to randomly assign individuals to different 'smoking environments.' The goal of this study was to evaluate how exposure to localities with high population-level smoking prevalence affects individual-level cigarette smoking behaviors, including quitting. The study addresses key limitations in the literature by leveraging a unique natural experiment: the plausibly exogenous compulsory assignment of military personnel to installations. Logistic and multivariate regressions estimated cross-sectional associations between smoking/quitting behaviors and our proxy for social environments for smoking, county-level smoking prevalence (CSP). Across 563 U.S. counties, CSP ranged from 3.8 to 37.9%. Among the full sample, a 10 percentage point increase in CSP was associated with an 11% greater likelihood of smoking. In subgroup analyses, young adults, women, those without children in the household, and risk/sensation-seekers were more likely to smoke and less likely to quit when exposed to counties with higher CSP. Relocation to areas with high population-level smoking prevalence may increase likelihood of smoking and impede quitting, and may disparately affect some population subgroups. Findings provide novel evidence that community smoking environments affect adult smoking risk and underscore a need for sustained, targeted efforts to reduce smoking in areas where prevalence remains high.
Topics: Child; Cigarette Smoking; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Military Personnel; Prevalence; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 34020313
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113983 -
Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official... Apr 2016Beginning in the late 1970s, a very sharp decline in cigarette smoking prevalence was observed among African American (AA) high school seniors compared with a more... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Beginning in the late 1970s, a very sharp decline in cigarette smoking prevalence was observed among African American (AA) high school seniors compared with a more modest decline among whites. This historic decline resulted in a lower prevalence of cigarette smoking among AA youth that has persisted for several decades.
METHODS
We synthesized information contained in the research literature and tobacco industry documents to provide an account of past influences on cigarette smoking behavior among AA youth to help understand the reasons for these historically lower rates of cigarette smoking.
RESULTS
While a number of protective factors including cigarette price increases, religiosity, parental opposition, sports participation, body image, and negative attitudes towards cigarette smoking may have all played a role in maintaining lower rates of cigarette smoking among AA youth as compared to white youth, the efforts of the tobacco industry seem to have prevented the effectiveness of these factors from carrying over into adulthood.
CONCLUSION
Continuing public health efforts that prevent cigarette smoking initiation and maintain lower cigarette smoking rates among AA youth throughout adulthood have the potential to help reduce the negative health consequences of smoking in this population.
IMPLICATIONS
While AA youth continue to have a lower prevalence of cigarette smoking than white youth, they are still at risk of increasing their smoking behavior due to aggressive targeted marketing by the tobacco industry. Because AAs suffer disproportionately from tobacco-related disease, and have higher incidence and mortality rates from lung cancer, efforts to prevent smoking initiation and maintain lower cigarette smoking rates among AA youth have the potential to significantly lower lung cancer death rates among AA adults.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Black or African American; Health Behavior; Health Promotion; Humans; Prevalence; Smoking; Smoking Prevention; Tobacco Industry
PubMed: 26980860
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv203 -
Chest Jun 2023Hypomethylation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) gene indicates long-term smoking exposure and might therefore be a monitor for smoking-induced disease...
BACKGROUND
Hypomethylation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) gene indicates long-term smoking exposure and might therefore be a monitor for smoking-induced disease risk. However, studies of individual longitudinal changes in AHRR methylation are sparse.
RESEARCH QUESTION
How does the recovery of AHRR methylation depend on change in smoking behaviors and demographic variables?
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS
This study included 4,432 individuals from the Copenhagen City Heart Study, with baseline and follow-up blood samples and smoking information collected approximately 10 years apart. AHRR methylation at the cg05575921 site was measured in bisulfite-treated leukocyte DNA. Four smoking groups were defined: participants who never smoked (Never-Never), participants who formerly smoked (Former-Former), participants who quit during the study period (Current-Former), and individuals who smoked at both baseline and follow-up (Current-Current). Methylation recovery was defined as the increase in AHRR methylation between baseline and follow-up examination.
RESULTS
Methylation recovery was highest among participants who quit, with a median methylation recovery of 5.58% (interquartile range, 1.79; 9.15) vs 1.64% (interquartile range, -1.88; 4.96) in the Current-Current group (P < .0001). In individuals who quit smoking, older age was associated with lower methylation recovery (P < .0001). In participants who quit aged > 65 years, methylation recovery was 5.9% at 5.6 years after quitting; methylation recovery was 8.5% after 2.8 years for participants who quit aged < 55 years.
INTERPRETATION
AHRR methylation recovered after individuals quit smoking, and recovery was more pronounced and occurred faster in younger compared with older interim quitters.
Topics: Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Repressor Proteins; Smoking; DNA Methylation; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 36621758
DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.12.036 -
Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official... Dec 2019This commentary addresses critical questions regarding the impact of the reduction of nicotine on changes in smoking behavior. There appears to be moderate evidence that... (Review)
Review
This commentary addresses critical questions regarding the impact of the reduction of nicotine on changes in smoking behavior. There appears to be moderate evidence that use of reduced nicotine cigarettes (RNC) increases the likelihood of making a quit attempt among smokers unmotivated to quit and among smokers motivated to quit who also used nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). There was limited evidence that RNC combined with NRT increased smoking abstinence, regardless of motivation to quit. Several plausible mechanisms via which RNC may influence smoking behavior, including reducing dependence, are reviewed. The moderate evidence that abrupt reduction in nicotine reduces self-reported dependence as well as smoking behavior and likelihood of relapse is also reviewed. The data reviewed here suggest that abrupt switching to, and extended use of, RNC can reduce cigarette dependence and several related constructs, including the ability to quit smoking. The data reviewed in this commentary suggest that abrupt reduction in the level of nicotine in combustible cigarettes could reduce smoking behavior, nicotine dependence, and other related constructs and increase quit attempts and eventual smoking cessation.
Topics: Humans; Nicotine; Smokers; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Products
PubMed: 31867644
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz100 -
Health Economics Aug 2021This paper examines the immediate and long-term effects of public smoking bans on smoking prevalence, smoking regularity, smoking intensity, and secondhand tobacco smoke...
This paper examines the immediate and long-term effects of public smoking bans on smoking prevalence, smoking regularity, smoking intensity, and secondhand tobacco smoke exposure. We supplement the extensive literature on the effects of various types of tobacco control legislation on smoking behavior in developed countries by studying the provincial smoking bans and more recent national ban of a middle-income country, Argentina. We focus on the difference between full and partial smoking bans, and take advantage of the time and province variation in ban implementation in order to determine the causal effects of each type of ban. We find that full bans reduce national smoking prevalence over time, especially among younger demographic groups, but have no significant impact on intensity of smoking among smokers. Full bans also benefit nonsmokers, as they are associated with a significant reduction in environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Partial bans do not significantly impact smoking prevalence, and are found to increase smoking intensity among individuals who smoke every day. These findings provide support for ratification of full bans by all provinces according to the National Tobacco Control Law of 2011.
Topics: Humans; Smoke-Free Policy; Smoking; Smoking Prevention; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Tobacco Smoking
PubMed: 33928714
DOI: 10.1002/hec.4280 -
Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official... Jan 2019Cue reactivity (CR) research has reliably demonstrated robust cue-induced responding among smokers exposed to common proximal smoking cues (eg, cigarettes, lighter)....
INTRODUCTION
Cue reactivity (CR) research has reliably demonstrated robust cue-induced responding among smokers exposed to common proximal smoking cues (eg, cigarettes, lighter). More recent work demonstrates that distal stimuli, most notably the actual environments in which smoking previously occurred, can also gain associative control over craving. In the real world, proximal cues always occur within an environment; thus, a more informative test of how cues affect smokers might be to present these two cue types simultaneously.
METHODS
Using a combined-cue counterbalanced CR paradigm, the present study tested the impact of proximal (smoking and neutral) + personal environment (smoking and nonsmoking places) pictorial cues, on smokers' subjective and behavioral CR; as well as the extent to which cue-induced craving predicts immediate subsequent smoking in a within-subjects design.
RESULTS
As anticipated, the dual smoking cue combination (ProxS + EnvS) led to the greatest cue-induced craving relative to the other three cue combinations (ProxS + EnvN, ProxN + EnvS, and ProxN ± EnvN), ps < .004. Dual smoking cues also led to significantly shorter post-trial latencies to smoke, ps < .01. Overall CR difference score (post-trial craving minus baseline craving) was predictive of subsequent immediate smoking indexed by: post-trial latency to smoke [B = -2.69, SE = 9.02; t(143) = -2.98, p = .003]; total puff volume [B = 2.99, SE = 1.13; t(143) = 2.65, p = .009]; and total number of puffs [B = .053, SE = .027; t(143) = 1.95, p = .05].
CONCLUSIONS
The implications of these findings for better understanding the impact of cues on smoking behavior and cessation are discussed.
IMPLICATIONS
This novel cue reactivity study examined smokers' reactivity to combined proximal and distal smoking cues. Exposure to a combination of two smoking cues (proximal and environment) led to the greatest increases in cue-induced craving and smoking behavior compared to all other cue combinations. Further, the overall magnitude of cue-induced craving was found to significantly predict immediate subsequent smoking. This work provides new insight on how exposure to various cues and cue combinations directly affect smokers' craving and actual smoking behavior, as well as the relationship between those two indices of reactivity.
Topics: Adult; Conditioning, Psychological; Cues; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Smokers; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Smoking; Young Adult
PubMed: 29370401
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty009 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2022Smoking has been widely reported to have a significant relationship with hypertension, but the past description of this relationship has not been uniform. In addition,...
BACKGROUND
Smoking has been widely reported to have a significant relationship with hypertension, but the past description of this relationship has not been uniform. In addition, there has been a lack of research to discuss the impact of environmental exposure on the relationship between smoking and hypertension. Therefore, this study estimates the association between smoking and hypertension in middle aged and elderly people in China under different PM (fine particulate matter) concentrations and the green space exposure conditions.
METHODS
Individual sample data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2018 and the long-term average exposure concentration of fine particles and green space exposure for all participants were used with a multilevel binary logistic mixed effects model. Adjustments were made for sociodemographic characteristics and other health behaviors including drinking, physical activity, and social activity. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and PM concentration stratification were assigned with the median of the population exposure concentration as the dividing line, and the dual environmental factor stratification was assigned in combination with the two types of environmental exposure. The analysis was also stratified using age groups.
RESULTS
A total of 10,600 participants over the age of 45 were included in the study. The effects of smoking on hypertension were diverse under different environmental exposure conditions. There was a significant relationship between smoking behavior and hypertension in the Low-NDVI group, and the effect value of this relationship was significantly different from that in the High-NDVI group. Furthermore, for respondents exposed to low green spaces and high PM environments at the same time (Low-NDVI/High-PM group), their smoking behavior may lead to an increase in the risk of hypertension. In addition, the risk of hypertension caused by smoking in the middle-aged (45-64) was significant under low green space exposure, but the effect difference between the different age groups was not significant.
CONCLUSIONS
The relationship between smoking and hypertension was different under different environmental exposure conditions. Exposure to low green spaces may strengthen the association between smoking and hypertension risk. When participants were exposed to both low green spaces and high PM concentrations, the risk of hypertension caused by smoking was significantly higher than that of those who were exposed to high green spaces and low PM concentrations.
Topics: Aged; Middle Aged; Humans; Smoking; Cross-Sectional Studies; Parks, Recreational; Longitudinal Studies; Hypertension; Particulate Matter
PubMed: 36466446
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1026648 -
American Journal of Public Health Jun 2020To compare the association of California Proposition 56 (Prop 56), which increased the cigarette tax by $2 per pack beginning on April 1, 2017, with smoking behavior...
To compare the association of California Proposition 56 (Prop 56), which increased the cigarette tax by $2 per pack beginning on April 1, 2017, with smoking behavior among low- and high-income adults. Drawing on a sample of 17 206 low-income and 21 324 high-income adults aged 21 years or older from the 2012 to 2018 California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, we explored 2 outcomes: current smoking prevalence and smoking intensity (average number of cigarettes per day among current smokers). For each income group, we estimated a multivariable logistic regression to analyze the association of Prop 56 with smoking prevalence and a multivariable linear regression to analyze the association of Prop 56 with smoking intensity. Although we observed no association between smoking intensity and Prop 56, we found a statistically significant decline in smoking prevalence among low-income adults following Prop 56. No such association was found among the high-income group. Given that low-income Californians smoke cigarettes at greater rates than those with higher incomes, our results provide evidence that Prop 56 is likely to reduce income disparities in cigarette smoking in California.
Topics: Adult; Aged; California; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; Taxes; Tobacco Products; Young Adult
PubMed: 32298173
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305615 -
BMC Psychiatry Dec 2023Smoking is harmful, which has become a major public health burden. Physical activity may be related to smoking. Physical activity is one of the current methods for...
BACKGROUND
Smoking is harmful, which has become a major public health burden. Physical activity may be related to smoking. Physical activity is one of the current methods for smoking control and smoking cessation. Different types of physical activity may have different effect on smoking behavior.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to identify the direction and extent of the impact of different types of physical activity above moderate intensity (including work physical activity, recreational physical activity, commuter physical activity and sedentary behavior) on smoking behavior.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, a total of 2,015 individuals (1,233 males and 782 females, mean age 54.02±17.31 years) was selected from the representative population aged 20 and above in the National Health and Nutrition Survey of the United States from 2017 to 2018. Physical activity was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) ; the tobacco use questionnaire (SMQ) was used to determine whether the sample had smoking behavior at this stage. Binary Logistic regression analysis was performed with various physical activities as independent variables and smoking behavior as dependent variables. All data were analyzed through Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 26.0.
RESULTS
After adjusted for all confounding variables, physical activity at work was close to significantly associated with smoking behavior (P=0.053), odds ratio (OR) =1.135 (95%Cl: 0.999-1.289). Recreational physical activity was significantly associated with smoking behavior (P < 0.001), OR=0.729 (95%Cl: 0.639-0.832). Commuting physical activity was significantly associated with smoking behavior (P < 0.001), OR=1.214 (95%Cl:1.048-1.405). Sedentary behavior was significantly associated with smoking behavior (P < 0.001), OR=1.363 (95%Cl: 1.154-1.611).
CONCLUSIONS
Given that different types of physical activity have different associations with smoking behavior. Therefore, when physical activity is used as a tobacco control measurement, it is necessary to pay attention to the type and environment of physical activity. Recreational physical activities should be appropriately increased, sedentary behavior should be reduced, and smoking prohibit environment should be expanded as far as possible to achieve better clinical intervention effects.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; United States; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Exercise; Surveys and Questionnaires; Smoking; Nutrition Surveys; Sedentary Behavior
PubMed: 38082223
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05416-1