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Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki 2019Αn abundance of research has demonstrated that substance addicted individuals, when they are exposed to a substance related stimulus, show a positive correlation...
Αn abundance of research has demonstrated that substance addicted individuals, when they are exposed to a substance related stimulus, show a positive correlation between physiological measurements, such as an increase in heart rate and sweating, and behavioral reactions, that include craving and substance use or consumption. Films depicting smoking behavior are regarded as cues to induce smoking behavior. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of smoking behavior portrayed in movies on actual craving experienced by smokers who watch on screen actors consume tobacco products. In addition, the effects of receiving orally administered nicotine (chewing gum), a regular chewing gum or no additional intervention were examined. In particular, the study aimed to investigate how these factors impact nicotine craving as well as the heart rate and sweating. The majority of the participants were University of Bedfordshire students and staff. Thirty smokers (12 males and 18 females) having received a nicotine gum, a regular chewing gum or no gum, were exposed to a digital video clip showing actors smoking. The participants chose the type of chewing gum they wanted. Heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin response (GSR) were measured during the course of the experiment. Prior to and after watching the movie clip participants completed the Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU-Brief) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). According to the results, the craving was increased when compared to the baseline score (t=-3.76, p<0.001). Additionally, a correlation was found between the baseline level of craving and perceived stress before and after the movie (r=0.39). Nicotine chewing gum was found to have a significant impact on participants' heart rate (p<0.05) but not on GSR. A significant difference was found in participants in the normal chewing gum condition reporting higher levels of craving than the other two groups (p<0.05). Age was found to positively related to post-measures of nicotine craving which was found to be higher for young respondents (r=-0.47, p<0.01). The data further show that the depiction of smoking behavior in the media is likely to have a significant impact on smoking craving, smoking behavior and nicotine consumption. The current study confirms and replicates some of the previous findings within the field of smoking behavior and nicotine craving such as high susceptibility of younger adults to media influence.
Topics: Adult; Aging; Craving; Cues; Female; Galvanic Skin Response; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Smoking; Stress, Psychological; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; Video Recording; Young Adult
PubMed: 31685454
DOI: 10.22365/jpsych.2019.303.226 -
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &... Dec 2009Recent Food and Drug Administration legislation enables the mandating of product performance standards for cigarette smoke and the evaluation of manufacturers' health... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Recent Food and Drug Administration legislation enables the mandating of product performance standards for cigarette smoke and the evaluation of manufacturers' health claims for modified tobacco products. Laboratory studies used for these evaluations and also for understanding tobacco smoke toxicology use machines to generate smoke. The goal of this review is to critically evaluate methods to assess human smoking behavior and replicate this in the laboratory.
METHODS
Smoking behavior and smoking machine studies were identified using PubMed and publicly available databases for internal tobacco company documents.
RESULTS
The smoking machine was developed to generate smoke to allow for comparing cigarette tar and nicotine yields. The intent was to infer relative human disease risk, but this concept was flawed because humans tailor their smoking to the product, and chemical yields and toxicologic effects change with different smoking profiles. Although smoking machines also allow for mechanistic assessments of smoking-related diseases, the interpretations also are limited. However, available methods to assess how humans puff could be used to provide better laboratory assessments, but these need to be validated. Separately, the contribution of smoke mouth-holding and inhalation to dose need to be assessed, because these parts of smoking are not captured by the smoking machine. Better comparisons of cigarettes might be done by tailoring human puff profiles to the product based on human studies and comparing results across regimens.
CONCLUSIONS
There are major research gaps that limit the use of smoking machine studies for informing tobacco control regulation and mechanistic studies.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Biological Availability; Humans; Research; Smoking; Tobacco Use Disorder
PubMed: 19959678
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1014 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2023To explore the relationship between physical exercise and smoking behavior among Chinese residents aged 16 years and older. Analysis based on 29,466 validated cases in...
To explore the relationship between physical exercise and smoking behavior among Chinese residents aged 16 years and older. Analysis based on 29,466 validated cases in the 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS 2018). The chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for comparative analysis between groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between physical exercise and smoking behavior. Gender and birth cohort differences in the relationship between physical exercise and smoking behavior were explored based on stratified regression analysis using gender and birth cohort as stratified variables, respectively. Robustness testing based on multiple linear regression analysis using a replacement data approach. There were 8735 cases of smokers among the respondents. After controlling for relevant confounders, there was a significant negative association between physical exercise and smoking behavior among residents [OR 0.718, 95% CI (0.673, 0.765), P < 0.01]. Physical exercise was more significantly associated with smoking behavior among male residents [OR 0.694, 95% CI (0.649, 0.743), P < 0.01], while it was not significantly associated with smoking behavior among female residents [OR 0.901, 95% CI (0.743, 1.093), P > 0.05]. Physical exercise was more significantly associated with smoking behavior in the pre-1948 (OR 0.748), 1959-1968 (OR 0.748), 1969-1978 (OR 0.812), 1989-1998 (OR 0.576) and post-1999 (OR 0.411) birth cohorts, and the association decreased over time and with social change. The results of the robustness test showed that frequency of exercise was significantly and negatively associated with smoking behavior among residents [OR 0.961, 95% CI (0.951, 0.970), P < 0.01]. Physical exercise is negatively associated with smoking behavior among Chinese residents aged 16 years and older, especially among male residents. There is a cohort effect between physical exercise and smoking behavior of the population, that is, the relationship between the two decreases with social change.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; China; East Asian People; Exercise; Smokers; Smoking; Smoking Cessation
PubMed: 36941329
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31511-0 -
Journal of Clinical Hypertension... Jul 2022The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking intensity trajectory, cumulative smoking exposure, and the number of years since quitting on the...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking intensity trajectory, cumulative smoking exposure, and the number of years since quitting on the subsequent risk of hypertension in Chinese adults. The study included 2783 men and 3416 women who participated in at least three waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Information regarding smoking behavior was obtained using a standardized questionnaire. The trajectory of smoking intensity was determined using a group-based trajectory model. The number of pack-years of smoking and the number of years since quitting were calculated. The incidence of hypertension was 18.2% and 15.5% in men and women, respectively, during a median follow-up duration of 4 years. Male participants with trajectories denoting light and moderate smoking had increased risks of hypertension compared with those with trajectories denoting non-smoking (P < .05). Compared with male participants with 0 pack-years, those with < 5.5 pack-years had a higher risk of hypertension (P < .05). Male participants with ≥5.5 pack-years and weight gain had a higher risk of hypertension compared with those with 0 pack-years and weight loss (P < .05). However, smoking was not related to an increased risk of hypertension in women. Additionally, similar to never smoking, having quit within 2-5 years or ≥5 years was not associated with the incidence of hypertension in men. The results of this study showed that light/moderate smoking or high cumulative smoking exposure accompanied by weight gain increased the risk of hypertension in Chinese men and smoking cessation decreased this effect.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Incidence; Male; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Weight Gain
PubMed: 35765239
DOI: 10.1111/jch.14534 -
Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official... Jan 2023Being on the COVID-19 frontline could negatively impact healthcare workers mental health.
INTRODUCTION
Being on the COVID-19 frontline could negatively impact healthcare workers mental health.
AIMS AND METHODS
We examined smoking behavior changes and the association with changes in stress levels and sleeping patterns among hospital workers during the pandemic. An online survey was conducted among employees of a large tertiary medical center in Israel. Data collected included sociodemographic characteristics, smoking status, changes in smoking behavior (for smokers only), stress levels, and sleeping duration during the pandemic, perceptions of risk for COVID-19 infection and disease severity, presence of a chronic illness, COVID-19 exposure and infection status, and involvement in treating COVID-19 patients. Multinominal logistic regression modeling assessed the effects of covariates on smoking behavior change.
RESULTS
Overall, 920 healthcare workers participated. More than half (59%) reported an increase in stress and 28% reported changes in sleep duration. Thirty-five percent of current smokers (n = 132), reported smoking more. Increased stress was associated with an increase in smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 3.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-9.4, p = .016), and an increase in sleeping hours was significantly associated with a decrease in smoking (OR = 6.42, 95% CI 1.2-32, p = .02). Among smokers who reported perceived levels of stress to be the same or slightly higher than prepandemic, a strong inverse association was observed between sleep and smoking.
CONCLUSIONS
The mental health consequences of the pandemic, specifically for health workers, could lead to negative changes in smoking behaviors. Together with offering stress-management skills and coping strategies, mental health support should target smoking behaviors and sleep disturbances.
IMPLICATIONS
A high proportion of healthcare employees working in a large tertiary medical center in Israel reported increased stress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among smokers, increased stress levels were associated with increased smoking, suggesting that smoking may be a coping mechanism for COVID-19-related stress. Offering stress-management skills and coping strategies can mitigate the negative impact on health workers' smoking behavior, and reduce stress-related increases in smoking behavior.
Topics: Humans; Cross-Sectional Studies; Israel; Pandemics; Sleep Duration; COVID-19; Smoking; Health Personnel; Hospitals
PubMed: 35029653
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac014 -
Journal of Primary Care & Community... 2023Smoking is associated with many diseases and is a target for primary preventive efforts in numerous morbidities. Studies show that smoking and depression may be...
INTRODUCTION
Smoking is associated with many diseases and is a target for primary preventive efforts in numerous morbidities. Studies show that smoking and depression may be associated. Never-smokers are at significantly lower risk than current and former smokers. Despite this observation, the effect of smoking on depression risk reduction has not been adequately explored. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of smoking on depression risk reduction in adult patients seen in a primary care clinic at an academic medical center 6 months after they were identified as being at risk for depression. Findings may influence the direction and intensity of our smoking cessation endeavors in patients at risk of depression who smoke.
METHODS
We conducted an analytic cross-sectional study using electronic medical records of patients 18 years and older seen a primary care setting between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2020. All participants included had an initial depression risk score (assessed by the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)) of 5 or higher, information on smoking status and a PHQ-9 score at 6 months. We determined the percentage of patients with PHQ-9 score decrease of 5 or more at 6 months and used logistic regression to determine the association depression risk reduction (of 5 units or more) at 6 months and smoking, adjusting for demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics.
RESULTS
Number of patients included were 120, mean age was 55 (16), years, 88 (74%) were female, 68 (57%) were African American, and 31 (26%) were Caucasian. Fifty (44%) had a history of smoking and 31 (25.8%) had improvement (ie, a decrease of 5 units or more) in their PHQ-9 score at 6 months. Smoking was associated with decreased odds of improvement in depressive symptoms (Odds ratio = 0.32, 95% Confidence interval: 0.12-0.87).
CONCLUSION
Risk of depression was more likely to persist in smokers than non-smokers at 6 months. Addressing smoking behavior in those with risk of depression may be beneficial.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Primary Health Care; Risk Reduction Behavior; Smoking
PubMed: 38041400
DOI: 10.1177/21501319231213748 -
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth Aug 2020Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) during pregnancy can cause pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes. About 40% of Chinese expectant fathers are smokers and...
BACKGROUND
Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) during pregnancy can cause pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes. About 40% of Chinese expectant fathers are smokers and they rarely attempt to quit smoking. There is a paucity of effective smoking cessation services targeting this population. In this study, we assessed the smoking behavior of Chinese expectant fathers and examined its association with smoking abstinence after their partner became pregnant, which is an essential prerequisite for designing effective smoking cessation interventions.
METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional survey in the obstetrics and gynecology clinic of three tertiary hospitals in China. Expectant fathers who smoked at least one cigarette per day for 1 month within the past 12 months were invited to participate in this study. The participants were asked to complete a structured questionnaire that assessed their smoking behaviors before and after their partner became pregnant.
RESULTS
From December 2017 to March 2018, we recruited a total of 466 eligible expectant fathers, among whom 323 (69.3%) were identified as current smokers and 143 (30.7%) were ex-smokers. Using lasso regression, 19 features were selected from among 27 independent variables. The results of the selected multivariable logistic regression model showed that knowledge about the health hazards of smoking among smokers (odds ratio (OR) 1.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24 to 1.58; p < 0.001), knowledge about the health hazards of SHS to pregnant women (OR 1.46; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.97; p < 0.001), knowledge about harm to the fetus and newborn (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.25 to 2.03; p < 0.001), and being a first-time expectant father (OR 2.08; 95% CI 1.02 to 3.85; p = 0.046) were significantly positively associated with smoking abstinence among expectant fathers after their partner became pregnant. Significantly negative associations were found for severe dysfunctionality in terms of family support (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.24 to 0.95; p = 0.036) and smoking only outside the home (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.26 to 0.98; p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, we identified several factors associated with smoking abstinence among expectant fathers after their partner became pregnant. These findings can guide the development of effective interventions targeting expectant fathers, to help them quit smoking.
Topics: Adult; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fathers; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Pregnant Women; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Young Adult
PubMed: 32758182
DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03148-8 -
Ethnicity & Disease 2019As Latinos acculturate, they are assumed to smoke at higher rates. This study investigated the relationship between acculturation level, educational attainment, and...
INTRODUCTION
As Latinos acculturate, they are assumed to smoke at higher rates. This study investigated the relationship between acculturation level, educational attainment, and cigarette smoking by gender and national background among Latinos.
METHODS
Data from the 2009-2012 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed and participants included 1,111 Cubans, 813 Dominicans, 13,281 Mexicans, and 2,197 Puerto Ricans. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model acculturation and educational predictors of current smoking, stratified by gender and national background. Acculturation level was categorized into less acculturated, bicultural, and more acculturated by combining birthplace and language preference. Current cigarette smoking was defined by self-reported use every day or some days among those who ever smoked at least 100 cigarettes.
RESULTS
Most respondents were interviewed in English (62%) and had a high school education or less (60%), but only 39% were US-born. Overall, 17.8% of men and 9.6% of women reported current smoking. By national background, smoking prevalence was highest among Puerto Ricans (16% of women and 23% of men) and lowest among Dominicans (6% of women and 10% of men). More acculturated Mexican women and men had significantly higher odds of current smoking (OR=2.94; 95% CI=2.01, 4.31 and OR=1.88; 95% CI=1.39, 2.55; respectively). Mexican men who were more acculturated and had greater levels of educational attainment had lower odds of smoking (OR=.84; 95% CI=.74, .96).
CONCLUSIONS
The relationship between acculturation and health behaviors among Latinos is influenced by education and should be considered by public health and clinician stakeholders when developing or adapting tobacco control strategies.
Topics: Acculturation; Adult; Female; Health Behavior; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Smoking; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 31057307
DOI: 10.18865/ed.29.2.227 -
The Clinical Respiratory Journal Jan 2022The effect of COVID-19 on smoking behavior is not fully known. Studies evaluating the link between smoking and COVID-19 have controversial results. This study aims to...
BACKGROUND
The effect of COVID-19 on smoking behavior is not fully known. Studies evaluating the link between smoking and COVID-19 have controversial results. This study aims to evaluate patients' smoking status with COVID-19 and the effect of COVID-19 on smoking behavior.
METHODS
Data were collected from 150 COVID-19 patients with a positive polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2 between 11 March 2020 and 15 May 2020 in Rize, Turkey. Patients were interviewed by phone calls 2 months after their recovery. After 9 months, a follow-up was performed for those who quit smoking.
RESULTS
Of the participants, 19 (12.7%) were current smokers before the COVID-19 diagnosis, and 15 (78.9%) of them stated that they quit smoking after their diagnosis. After nine months of follow-up, 11 of those 15 participants (57.8%) sustained abstinence.
CONCLUSION
Smoking cessation rates are high in people with COVID-19. Besides, the frequency of sustaining abstinence in the long term was also high in these individuals. The COVID-19 pandemic should be viewed as an open opportunity to strengthen and prioritize smoking cessation activities.
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Testing; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Smoking; Nicotiana
PubMed: 34652066
DOI: 10.1111/crj.13452 -
Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official... May 2019The common genetic variant (rs1051730) in the 15q24 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene cluster CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 was associated with smoking quantity and has been...
INTRODUCTION
The common genetic variant (rs1051730) in the 15q24 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene cluster CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 was associated with smoking quantity and has been reported to be associated also with reduced ability to quit smoking in pregnant women but results were inconsistent in nonpregnant women. The aim of this study was to explore the association between rs1051730 and smoking cessation during pregnancy in a sample of Dutch women.
METHODS
Data on smoking during pregnancy were available from 1337 women, who ever smoked, registered at the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR). Logistic regression was used to assess evidence for the association of rs1051730 genotype on smoking during pregnancy. In a subsample of 561 women, we investigated the influence of partner's smoking. Educational attainment and year of birth were used as covariates in both analyses.
RESULTS
There was evidence for a significant association between having one or more T alleles of the rs1051730 polymorphism and the likelihood of smoking during pregnancy (p = .03, odds ratio = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.61). However, this association attenuated when adjusting for birth cohort and educational attainment (p = .37, odds ratio = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.87 to 1.43). In the subsample, smoking spouse was highly associated with smoking during pregnancy, even when educational attainment and birth cohort were included in the model.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results did not support a strong association between this genetic variant and smoking during pregnancy. However, a strong association was observed with the smoking behavior of the partner, regardless of the genotype of the women.
IMPLICATIONS
The present study emphasizes the importance of social influences like spousal smoking on the smoking behavior of pregnant women. Further research is needed to address the role of rs1051730 genetic variant in influencing smoking cessation and the interaction with important environmental factors like the smoking behavior of the partner.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alleles; Female; Genotype; Humans; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Netherlands; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Pregnancy; Receptors, Nicotinic; Smoking
PubMed: 29228387
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx267