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The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Nov 2005The common cold and influenza (flu) are the most common syndromes of infection in human beings. These diseases are diagnosed on symptomatology, and treatments are mainly... (Review)
Review
The common cold and influenza (flu) are the most common syndromes of infection in human beings. These diseases are diagnosed on symptomatology, and treatments are mainly symptomatic, yet our understanding of the mechanisms that generate the familiar symptoms is poor compared with the amount of knowledge available on the molecular biology of the viruses involved. New knowledge of the effects of cytokines in human beings now helps to explain some of the symptoms of colds and flu that were previously in the realm of folklore rather than medicine-eg, fever, anorexia, malaise, chilliness, headache, and muscle aches and pains. The mechanisms of symptoms of sore throat, rhinorrhoea, sneezing, nasal congestion, cough, watery eyes, and sinus pain are discussed, since these mechanisms are not dealt with in any detail in standard medical textbooks.
Topics: Anorexia; Chills; Common Cold; Cough; Fever; Headache; Humans; Influenza, Human; Pharyngitis; Sneezing
PubMed: 16253889
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X -
Cell Jul 2021Sneezing is a vital respiratory reflex frequently associated with allergic rhinitis and viral respiratory infections. However, its neural circuit remains largely...
Sneezing is a vital respiratory reflex frequently associated with allergic rhinitis and viral respiratory infections. However, its neural circuit remains largely unknown. A sneeze-evoking region was discovered in both cat and human brainstems, corresponding anatomically to the central recipient zone of nasal sensory neurons. Therefore, we hypothesized that a neuronal population postsynaptic to nasal sensory neurons mediates sneezing in this region. By screening major presynaptic neurotransmitters/neuropeptides released by nasal sensory neurons, we found that neuromedin B (NMB) peptide is essential for signaling sneezing. Ablation of NMB-sensitive postsynaptic neurons in the sneeze-evoking region or deficiency in NMB receptor abolished the sneezing reflex. Remarkably, NMB-sensitive neurons further project to the caudal ventral respiratory group (cVRG). Chemical activation of NMB-sensitive neurons elicits action potentials in cVRG neurons and leads to sneezing behavior. Our study delineates a peptidergic pathway mediating sneezing, providing molecular insights into the sneezing reflex arc.
Topics: Animals; Brain Stem; Disease Models, Animal; Hypersensitivity; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurokinin B; Neurons; Neuropeptides; Nose; RNA, Small Interfering; Reflex; Sensory Receptor Cells; Sneezing; TRPV Cation Channels; Video Recording; Mice
PubMed: 34133943
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.017 -
F1000prime Reports 2014In this paper, we review the current management of allergic rhinitis and new directions for future treatment. Currently, management includes pharmacotherapy, allergen... (Review)
Review
In this paper, we review the current management of allergic rhinitis and new directions for future treatment. Currently, management includes pharmacotherapy, allergen avoidance and possibly immunotherapy. The simple washing of nasal cavities using isotonic saline provides a significant improvement and is useful, particularly in children. The most effective medication in persistent rhinitis used singly is topical corticosteroid, which decreases all symptoms, including ocular ones. Antihistamines reduce nasal itch, sneeze and rhinorrhea and can be used orally or topically. When intranasal antihistamine is used together with topical corticosteroid, the combination is more effective and acts more rapidly than either drug used alone. Alternative therapies, such as homeopathy, acupuncture and intranasal carbon dioxide, or devices such nasal air filters or intranasal cellulose, have produced some positive results in small trials but are not recommended by Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA). In the field of allergic immunotherapy, subcutaneous and sublingual routes are currently used, the former being perhaps more efficient and the latter safer. Sublingual tablets are now available. Their efficacy compared to standard routes needs to be evaluated. Efforts have been made to develop more effective and simpler immunotherapy by modifying allergens and developing alternative routes. Standard allergen avoidance procedures used alone do not provide positive results. A comprehensive, multi-trigger, multi-component approach is needed, including avoidance of pollutants such as cigarette smoke.
PubMed: 25374672
DOI: 10.12703/P6-94 -
Journal of Neurosciences in Rural... 2015
PubMed: 25883505
DOI: 10.4103/0976-3147.153242 -
European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology,... Dec 2013Paranasal sinus cancers are rare, aggressive tumours that are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. They differ from other upper aerodigestive tract tumours in terms... (Review)
Review
Paranasal sinus cancers are rare, aggressive tumours that are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. They differ from other upper aerodigestive tract tumours in terms of risk factors (wood dust exposure) and premalignant lesions (inverted papillomas). The diagnosis should be suspected in the presence of unilateral and continuous nasal sinus symptoms or bone lysis or a heterogeneous opacity on imaging. The definitive positive diagnosis is based on histological examination. Staging must comprise face, brain, neck and chest CT as well as face and brain MRI. Tumours are stage T3-T4 in two-thirds of cases and are associated with cervical lymph node involvement in 10% of squamous cell carcinomas and 4% of adenocarcinomas. These tumours must be managed in reference centres experienced in all of the various treatment modalities. Treatment decisions must be based on a multidisciplinary approach comprising local, regional and national REFCOR expertise (French rare head and neck cancer network). Optimal treatment is surgical resection with clear margins associated with adjuvant intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Although it has been improved over recent decades, the prognosis remains poor with local recurrences occurring in 38% of cases and a five-year overall survival of about 63%.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Compensation and Redress; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Imaging; Endoscopy; Epistaxis; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Metastasis; Nasal Obstruction; Neoplasm Staging; Occupational Diseases; Olfaction Disorders; Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms; Physical Examination; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; Sneezing; Surgery, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 23523040
DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2012.07.007 -
Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory... Jun 2009Sneezing is a protective reflex, and is sometimes a sign of various medical conditions. Sneezing has been a remarkable sign throughout the history. In Asia and Europe,... (Review)
Review
Sneezing is a protective reflex, and is sometimes a sign of various medical conditions. Sneezing has been a remarkable sign throughout the history. In Asia and Europe, superstitions regarding sneezing extend through a wide range of races and countries, and it has an ominous significance. Although sneezing is a protective reflex response, little else is known about it. A sneeze (or sternutation) is expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth, most commonly caused by the irritation of the nasal mucosa. Sneezing can further be triggered through sudden exposure to bright light, a particularly full stomach and physical stimulants of the trigeminal nerve, as a result of central nervous system pathologies such as epilepsy, posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome or as a symptom of psychogenic pathologies. In this first comprehensive review of the sneeze reflex in the English literature, we aim to review the pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and complications of sneezing.
Topics: Animals; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Reflex; Rhinitis; Sneezing
PubMed: 19617285
DOI: 10.1177/1753465809340571 -
Indian Pediatrics Oct 2017
Topics: Child; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Psychotherapy; Sneezing
PubMed: 29120337
DOI: 10.1007/s13312-017-1153-8 -
Journal of the Royal College of... 1994
Review
Topics: Allergens; Asthma; Base Sequence; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Leucine; Receptors, IgE; Respiratory Sounds; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial; Sneezing
PubMed: 7884715
DOI: No ID Found -
Annali Di Igiene : Medicina Preventiva... 2021Health authorities and organizations consider non-medical face masks as an additional passive means to prevent virus diffusion. Communication strategies disseminate... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Health authorities and organizations consider non-medical face masks as an additional passive means to prevent virus diffusion. Communication strategies disseminate information among the population that such masks are essential for mitigating virus diffusion. However, scientific studies are not conclusive in showing the undisputed filtration efficiency of fabric/cloth facial masks (both commercial and homemade).
OBJECTIVES
This study examines scientific data about the effectiveness of face masks before and during the COVID-19 emergency. Present trends in the making of commercial and homemade fabric/cloth face masks are also examined.
METHODS
Statistical data of published studies are analyzed and compared. Main considerations and sugge-stions are also extracted and discussed. Current approaches are examined for assessing the characteristics and effectiveness of fabric/cloth commercial and homemade face masks intended for the population.
RESULTS
Conflicting data exist as to whether non-medical masks have a protective effect from the spread of respiratory viruses. Both medical masks (MDs) and respiratory personal protection equipment (PPE) show a given effectiveness value.
CONCLUSION
Concerning commercial and homemade fabric/cloth masks, giving general indications on the choice of materials and their assemblage is difficult as it is not possible to assess the effectiveness of the filter media with respect to the kind of multiphase fluid that may be emitted upon breathing, sneezing, or coughing under different environmental conditions. This is particularly important because airflow rate, temperature, humidity, and duration of use will affect the performance of filter media. Moreover, while a mask may have excellent filter media, droplets may leak into the face-piece unless there is an adequate facial seal. In the presence of leaks, any type of mask may actually offer less protection independently of its nominal filtering effìciency.
Topics: Aerosols; Air Microbiology; COVID-19; Cough; Equipment Design; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Filtration; Humans; Humidity; Masks; Polypropylenes; Respiration; SARS-CoV-2; Sneezing; Temperature; Textiles
PubMed: 33258868
DOI: 10.7416/ai.2020.2390