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Annals of Surgery Jul 2018The aim of this review was to summarize major topics in artificial intelligence (AI), including their applications and limitations in surgery. This paper reviews the key... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this review was to summarize major topics in artificial intelligence (AI), including their applications and limitations in surgery. This paper reviews the key capabilities of AI to help surgeons understand and critically evaluate new AI applications and to contribute to new developments.
SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA
AI is composed of various subfields that each provide potential solutions to clinical problems. Each of the core subfields of AI reviewed in this piece has also been used in other industries such as the autonomous car, social networks, and deep learning computers.
METHODS
A review of AI papers across computer science, statistics, and medical sources was conducted to identify key concepts and techniques within AI that are driving innovation across industries, including surgery. Limitations and challenges of working with AI were also reviewed.
RESULTS
Four main subfields of AI were defined: (1) machine learning, (2) artificial neural networks, (3) natural language processing, and (4) computer vision. Their current and future applications to surgical practice were introduced, including big data analytics and clinical decision support systems. The implications of AI for surgeons and the role of surgeons in advancing the technology to optimize clinical effectiveness were discussed.
CONCLUSIONS
Surgeons are well positioned to help integrate AI into modern practice. Surgeons should partner with data scientists to capture data across phases of care and to provide clinical context, for AI has the potential to revolutionize the way surgery is taught and practiced with the promise of a future optimized for the highest quality patient care.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Humans; Physician's Role; Surgeons; Surgical Procedures, Operative
PubMed: 29389679
DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002693 -
Journal of the American Board of Family... 2019Family physicians' role and interest in caring for underserved or undertreated patients is quite evident in this issue of JABFM. One in 5 family physicians provide...
Family physicians' role and interest in caring for underserved or undertreated patients is quite evident in this issue of JABFM. One in 5 family physicians provide urgent or emergency care, which is particularly important in rural areas. Methods and resources for obtaining information about social determinants of health are variable. A data-rich article considers how family medicine practice ownership might be associated with quality outcomes. We have articles on using text messages to increase HIV testing and colon cancer screening for Latino patients. For patients with significant behavioral health disorders, 1 article considers early posthospital follow-up to prevent readmission and another notes differences between the views of generalist physicians and psychiatrists on which specialty should test and manage antipsychotic-related metabolic disorders. Five articles provide topic-specific perspectives for diagnosis of systolic heart failure with preserved systolic function, primary care outpatient radiographs, polypharmacy in the elderly with dementia, supporting patients in self-management, and patient and family physician challenges in opioid prescribing. Furthermore, what happened to total opioid prescriptions when 1 version of opioid medication became more difficult to prescribe? Two articles provide treatment information for hepatitis C and initiation of basal insulin for diabetes.
Topics: Data Science; Family Practice; Humans; Physician's Role; Physicians, Family; Social Determinants of Health; Vulnerable Populations
PubMed: 31068390
DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2019.03.190082 -
British Journal of Hospital Medicine... Mar 2019
Topics: Antimicrobial Stewardship; Drug Industry; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Health Policy; Humans; Infections; Nurse's Role; Organizational Policy; Pharmacists; Physician's Role; Professional Role
PubMed: 30860917
DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2019.80.3.C42 -
Primary Dental Journal Mar 2020As part of the holistic approach to their patients, General Dental Practitioners are well placed to identify common skin lesions. Awareness and recognition of worrying... (Review)
Review
As part of the holistic approach to their patients, General Dental Practitioners are well placed to identify common skin lesions. Awareness and recognition of worrying lesions allow timely and appropriate referrals for further investigation and treatment. In this paper, we review benign, premalignant and malignant skin lesions, as well as genetic skin conditions. Past medical, family and social history (including sun exposure and previous cutaneous malignancy) is important. Examination includes the lesion, the skin type and the regional lymph nodes. The different common lesions are described, and the epidemiology, clinical features and treatment are discussed. Screening for skin lesions on the head and neck may be undertaken as part of overall dental care as part of the holistic examination of patients. Particularly with precancerous lesions and skin cancer, an early detection and referral from a dentist can expedite treatment and improve prognosis.
Topics: Dentists; Dermatology; Humans; Precancerous Conditions; Professional Role; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 32519610
DOI: 10.1177/2050168420911028 -
Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.) Mar 2021The purpose of this integrative review is to examine recent literature on the intersection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 novel coronavirus) and climate change that will lead... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this integrative review is to examine recent literature on the intersection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 novel coronavirus) and climate change that will lead to a greater understanding of the complexities of the urgent pandemic linked with the emerging climate crisis. A literature search for peer-reviewed, English language, literature published since the pandemic emerged was conducted using Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, and the Cochrane Library. The final sample yielded a total of 22 commentaries, editorials, discussion papers, and a research study that explicitly addressed the intersection of COVID-19 and climate change. Sixty articles emerged in the initial review of the intersection of the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change with the final yield of 22 articles deemed valid for inclusion after full text review. With the emergence of COVID-19 and scholarly discourse that addresses the intersection of the pandemic with climate change, key issues emerged that intersect with policy /advocacy, social justice, and nursing's public health role in clinical practice, education, policy/advocacy, and research/scholarship. Five themes that emerged included the role of public health in COVID-19 and climate change efforts; global approach addressing human-environment issues; intersection of COVID-19 and climate change from a community and global perspective; impacts of COVID-19, climate change and the environment and professional associations and specialty organizations' views and responsibilities with a lens on COVID-19 and climate change. Despite the importance of addressing racial inequities as well as systemic and structural racism that impacts those most affected by climate change and pandemics such as COVID-19, no literature addressed this topic. Public health nursing has a critical role in addressing climate change and the pandemic response to COVID 19 in the 21st century.
Topics: COVID-19; Climate Change; Humans; Nurse's Role; Public Health Nursing
PubMed: 33521994
DOI: 10.1111/phn.12866 -
Dental and Medical Problems 2021Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) constitute a heterogeneous group of disorders concerning temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and the surrounding structures. The etiology is... (Review)
Review
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) constitute a heterogeneous group of disorders concerning temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and the surrounding structures. The etiology is multifactorial, and comprises biological factors (e.g., internal derangements in TMJ), psychological factors (e.g., depression, anxiety and stress) and social factors (e.g., a learned response to pain). In accordance with the biopsychosocial model of health and illness, psychological factors are recognized as highly significant in the development of TMD. The aim of this review was to present the role of chosen mental disorders (depression, anxiety) in TMD and their significance for dental practitioners in the light of current knowledge. The PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant studies. Finally, 22 studies were included in this review. The gathered literature shows convincing evidence that mental derangements play a significant role in TMD by influencing the onset of the disorder, the course of the condition and the patient's response to treatment. However, the precise role of each mental disorder still requires further clarification.
Topics: Anxiety; Dentists; Humans; Professional Role; Temporomandibular Joint; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
PubMed: 33754501
DOI: 10.17219/dmp/132978 -
The Journals of Gerontology. Series B,... Jun 2019This article examines the implications of personality traits for social network connectedness in older adulthood, across different social relationships.
OBJECTIVES
This article examines the implications of personality traits for social network connectedness in older adulthood, across different social relationships.
METHODS
This article uses data from the National Social Life Health and Aging Project (NSHAP), a nationally-representative, longitudinal survey of community-dwelling older Americans (N = 2,261). Network characteristics were predicted using Poisson and negative binomial regression (for network size) as well as multilevel identity-linked and ordinal-logit-linked regressions (for tie strength).
RESULTS
Extraversion and agreeableness were associated with tie strength, and extraversion was weakly associated with friend network size. Few trait-by-role-relationship interactions emerged, although more-neurotic persons were more likely to talk about their health with friends.
DISCUSSION
Personality traits impact the strength of social network ties in older adulthood. However, traits may have minimal impact on network size. The consequences of personality also appear to be largely consistent across different social relationships.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Personality; Role; Social Behavior; Social Networking
PubMed: 29529263
DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx120 -
Atencion Primaria Apr 2019To critically analyse the concept of nursing prescription through the study of its background and a review of the scientific literature, in order to develop an accurate... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To critically analyse the concept of nursing prescription through the study of its background and a review of the scientific literature, in order to develop an accurate conception of this nursing activity and to identify the essential elements surrounding this concept.
METHOD
Application of the concept analysis method described by Wilson, and adapted by Avant.
RESULTS
The concept of nurse prescription implies prescribing, by the nurse, the best therapeutic regimen for a health problem. This prescription will be guided by the assessment of the health problem, by the criterion of the good clinical practice of the nurse, and will be focused to satisfy the health needs of the patient and the population.
CONCLUSIONS
The results clarify the meaning of the study's concept to help professionals understand and address this nursing activity in all its dimensions, and promote social recognition of the nursing profession.
Topics: Humans; Nurse's Role; Nursing Assessment; Practice Patterns, Nurses'
PubMed: 30343930
DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2018.06.006 -
Women and Birth : Journal of the... Jul 2023Little is known about the breadth of midwifery scope within Australia, and few midwives work to their full scope of practice. (Review)
Review
PROBLEM
Little is known about the breadth of midwifery scope within Australia, and few midwives work to their full scope of practice.
BACKGROUND
Midwives in Australia are educated and professionally accountable to work in partnership with childbearing women and their families, yet they are currently hindered from practicing within their full scope of practice by contextual influences.
AIMS
To perform a scoping review of the literature to map out the role and scope of contemporary midwifery practice in Australia To identify any key issues that impact upon working within the full scope of midwifery practice in the Australian context METHODS: A scoping review of the literature guided by the Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage methodological framework, and the 'best fit' framework synthesis using the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia's Midwifery Standards for Practice.
FINDINGS
Key themes that emerged from the review included Partnership with women; The professional role of the midwife; and Contextual influences upon midwifery practice.
DISCUSSION
Tensions were identified between the midwifery scope of practice associated with optimal outcomes for women and babies supported by current evidence and the actual role and scope of most midwives employed in models of care in the current Australian public healthcare system.
CONCLUSIONS
There is a mismatch between the operational parameters for midwifery practice in Australia and the evidence-based models of continuity of midwifery carer that are associated with optimal outcomes for childbearing women and babies and the midwives themselves.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Midwifery; Australia; Nurse's Role; Professional Role
PubMed: 36631386
DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2022.12.001 -
Journal of Health Organization and... Apr 2018Purpose Academic health centres (AHCs) are organisations that pursue a "tripartite" mission to deliver high-quality care to patients, undertake clinical and laboratory... (Review)
Review
Purpose Academic health centres (AHCs) are organisations that pursue a "tripartite" mission to deliver high-quality care to patients, undertake clinical and laboratory research, and train future health professionals. The last decade has seen a global spread of AHC models and a growing interest in the role of AHCs in addressing health system equity. The purpose of this paper is to synthesise and critically appraise the evidence on the role of AHCs in improving health equity. Design/methodology/approach Peer-reviewed and grey literature published in English between 2000 and 2016 were searched. Articles that identified AHCs as the primary unit of analysis and that also addressed health equity concepts in relation to the AHC's activity or role were included. Findings In total, 103 publications met the inclusion criteria of which 80 per cent were expert opinion. Eight descriptive themes were identified through which health equity concepts in relation to AHCs were characterised, described and operationalised: population health, addressing health disparities, social determinants of health, community engagement, global health, health system reform, value-based and accountable financing models, and role clarification/recalibration. There was consensus that AHCs can and should address health disparities, but there is a lack of empirical evidence to show that AHCs have a capacity to contribute to health equity goals or are demonstrating this contribution. Originality/value This review highlights the relevance of health equity concepts in discussions about the role and missions of AHCs. Future research should improve the quality of the evidence base by empirically examining health equity strategies and interventions of AHCs in multiple countries and contexts.
Topics: Academic Medical Centers; Health Equity; Health Policy; Professional Role; Quality Improvement
PubMed: 29624138
DOI: 10.1108/JHOM-09-2017-0255