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Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority... Oct 2020The present study investigated the reliability and validity of the Racial Socialization Competency Scale (RaSCS). As posited by the Racial Encounter Coping Appraisal and...
OBJECTIVES
The present study investigated the reliability and validity of the Racial Socialization Competency Scale (RaSCS). As posited by the Racial Encounter Coping Appraisal and Socialization Theory (RECAST), the RaSCS consists of 3 factors representing 3 novel dimensions of racial socialization competency present in families (e.g., stress, skills, and confidence).
METHOD
Responses to the RaSCS were collected from 361 self-identified Black and African American parents and primary caretakers across the United States.
RESULTS
After factor analysis, three scales and 27 items were maintained. Evidence was consistently found for 2 subscales within the stress dimension, namely "Call to Action" and "General" racial socialization stressors. Dimensions were also related to their respectively hypothesized constructs, including overall stress, racial socialization frequency, and self-efficacy.
CONCLUSIONS
Future directions and recommendations on the measure's use, particularly in the context of interventions, are also discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Racial Groups; Racism; Reproducibility of Results; Social Identification; Socialization; United States
PubMed: 31886685
DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000316 -
Physiology & Behavior Oct 2023The activity-based anorexia (ABA) animal model has been used in the laboratory to study the role of excessive physical activity in the manifestation of anorexia nervosa...
The activity-based anorexia (ABA) animal model has been used in the laboratory to study the role of excessive physical activity in the manifestation of anorexia nervosa (AN) in humans. Factors of social context are crucial in human health and the emergence of many psychological disorders, which have also been observed in studies using different mammal species that, like human beings, set their lives in groups. In the present study, the animals' social condition was manipulated to observe the effect of socialization in ABA development, and the possible different influence of the variable sex on the phenomenon. Eighty Wistar Han rats were distributed into four male and four female groups with 10 subjects each, manipulating social conditions (group housing or social isolation) and physical activity (access or not to a running wheel). Throughout the procedure, all groups had food restricted to 1 h/day during the light period. Furthermore, ABA experimental groups with access to the running wheel had two periods of access to the wheel of 2 h each, one before and the other after the food period. In this experiment, socialized rats were less vulnerable to weight loss during the procedure, although there were no differences between the ABA groups. Moreover, social enrichment was shown to be an enabling variable of the animals' recovery after their withdrawal from the procedure, with this effect being more pronounced in females. The results in this study suggest the need to further in the analysis of the role of socialization in the development of ABA.
Topics: Rats; Male; Female; Humans; Animals; Anorexia; Socialization; Rats, Wistar; Motor Activity; Anorexia Nervosa; Disease Models, Animal; Mammals
PubMed: 37328022
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114271 -
Current Opinion in Psychology Feb 2023Nostalgia (a sentimental longing for one's past) is a highly social emotion. We provide an evidence-based argument that nostalgia's sociality is one of its most defining... (Review)
Review
Nostalgia (a sentimental longing for one's past) is a highly social emotion. We provide an evidence-based argument that nostalgia's sociality is one of its most defining and impactful characteristics. First, we review evidence that has established the highly social content of nostalgic reflection. Second, we summarize research that has demonstrated nostalgia's capacity to provide a sense of connectedness with others, and that this social connectedness, in turn, conveys intrapersonal psychological benefits (i.e., meaning in life, self-continuity, optimism, inspiration). Third, we outline research that has documented the interpersonal consequences of nostalgia (e.g., greater physical closeness, strengthened relational goals, increased help seeking, intensified empathy, elevated prosocial behavior). Finally, we call for applied research to investigate how the social character of nostalgia can be harnessed to improve people's social lives.
Topics: Humans; Emotions; Social Behavior; Empathy; Altruism
PubMed: 36641833
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101545 -
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority... Oct 2020This study investigates whether and how racial discrimination is associated with ethnic-racial socialization in the family and how distinct aspects of ethnic-racial...
OBJECTIVES
This study investigates whether and how racial discrimination is associated with ethnic-racial socialization in the family and how distinct aspects of ethnic-racial socialization influence children's ethnic and American identity among Filipino American and Korean American families.
METHOD
The data are obtained from the Midwest Longitudinal Study of Asian American Families Project ( = 1,580; 379 Filipino American youths and 377 parents, and 410 Korean American youths and 414 parents; of youths = 15.01). Using the bootstrapping and maximum likelihood with missing values approaches, we conducted path analyses to test the hypothesized associations concurrently and longitudinally for each ethnic group.
RESULTS
Youth-reported racial discrimination was directly associated with weaker American identity, both concurrently and longitudinally. In concurrent models, racial discrimination experienced by both youth and parents was positively associated with youth-reported preparation for bias, which in turn was linked with stronger ethnic identity among Filipinos, whereas no indirect pathways reached statistical significance among Koreans. In longitudinal models, parent-reported discrimination was linked with higher levels of promotion of mistrust among both groups, which predicted weaker ethnic identity among Filipino youth but stronger American identity among Korean youth.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study highlights how exposure to racial discrimination may have a lasting influence in cultural identity development among Asian Americans and possibly through ethnic-racial socialization in the family, which might have been shaped by such experiences. Our results also underscore the importance of considering the experiences of both children and parents in studies of discrimination and ethnic-racial socialization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Adolescent; Asian; Child; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Racism; Social Identification; Socialization
PubMed: 32118457
DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000327 -
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority... Apr 2018The current study examined whether mothers' cultural socialization attitudes predicted cultural socialization behaviors. In addition, we tested whether this association...
OBJECTIVES
The current study examined whether mothers' cultural socialization attitudes predicted cultural socialization behaviors. In addition, we tested whether this association was moderated by children's effortful control, mothers' ethnic-racial centrality, and mothers' experiences of ethnic discrimination.
METHOD
Mexican-origin young mothers (N = 181; M = 20.97 years) completed the Cultural Socialization Attitudes Measure, a revised version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity, the Child Behavior Questionnaire-Very Short Form, and the Perceived Discrimination Scale during an interview and then completed the Cultural Socialization Behaviors Measure a year later.
RESULTS
Findings indicated that mothers' cultural socialization attitudes when their children were 4 years of age positively predicted their cultural socialization behaviors 1 year later. Furthermore, experiencing higher ethnic discrimination strengthened the association between mothers' cultural socialization attitudes and behaviors. In addition, mothers' ethnic-racial centrality and children's effortful control were positively associated with mothers' cultural socialization behaviors.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings contribute to the literature by underscoring the role of individual characteristics and context in cultural socialization efforts with young children over time. (PsycINFO Database Record
Topics: Adult; Attitude; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Culture; Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Male; Mexico; Mothers; Racism; Socialization; Young Adult
PubMed: 28872327
DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000176 -
Journal of School Psychology Oct 2020In addition to being involved and encouraging their youth academically, many African American caregivers also employ socialization practices that prepare their...
In addition to being involved and encouraging their youth academically, many African American caregivers also employ socialization practices that prepare their adolescents for entering into a school system where they will be an ethnic minority or be taught by predominantly non-minority educators. The purpose of the current investigation was to fill existing gaps in the literature by examining two dimensions of parental socialization practices: academic socialization (parent school involvement and academic encouragement) and racial socialization (cultural pride, preparation for bias, and egalitarian messages). Additionally, this study examined how the identified profiles are associated with African American adolescents' academic outcomes (academic engagement and academic self-beliefs). A latent profile analysis was utilized to analyze data on 140 African American adolescent participants (M = 12.4; SD = 1.13; 56% female). Profiles that were identified included (a) academic socializers, (b) low race salient socializers, (c) preparation for bias socializers, (d) unengaged socializers, (e) multifaceted socializers, and (f) race salient socializers. Although there was no demographic (age, gender, SES) variation in profile membership, there were some differences in academic engagement and adolescents' academic-self beliefs. Findings highlight the importance of examining how academic and racial socialization work together and their association with adolescents' academic outcomes. Implications are discussed for school psychologists and educators.
Topics: Academic Success; Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Black or African American; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Midwestern United States; Parenting; Racism; Self Concept; Social Values; Socialization
PubMed: 32988462
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2020.07.001 -
Developmental Psychology Mar 2020The goal of this study was to apply aspects of the heuristic model advanced by Eisenberg, Cumberland, and Spinrad (1998) to the study of socialization that takes place... (Review)
Review
The goal of this study was to apply aspects of the heuristic model advanced by Eisenberg, Cumberland, and Spinrad (1998) to the study of socialization that takes place in preschool and elementary school classrooms. Investigating socialization in this context is important given the number of hours students spend in school, the emotional nature of social interactions that take place involving teachers and students, and the emotions students often experience in the context of academic work. Guided by Eisenberg, Cumberland, et al.'s (1998) call to consider complex socialization pathways, we focus our discussion on ways teachers, peers, and the classroom context can shape students' emotion-related outcomes (e.g., self-regulation, adjustment) and academic-related outcomes (e.g., school engagement, achievement) indirectly and differentially (e.g., as a function of student or classroom characteristics). Our illustrative review of the intervention literature demonstrates that the proposed classroom-based socialization processes have clear applied implications, and efforts to improve socialization in the classroom can promote students' emotional and academic competence. We conclude our discussion by outlining areas that require additional study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Academic Success; Child; Emotions; Humans; Peer Group; School Teachers; Schools; Self-Control; Social Adjustment; Socialization
PubMed: 32077726
DOI: 10.1037/dev0000863 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Apr 2023Sociality is widespread among animals, and involves complex relationships within and between social groups. While intragroup interactions are often cooperative,...
Sociality is widespread among animals, and involves complex relationships within and between social groups. While intragroup interactions are often cooperative, intergroup interactions typically involve conflict, or at best tolerance. Active cooperation between members of distinct, separate groups occurs very rarely, predominantly in some primate and ant species. Here, we ask why intergroup cooperation is so rare, and what conditions favour its evolution. We present a model incorporating intra- and intergroup relationships and local and long-distance dispersal. We show that dispersal modes play a pivotal role in the evolution of intergroup interactions. Both long-distance and local dispersal processes drive population social structure, and the costs and benefits of intergroup conflict, tolerance and cooperation. Overall, the evolution of multi-group interaction patterns, including both intergroup aggression and intergroup tolerance, or even altruism, is more likely with mostly localized dispersal. However, the evolution of these intergroup relationships may have significant ecological impacts, and this feedback may alter the ecological conditions that favour its own evolution. These results show that the evolution of intergroup cooperation is favoured by a specific set of conditions, and may not be evolutionarily stable. We discuss how our results relate to empirical evidence of intergroup cooperation in ants and primates. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Collective behaviour through time'.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Social Behavior; Aggression; Altruism; Primates; Cooperative Behavior
PubMed: 36802776
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0074 -
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology May 2023Racism constitutes a significant risk to the mental health of African American children, adolescents, and emerging adults. This review evaluates recent literature... (Review)
Review
Racism constitutes a significant risk to the mental health of African American children, adolescents, and emerging adults. This review evaluates recent literature examining ethnic and racial identity, ethnic-racial socialization, religiosity and spirituality, and family and parenting as racial, ethnic, and cultural resilience factors that shape the impact of racism on youth mental health. Representative studies, purported mechanisms, and critiques of prior research are presented for each factor. Recent studies of racism and resilience revisit foundational resilience factors from prior research while reflecting new and important advances (e.g., consideration of gender, cultural context, structural racism), providing important insights for the development of prevention and intervention efforts and policy that can alleviate mental health suffering and promote health and mental health equity for African American youth.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Black or African American; Health Promotion; Mental Health; Racism; Social Identification; Socialization; Young Adult
PubMed: 36854288
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-015146 -
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority... Oct 2021Previous research suggests that parents' characteristics and race-related experiences shape the racial socialization messages they give their children. Parents' beliefs...
BACKGROUND
Previous research suggests that parents' characteristics and race-related experiences shape the racial socialization messages they give their children. Parents' beliefs about race may also relate to how they interpret and respond to race-related stressors. The current study drew on the Sociohistorical Integrative Model for the Study of Stress in Black Families to examine the moderating roles of gender and racial identity subscales (i.e., racial centrality, private regard, and public regard) on the relations between race-related stressors (i.e., personal, vicarious, and anticipated racial discrimination) and racial socialization.
METHOD
Path analyses were conducted in Mplus 8.2 using online survey data from a national sample of 567 African American parents of adolescents.
RESULTS
There were seven significant three-way interactions. Racial centrality and gender moderated the relations between both personal and vicarious racial discrimination and each racial socialization message. Private regard and gender moderated the relations between personal racial discrimination and preparation for bias and between vicarious racial discrimination and cultural socialization. Public regard and parent gender moderated the relation between personal racial discrimination and cultural socialization.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings highlighted that parents' experiences of personal, vicarious, and anticipated racial discrimination have different relations with their racial socialization messages. In addition, they highlighted that racial identity and parent gender are related to the type of racial socialization messages African American parents who are exposed to race-related stressors give their children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Adolescent; Black or African American; Child; Humans; Parenting; Parents; Racism; Social Identification; Socialization
PubMed: 34279979
DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000452