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Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia May 2022
Topics: Blood Pressure; Humans; Hypertension; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 35613187
DOI: 10.36660/abc.20220243 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2021Moderation in the use of salt (sodium chloride) in food and food preparations prevents the tendency of blood pressure to increase with age, and this is documented by...
Moderation in the use of salt (sodium chloride) in food and food preparations prevents the tendency of blood pressure to increase with age, and this is documented by many studies in current literature [...].
Topics: Blood Pressure; Diet; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Humans; Hypertension; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 34299228
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147608 -
Journal of Clinical Hypertension... Dec 2018The purpose of this review was to identify, summarize, and critically appraise studies on dietary salt and health outcomes that were published from August 2016 to March...
High sodium intake increases blood pressure and risk of kidney disease. From the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (August 2016 to March 2017).
The purpose of this review was to identify, summarize, and critically appraise studies on dietary salt and health outcomes that were published from August 2016 to March 2017. The search strategy was adapted from a previous systematic review on dietary salt and health. Studies that meet standards for methodological quality criteria and eligible health outcomes are reported in detailed critical appraisals. Overall, 47 studies were identified and are summarized in this review. Two studies assessed all-cause or disease-specific mortality outcomes, eight studies assessed morbidity reduction-related outcomes, three studies assessed outcomes related to symptoms/quality of life/functional status, 25 studies assessed blood pressure (BP) outcomes and other clinically relevant surrogate outcomes, and nine studies assessed physiologic surrogate outcomes. Eight of these studies met the criteria for outcomes and methodological quality and underwent detailed critical appraisals and commentary. Five of these studies found adverse effects of salt intake on health outcomes (BP; death due to kidney disease and initiation of dialysis; total kidney volume and composite of kidney function; composite of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events including, and risk of mortality); one study reported the benefits of salt restriction in chronic BP and two studies reported neutral results (BP and risk of CKD). Overall, these articles confirm the negative effects of excessive sodium intake on health outcomes.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Female; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Hypertension; Kidney Diseases; Male; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Middle Aged; Quality of Life; Retrospective Studies; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 30402970
DOI: 10.1111/jch.13408 -
Medical Sciences (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2021This paper examines evidence implicating migraine headache as a withdrawal symptom of excessive sodium chloride intake. Emerging research in food addiction posits that...
This paper examines evidence implicating migraine headache as a withdrawal symptom of excessive sodium chloride intake. Emerging research in food addiction posits that food and drug addictions share common features, such as withdrawal symptoms. Salt (sodium chloride) meets the criteria for the diagnosis of substance dependence, including withdrawal in which the substance is used to relieve withdrawal symptoms. The premonitory symptoms of migraine include food cravings for salty foods, which can alleviate migraine pain. Edema, possibly related to large amounts of salt consumed in binge eating, can cause approximately four pounds of retained fluid. This amount of fluid is similar to the fluid retained before the onset of migraine headache, which may be accompanied by polyuria. This paper proposes that inhibited withdrawal from highly processed food intake, rich in salt, mediates an association between increased sodium chloride intake and relief from migraine headache pain. The relief from withdrawal symptoms could also be a mediating factor that explains the controversial findings inversely associating dietary sodium intake with migraine history. Moreover, the withdrawal of retained sodium and edema related to the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may elucidate a potential mechanism in medication overuse headache. Further research is needed to investigate the pain experienced from sodium chloride withdrawal in migraine headache.
Topics: Headache Disorders, Secondary; Humans; Migraine Disorders; Pain; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 34842759
DOI: 10.3390/medsci9040067 -
Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) Mar 2024Salt sensitivity concerns blood pressure alterations after a change in salt intake (sodium chloride). The heart is a pump, and vessels are tubes; sodium can affect both.... (Review)
Review
Salt sensitivity concerns blood pressure alterations after a change in salt intake (sodium chloride). The heart is a pump, and vessels are tubes; sodium can affect both. A high salt intake increases cardiac output, promotes vascular dysfunction and capillary rarefaction, and chronically leads to increased systemic vascular resistance. More recent findings suggest that sodium also acts as an important second messenger regulating energy metabolism and cellular functions. Besides endothelial cells and fibroblasts, sodium also affects innate and adaptive immunometabolism, immune cell function, and influences certain microbes and microbiota-derived metabolites. We propose the idea that the definition of salt sensitivity should be expanded beyond high blood pressure to cellular and molecular salt sensitivity.
Topics: Humans; Sodium; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Endothelial Cells; Hypertension; Sodium Chloride; Blood Pressure
PubMed: 37675565
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.19489 -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1958
Topics: Humans; Iodine; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 13523379
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Typical Western diet, rich in salt, contributes to autoimmune disease development. However, conflicting reports exist about the effect of salt on neutrophil effector...
INTRODUCTION
Typical Western diet, rich in salt, contributes to autoimmune disease development. However, conflicting reports exist about the effect of salt on neutrophil effector functions, also in the context of arthritis.
METHODS
We investigated the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) on neutrophil viability and functions , and employing the murine K/BxN-serum transfer arthritis (STA) model.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The effects of NaCl and external reactive oxygen species (HO) were further examined on osteoclasts Hypertonic sodium-rich media caused primary/secondary cell necrosis, altered the nuclear morphology, inhibited phagocytosis, degranulation, myeloperoxidase (MPO) peroxidation activity and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, while increasing total ROS production, mitochondrial ROS production, and neutrophil elastase (NE) activity. High salt diet (HSD) aggravated arthritis by increasing inflammation, bone erosion, and osteoclast differentiation, accompanied by increased NE expression and activity. Osteoclast differentiation was decreased with 25 mM NaCl or 100 nM HO addition to isotonic media. In contrast to NaCl, external HO had pro-resorptive effects . We postulate that in arthritis under HSD, increased bone erosion can be attributed to an enhanced oxidative milieu maintained by infiltrating neutrophils, rather than a direct effect of NaCl.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Sodium; Sodium Chloride; Neutrophils; Reactive Oxygen Species; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxidative Stress; Arthritis; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 37600805
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174537 -
Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation :... Jul 2016Sodium balance is achieved within a matter of days and everything that enters should come out; sodium stores are of questionable relevance and sodium accumulation is... (Review)
Review
Sodium balance is achieved within a matter of days and everything that enters should come out; sodium stores are of questionable relevance and sodium accumulation is accompanied by weight gain. Careful balance studies oftentimes conflicted with this view, and long-term studies suggested that total body sodium (TBNa) fluctuates independent of intake or body weight. We recently performed the opposite experiment in that we fixed sodium intake for weeks at three levels of sodium intake and collected all urine made. We found weekly (circaseptan) patterns in sodium excretion that were inversely related to aldosterone and directly related to cortisol. TBNa was not dependent on sodium intake, but instead exhibited far longer (greater than or equal to monthly) infradian rhythms independent of extracellular water, body weight or blood pressure. To discern the mechanisms further, we delved into sodium magnetic resonance imaging (Na-MRI) to identify sodium storage clinically. We found that sodium stores are greater in men than in women, increase with age and are higher in hypertensive than normotensive persons. We have suggestive evidence that these sodium stores can be mobilized, also in dialysis patients. The observations are in accordance with our findings that immune cells regulate a hypertonic interface in the skin interstitium that could serve as a protective barrier. Returning to our balance studies, we found that due to biological variability in 24-h sodium excretion, collecting urine for a day could not separate 12, 9 or 6 g/day sodium intakes with the precision of tossing a coin. Every other daily urine sampling correctly classified a 3-g difference in salt intake less than half the time, making the gold standard 24-h urine collection of little value in predicting salt intake. We suggest that wobbles in expected outcomes can lead to novel clinical insights even with respect to banal salt questions.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Sodium Chloride; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 26410883
DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv343 -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Oct 2019
Topics: Aging; Appetite; Humans; Hypertension; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 31621779
DOI: 10.5935/abc.20190186 -
Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) Mar 2024Salt (sodium chloride) is an essential nutrient required to maintain physiological functions. However, for most people, daily salt intake far exceeds their physiological... (Review)
Review
Salt (sodium chloride) is an essential nutrient required to maintain physiological functions. However, for most people, daily salt intake far exceeds their physiological need and is habitually greater than recommended upper thresholds. Excess salt intake leads to elevation in blood pressure which drives cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Indeed, excessive salt intake is estimated to be responsible for ≈5 million deaths per year globally. For approximately one-third of otherwise healthy individuals (and >50% of those with hypertension), the effect of salt intake on blood pressure elevation is exaggerated; such people are categorized as salt sensitive and salt sensitivity of blood pressure is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death. The prevalence of salt sensitivity is higher in women than in men and, in both, increases with age. This narrative review considers the foundational concepts of salt sensitivity and the underlying effector systems that cause salt sensitivity. We also consider recent updates in preclinical and clinical research that are revealing new modifying factors that determine the blood pressure response to high salt intake.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Sodium Chloride; Hypertension; Cardiovascular Diseases; Blood Pressure
PubMed: 37721034
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.17959