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International Journal of Sport... Mar 2022Buffering agents have not been comprehensively profiled in terms of their capacity to influence water retention prior to exercise. The purpose of this investigation was... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Buffering agents have not been comprehensively profiled in terms of their capacity to influence water retention prior to exercise. The purpose of this investigation was to profile the fluid retention characteristics of sodium bicarbonate (BIC) and sodium citrate (CIT) to determine the efficacy of these buffering mediums as hyperhydrating agents. Nineteen volunteers (13 males and six females; age = 28.3 ± 4.9 years) completed three trials (randomized and cross-over design). For each trial, a baseline measurement of body mass, capillary blood, and urine was collected prior to ingestion of their respective condition (control condition [CON] = 25 ml/kg artificially sweetened water; BIC condition = CON + 7.5 g/L of sodium in the form of BIC; CIT condition = CON + 7.5 g/L of sodium in the form of CIT). The fluid loads were consumed in four equal aliquots (0, 20, 40 and 60 min; fluid intake was 1.972 ± 361 ml [CON]; 1.977 ± 360 ml [BIC]; 1.953 ± 352 ml [CIT]). Samples were recorded at 20 (body mass and urine) and 60 min (blood) intervals for 180 min. Blood buffering capacity (HCO3-) was elevated (p < .001) in both BIC (32.1 ± 2.2 mmol/L) and CIT (28.9 ± 3.8 mmol/L) at 180 min compared with CON (25.1 ± 1.8 mmol/L). Plasma volume expansion was greater (p < .001) in both BIC (8.1 ± 1.3%) and CIT (5.9 ± 1.8%) compared with CON (-1.1 ± 1.4%); whereas, total urine production was lower in BIC and CIT at 180 min (BIC vs. CON, mean difference of 370 ± 85 ml; p < .001; CIT vs. CON, mean difference of 239 ± 102 ml; p = .05). There were no increases observed in body mass (p = .9). Under resting conditions, these data suggest BIC and CIT induce a greater plasma hypervolemic response as compared with water alone.
Topics: Adult; Bicarbonates; Female; Humans; Male; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Citrate; Sweetening Agents; Water; Young Adult
PubMed: 34875625
DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0179 -
Microorganisms May 2022The development of bacterial resistance is an insistent global health care issue, especially in light of the dwindled supply of new antimicrobial agents. This mandates...
The development of bacterial resistance is an insistent global health care issue, especially in light of the dwindled supply of new antimicrobial agents. This mandates the development of new innovative approaches to overcome the resistance development obstacle. Mitigation of bacterial virulence is an interesting approach that offers multiple advantages. Employing safe chemicals or drugs to mitigate bacterial virulence is an additive advantage. In the current study, the in vitro antivirulence activities of citrate were evaluated. Significantly, sodium citrate inhibited bacterial biofilm formation at sub-MIC concentrations. Furthermore, sodium citrate decreased the production of virulence factors protease and pyocyanin and diminished bacterial motility. Quorum sensing (QS) is the communicative system that bacterial cells utilize to communicate with each other and regulate the virulence of the host cells. In the present study, citrate in silico blocked the QS receptors and downregulated the expression of QS-encoding genes. In conclusion, sodium citrate showed a significant ability to diminish bacterial virulence in vitro and interfered with QS; it could serve as a safe adjuvant to traditional antibiotic treatment for aggressive resistant bacterial infections such as infections.
PubMed: 35630488
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051046 -
Genes Sep 2022Epileptic encephalopathies may arise from single gene variants. In recent years, next-generation sequencing technologies have enabled an explosion of gene identification... (Review)
Review
Epileptic encephalopathies may arise from single gene variants. In recent years, next-generation sequencing technologies have enabled an explosion of gene identification in monogenic epilepsies. One such example is the epileptic encephalopathy SLC13A5 deficiency disorder, which is caused by loss of function pathogenic variants to the gene SLC13A5 that results in deficiency of the sodium/citrate cotransporter. Patients typically experience seizure onset within the first week of life and have developmental delay and intellectual disability. Current antiseizure medications may reduce seizure frequency, yet more targeted treatments are needed to address the epileptic and non-epileptic features of SLC13A5 deficiency disorder. Gene therapy may offer hope to these patients and better clinical outcomes than current available treatments. Here, we discuss SLC13A5 genetics, natural history, available treatments, potential outcomes and assessments, and considerations for translational medical research for an AAV9-based gene replacement therapy.
Topics: Citrates; Epilepsy; Genetic Therapy; Humans; Mutation; Seizures; Sodium; Spasms, Infantile; Symporters
PubMed: 36140822
DOI: 10.3390/genes13091655 -
Brain Communications Feb 2022Endoplasmic reticulum-based -lysine acetylation serves as an important protein quality control system for the secretory pathway. Dysfunctional endoplasmic...
Endoplasmic reticulum-based -lysine acetylation serves as an important protein quality control system for the secretory pathway. Dysfunctional endoplasmic reticulum-based acetylation, as caused by overexpression of the acetyl coenzyme A transporter AT-1 in the mouse, results in altered glycoprotein flux through the secretory pathway and an autistic-like phenotype. AT-1 works in concert with SLC25A1, the citrate/malate antiporter in the mitochondria, SLC13A5, the plasma membrane sodium/citrate symporter and ATP citrate lyase, the cytosolic enzyme that converts citrate into acetyl coenzyme A. Here, we report that mice with neuron-specific overexpression of SLC13A5 exhibit autistic-like behaviours with a jumping stereotypy. The mice displayed disrupted white matter integrity and altered synaptic structure and function. Analysis of both the proteome and acetyl-proteome revealed unique adaptations in the hippocampus and cortex, highlighting a metabolic response that likely plays an important role in the SLC13A5 neuron transgenic phenotype. Overall, our results support a mechanistic link between aberrant intracellular citrate/acetyl coenzyme A flux and the development of an autistic-like phenotype.
PubMed: 35146426
DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac002 -
Hamostaseologie Feb 2024
Topics: Humans; Sodium Citrate; Blood Platelets
PubMed: 38417800
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1782595 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Jun 2016The crystal structure of anhydrous tris-odium citrate, Na3(C6H5O7), has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using...
The crystal structure of anhydrous tris-odium citrate, Na3(C6H5O7), has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional theory (DFT). There are two independent five-coordinate Na(+) and one six-coordinate Na(+) cations in the asymmetric unit. The [NaO5] and [NaO6] polyhedra share edges and corners to form a three-dimensional framework. There are channels parallel to the a and b axes in which the remainder of the citrate anions reside. The only hydrogen bonds are an intra-molecular one between the hy-droxy group and one of the terminal carboxyl-ate O atoms and an intermolecular one between a methylene group and the hydroxyl O atom.
PubMed: 27308044
DOI: 10.1107/S2056989016007453 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022An amino acid analyzer method for the simultaneous determination of 20 free amino acids (FAAs) and glutathione (GSH) in (PV), , (PH) and (PJ) were developed. The...
An amino acid analyzer method for the simultaneous determination of 20 free amino acids (FAAs) and glutathione (GSH) in (PV), , (PH) and (PJ) were developed. The effects of different concentrations of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and ethanol on the extraction of free amino acids were investigated, and 120 g·L TCA was found to be ideal. The target analytes were eluted in sodium citrate buffer B1 (pH = 3.3) containing 135 mL·L ethanol and 1 mol·L sodium hydroxide (7 mL) and at the optimizing conversion time of sodium citrate buffer B2 (pH = 3.2) and sodium citrate buffer B3 (pH = 4.0) of 5.6 min, and the effective separation was achieved within 29.5 min. The developed method showed good linearity (R ≥ 0.9991) in the range of 1-250 µg·mL with good intra-day and inter-day precision (relative standard deviations ≤ 2.38%) and spike recovery (86.42-103.64%). GSH and cysteine were used to identify marine prawn and freshwater shrimp. Hydroxyproline and serine were used to distinguish PV and (MN) from others, respectively. The highest content of the total FAAs was found in PV, and principal component analysis revealed that PV had the highest comprehensive score for FAAs and GSH. Arginine was found to have the greatest influence on shrimp flavor.
PubMed: 36076785
DOI: 10.3390/foods11172599 -
International Journal of Sport... Jan 2023This study compared the recommended dose of sodium citrate (SC, 500 mg/kg body mass) and sodium bicarbonate (SB, 300 mg/kg body mass) for blood alkalosis (blood... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This study compared the recommended dose of sodium citrate (SC, 500 mg/kg body mass) and sodium bicarbonate (SB, 300 mg/kg body mass) for blood alkalosis (blood [HCO3-]) and gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS; number and severity). Sixteen healthy individuals ingested the supplements in a randomized, crossover design. Gelatin capsules were ingested over 15 min alongside a carbohydrate-rich meal, after which participants remained seated for forearm venous blood sample collection and completion of GIS questionnaires every 30 min for 300 min. Time-course and session value (i.e., peak and time to peak) comparisons of SC and SB supplementation were performed using linear mixed models. Peak blood [HCO3-] was similar for SC (mean 34.2, 95% confidence intervals [33.4, 35.0] mmol/L) and SB (mean 33.6, 95% confidence intervals [32.8, 34.5] mmol/L, p = .308), as was delta blood [HCO3-] (SC = 7.9 mmol/L; SB = 7.3 mmol/L, p = .478). Blood [HCO3-] was ≥6 mmol/L above baseline from 180 to 240 min postingestion for SC, significantly later than for SB (120-180 min; p < .001). GIS were mostly minor, and peaked 80-90 min postingestion for SC, and 35-50 min postingestion for SB. There were no significant differences for the number or severity of GIS reported (p > .05 for all parameters). In summary, the recommended doses of SC and SB induce similar blood alkalosis and GIS, but with a different time course.
Topics: Humans; Alkalosis; Eating; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Citrate; Cross-Over Studies
PubMed: 36109008
DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0083 -
PloS One 2023The feasibility of utilizing 4% sodium citrate as an alternative locking solution for central venous catheters (CVCs) (excluding dialysis catheters) was assessed. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Clinical application of 4% sodium citrate and heparin in the locking of central venous catheters (excluding dialysis catheters) in intensive care unit patients: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial.
OBJECTIVES
The feasibility of utilizing 4% sodium citrate as an alternative locking solution for central venous catheters (CVCs) (excluding dialysis catheters) was assessed.
METHODS
Using heparin saline and 4% sodium citrate as locking solution, then 152 patients in ICU undergoing infusion with central venous catheters, were randomly assigned to receive either 10 U/mL heparin saline or 4% sodium citrate. The used outcome indicators include: four indexes of blood coagulation at 10 minutes after locking and 7 d after the first locking, bleeding around the puncture site and subcutaneous hematoma rate, gastrointestinal bleeding rate, catheter indwelling time, catheter occlusion rate, catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) rate, rate of ionized calcium < 1.0 mmol/L. The main outcome indicator was the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) at 10 min after tube locking. The trial was approved by relevant authorities (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, no: ChiCTR2200056615, registered on February 9, 2022, http://www.chictr.org.cn; Ethics Committee of People's Hospital of Zhongjiang County, no: JLS-2021-034, approved at May 10, 2021, and no: JLS-2022-027, approved at May 30, 2022).
RESULTS
Among the main outcome measures, the heparin group showed a significant increase in APTT compared to the sodium citrate group at 10 min after locking (LSMD = 8.15, 95%Cl 7.1 to 9.2, P < 0.001). Among the secondary outcome measures, the heparin group demonstrated a significant increase in prothrombin time (PT) compared to the sodium citrate group at 10 minutes after locking (LSMD = 0.86, 95%CI 0.12 to 1.61, P = 0.024). It is found that APTT (LSMD = 8.05, 95%CI 6.71 to 9.4, P < 0.001), PT (LSMD = 0.78, 95%CI 0.14 to 1.42, P = 0.017) and fibrinogen (FB) (LSMD = 1.15, 95%CI 0.23 to 2.08, P = 0.014) at 7 d after locking are increased in the heparin group compared to sodium citrate group. There was no significant difference in catheter indwelling time between the two groups (P = 0.456). The incidence of catheter blockage was lower in sodium citrate group (RR = 0.36, 95%CI 0.15 to 0.87, P = 0.024). No CRBSI occurred in the two groups. Among the safety evaluation indexes, the incidence of bleeding around the puncture site and subcutaneous hematoma was lower in sodium citrate group (RR = 0.1, 95%CI 0.01 to 0.77, P = 0.027). There was no significant difference in the incidence of calcium ion < 1.0 mmol/L between the two groups (P = 0.333).
CONCLUSIONS
In ICU patients using CVCs (excluding dialysis catheters) infusion, employing 4% sodium citrate as a locking liquid can reduce the risk of bleeding and catheter occlusion without any hypocalcemia.
Topics: Humans; Heparin; Sodium Citrate; Central Venous Catheters; Anticoagulants; Calcium; Renal Dialysis; Catheters, Indwelling; Hemorrhage; Intensive Care Units; Hematoma; Catheter-Related Infections
PubMed: 37399185
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288117 -
Heliyon Jun 2023Several studies have shown that various anticoagulants used for collection of blood samples produce varying effects on haematological analyses. Tripotassium...
Variations in the full blood count parameters among apparently healthy humans in the Ho municipality using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium citrate and lithium heparin anticoagulants: A laboratory-based cross-sectional analytical study.
BACKGROUND
Several studies have shown that various anticoagulants used for collection of blood samples produce varying effects on haematological analyses. Tripotassium ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (KEDTA), sodium citrate and lithium heparin remain the most used anticoagulants employed in hematological analysis. There is paucity of data on the effect of these anticoagulants on haematological parameters in humans in Ghana. We assessed the suitability of KEDTA, sodium citrate and lithium heparin for routine Full Blood Count (FBC) investigation.
METHOD
A laboratory-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using blood samples from 55 conveniently sampled apparently healthy tertiary students from January 2021 to October 2021. Blood samples were taken from each participant into 3 anticoagulant tubes: KEDTA, sodium citrate and lithium heparin and FBC parameters estimated using the Mindray automated haematology analyzer. One-way ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U, Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis, Bland-Altman's plot and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient were used where appropriate to ascertain the level of variation, consistency, and agreements among and between results. Normality testing using Shapiro-Wilk test statistic revealed non-Gaussian distribution of data, hence, were presented as median, minimum, and maximum. Data generated were analyzed using STATA v15 and MedCalc v20 where appropriate for statistical analysis. -values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
The study comprised 34 males and 21 females. The median age for males (23 years: min = 20, max = 34) was statistically comparable (p = 0.2652) to that of females (22 years: min = 18, max = 34). We observed excellent consistency in the estimation of MCV (ICC = 0.94), MCH (ICC = 0.98), MCHC (ICC = 0.91), GRAN# (ICC = 0.92) and LYMPH% (ICC = 0.91) across the three anticoagulants. Heparin and KEDTA largely agreed on most of the FBC parameters, 50.0% (7/14) including HGB, MCV, MCH, PLT, LYMPH#, GRAN# and GRAN%. Meanwhile using KEDTA as a standard, heparin produced almost perfect agreement only in the assessment of RBC (CCC = 0.992) while a substantial agreement was observed in the assessment of HGB (0.971), HCT (0.958) and MCH (0.987). Citrate agreed substantially with KEDTA in the assessment of LYMPH% (CCC = 0.964) and moderately in the assessment of MCV (CCC = 0.948) and MCH (0.913). Overall, compared to KEDTA, heparin was highly precise and accurate in the estimation of HGB, RBC, HCT and MCH while citrate determined MCV and MCH more accurately and precisely.
CONCLUSION
Citrated blood consistently produced lower FBC values compared to heparin and KEDTA and hence suggests not reliable in the assessment of FBC among humans. Heparin agreed largely with KEDTA in the estimation of FBC parameters and may be used as a better alternative anticoagulant in the absence of KEDTA however with great caution.
PubMed: 37389085
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17311