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PloS One 2022Processed foods make up about 70 percent of the North American diet. Sulfites and other food preservatives are added to these foods largely to limit bacterial...
OVERVIEW
Processed foods make up about 70 percent of the North American diet. Sulfites and other food preservatives are added to these foods largely to limit bacterial contamination. The mouth microbiota and its associated enzymes are the first to encounter food and therefore likely to be the most affected.
METHODS
Eight saliva samples from ten individuals were exposed to two sulfite preservatives, sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite. One sample set was evaluated for bacteria composition utilizing 16s rRNA sequencing, and the number of viable cells in all sample sets was determined utilizing ATP assays at 10 and 40-minute exposure times. All untreated samples were analyzed for baseline lysozyme activity, and possible correlations between the number of viable cells and lysozyme activity.
RESULTS
Sequencing indicated significant increases in alpha diversity with sodium bisulfite exposure and changes in relative abundance of 3 amplicon sequence variants (ASV). Sodium sulfite treated samples showed a significant decrease in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, a marginally significant change in alpha diversity, and a significant change in the relative abundance for Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and for 6 ASVs. Beta diversity didn't show separation between groups, however, all but one sample set was observed to be moving in the same direction under sodium sulfite treatment. ATP assays indicated a significant and consistent average decrease in activity ranging from 24-46% at both exposure times with both sulfites. Average initial rates of lysozyme activity between all individuals ranged from +/- 76% compared to individual variations of +/- 10-34%. No consistent, significant correlation was found between ATP and lysozyme activity in any sample sets.
CONCLUSIONS
Sulfite preservatives, at concentrations regarded as safe by the FDA, alter the relative abundance and richness of the microbiota found in saliva, and decrease the number of viable cells, within 10 minutes of exposure.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Bacteria; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Muramidase; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sulfites
PubMed: 35390016
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265249 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2019Graft vasculopathy is the main feature of chronic rejection in organ transplantation, with oxidative stress being a major trigger. Inflammation-associated prooxidant...
Graft vasculopathy is the main feature of chronic rejection in organ transplantation, with oxidative stress being a major trigger. Inflammation-associated prooxidant processes may be controlled by antioxidants; however, interference with redox-regulated mechanisms is a complex endeavor. An essential feature of the cellular immune response is the acceleration of tryptophan (Trp) breakdown, leading to the formation of several bioactive catabolites. Long-term activation of this immunobiochemical pathway contributes to the establishment of a tolerogenic environment, thereby supporting allograft survival. Herein, the impact of the antioxidant sodium sulfite on the development of graft vasculopathy was assessed in murine aortic transplantation. Allogeneic (BALB/c to C57BL/6) heterotopic murine aortic transplantations were performed. Animals were left untreated or were treated with 10 l of 0.1 M, of 0.01 M sodium sulfite, or of 0.1 M sodium sulfate, intraperitoneally once/day, until postoperative day (POD) 100. Grafts were assessed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and adhesion molecule gene expression. Serum concentrations of tryptophan and its catabolite kynurenine (Kyn) were measured. On day 100, graft vasculopathy was significantly increased upon treatment with 0.1 M sodium sulfite, compared to allogeneic untreated controls ( = 0.004), which correlated with a significant increase of -smooth-muscle-actin, Vcam-1, and P-selectin. Serum Kyn concentrations increased in the allogeneic control group over time ( < 0.05, POD ≥ 50), while low-dose sodium sulfite treatment (0.01 M) treatment resulted in a decrease in Kyn levels over time ( < 0.05, POD ≥ 10), compared to the respective baselines ( < 0.05). Longitudinal analysis of serum metabolite concentrations in the different treatment groups further identified an overall effect of sodium sulfite on Kyn concentrations. Antioxidative treatment may result in ambivalent consequences. Our data reveal that an excess of antioxidants like sodium sulfite can aggravate allograft vasculopathy, which further highlights the challenges associated with interventions that interfere with the complex interplay of redox-regulated inflammatory processes.
Topics: Allografts; Animals; Aorta; Biomarkers; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Kynurenine; Major Histocompatibility Complex; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; P-Selectin; RNA, Messenger; Sulfites; Tryptophan; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; Vascular Diseases
PubMed: 31089419
DOI: 10.1155/2019/8461048 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section C,... May 2020The monoclinic crystal structure of NaSO(HO) is characterized by an alternating stacking of (100) cationic sodium-water layers and anionic sulfite layers along [100]....
The monoclinic crystal structure of NaSO(HO) is characterized by an alternating stacking of (100) cationic sodium-water layers and anionic sulfite layers along [100]. The cationic layers are made up from two types of [Na(HO)] octahedra that form linear [Na(HO)(HO)] chains linked by dimeric [Na(HO)(HO)] units on both sides of the chains. The isolated trigonal-pyramidal sulfite anions are connected to the cationic layers through an intricate network of O-H...O hydrogen bonds, together with a remarkable O-H...S hydrogen bond, with an O...S donor-acceptor distance of 3.2582 (6) Å, which is about 0.05 Å shorter than the average for O-H...S hydrogen bonds in thiosalt hydrates and organic sulfur compounds of the type Y-S-Z (Y/Z = C, N, O or S). Structural relationships between monoclinic NaSO(HO) and orthorhombic NaCO(HO) are discussed in detail.
PubMed: 32367823
DOI: 10.1107/S2053229620004404 -
Mycotoxin Research Nov 2020The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium sulfite (SoS) treatment of maize and its impact on the porcine immune system in the presence of an...
Sodium sulfite (SoS) as decontamination strategy for Fusarium-toxin contaminated maize and its impact on immunological traits in pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium sulfite (SoS) treatment of maize and its impact on the porcine immune system in the presence of an LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Control maize (CON) and Fusarium-toxin contaminated maize (FUS) were wet-preserved (20% moisture) for 79 days with (+) or without (-) SoS and then included at 10% in a diet, resulting in four experimental groups: CON-, CON+, FUS-, and FUS+ with deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations of 0.09, 0.05, 5.36, and 0.83 mg DON/kg feed, respectively. After 42-day feeding trial (weaned barrows, n = 20/group), ten pigs per group were challenged intraperitoneally with either 7.5 μg LPS/kg BW or placebo (0.9% NaCl), observed for 2 h, and then sacrificed. Blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen were collected for phenotyping of different T cell subsets, B cells, and monocytes. Phagocytic activity and intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed in both polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using flow cytometry. Our results revealed that the impact of DON was more notable on CD3CD4CD8 T cells in lymphoid tissues rather than in blood T cells. In contrast, SoS treatment of maize altered leukocyte subpopulations in blood, e.g., reduced the percentage and fluorescence signal of CD8 T cells. Interestingly, SoS treatment reduced the amount of free radicals in basal ROS-producing PMNs only in LPS-challenged animals, suggesting a decrease in basal cellular ROS production (p = 0.022).
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Decontamination; Food Contamination; Fusarium; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Mycotoxins; Phagocytosis; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfites; Swine; T-Lymphocyte Subsets; Zea mays
PubMed: 32902833
DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00403-x -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Nov 2022Sulfur dioxide-sulfites (E 220-228) were re-evaluated in 2016, resulting in the setting of a temporary ADI of 0.7 mg SO equivalents/kg bw per day. Following a European...
Follow-up of the re-evaluation of sulfur dioxide (E 220), sodium sulfite (E 221), sodium bisulfite (E 222), sodium metabisulfite (E 223), potassium metabisulfite (E 224), calcium sulfite (E 226), calcium bisulfite (E 227) and potassium bisulfite (E 228).
Sulfur dioxide-sulfites (E 220-228) were re-evaluated in 2016, resulting in the setting of a temporary ADI of 0.7 mg SO equivalents/kg bw per day. Following a European Commission call for data, the present follow-up opinion assesses data provided by interested business operators (IBOs) and additional evidence identified in the publicly available literature. No new biological or toxicological data addressing the data gaps described in the re-evaluation were submitted by IBOs. Taking into account data identified from the literature search, the Panel concluded that there was no substantial reduction in the uncertainties previously identified in the re-evaluation. Therefore, the Panel considered that the available toxicity database was inadequate to derive an ADI and withdrew the current temporary group acceptable daily intake (ADI). A margin of exposure (MOE) approach was considered appropriate to assess the risk for these food additives. A lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose of 38 mg SO equivalents/kg bw per day, which is lower than the previous reference point of 70 mg SO equivalents/kg bw per day, was estimated based on prolonged visual evoked potential latency. An assessment factor of 80 was applied for the assessment of the MoE. At the estimated dietary exposures, when using a refined exposure scenario (Data set D), MOEs at the maximum of 95th percentile ranges were below 80 for all population groups except for adolescents. The dietary exposures estimated using the maximum permitted levels would result in MOEs below 80 in all population groups at the maximum of the ranges of the mean, and for most of the population groups at both minimum and maximum of the ranges at the 95th percentile. The Panel concluded that this raises a safety concern for both dietary exposure scenarios. The Panel also performed a risk assessment for toxic elements present in sulfur dioxide-sulfites (E 220-228), based on data submitted by IBOs, and concluded that the maximum limits in the EU specifications for arsenic, lead and mercury should be lowered and a maximum limit for cadmium should be introduced.
PubMed: 36440381
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7594 -
ACS Omega Mar 2020Food additives, such as hypochlorous acid water, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite, strongly affect the chemical and biological properties of vitamin B...
Food Additives (Hypochlorous Acid Water, Sodium Metabisulfite, and Sodium Sulfite) Strongly Affect the Chemical and Biological Properties of Vitamin B in Aqueous Solution.
Food additives, such as hypochlorous acid water, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite, strongly affect the chemical and biological properties of vitamin B (cyanocobalamin) in aqueous solution. When cyanocobalamin (10 μmol/L) was treated with these compounds, hypochlorous acid water (an effective chlorine concentration of 30 ppm) rapidly reacted with cyanocobalamin. The maximum absorptions at 361 and 550 nm completely disappeared by 1 h, and vitamin B activity was lost. There were no significant changes observed in the absorption spectra of cyanocobalamin for 0.01% (w/v) sodium metabisulfite; however, a small amount of the reaction product was formed within 48 h, which was subsequently identified as sulfitocobalamin through high-performance liquid chromatography. Similar results were shown for sodium sulfite. The effects of these food additives on the vitamin B content of red shrimp and beef meats were determined, revealing no significant difference in vitamin B content of shrimp and beef meats with or without the treatment even in hypochlorous acid water. The results suggest that these food additives could not react with food vitamin B in food, as most of this vitamin present in food is its protein-bound form rather than the free form.
PubMed: 32226906
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00425 -
Dental Materials Journal Sep 2020The purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effect of two-liquid silane-phosphate primer and single-liquid sodium sulfite primer on bonding between...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effect of two-liquid silane-phosphate primer and single-liquid sodium sulfite primer on bonding between self-polymerizing resins and feldspathic ceramics, and to promote the polymerization behavior of self-polymerizing resins at the bonding interface. The silane-phosphate primer (Super-Bond PZ Primer; PZ) and the sodium sulfite primer (Teeth Primer; TP) were used as the surface treatment agents for bonding the feldspathic ceramics and the self-polymerizing resins (MMA-TBB resin and 4-META/MMA-TBB resin). Combined PZ and TP showed high shear bond strengths. The peak of the differential scanning calorimetry curve was shown to occur early through the addition of TP. These results indicated that additional TP promoted the conversion in the initial polymerization of resin, and the firmly bond was obtained at the interface. PZ+TP treatment can be regarded as an effective treatment for a temporary splint used in teeth restoration.
Topics: Ceramics; Dental Bonding; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Phosphates; Resin Cements; Shear Strength; Silanes; Sulfites; Surface Properties
PubMed: 32404563
DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-159 -
Polymers Dec 2022Bamboo has become an important kind of fibrous raw material in the world due to its fast-growing property and abundance of natural fiber. During the purification and...
Bamboo has become an important kind of fibrous raw material in the world due to its fast-growing property and abundance of natural fiber. During the purification and utilization of bamboo fiber, the removal of lignin is vital and it is affected by the chemical treatment system and drying method. In this paper, the effects of three different delignification chemical systems and three drying methods (air drying, drying and freeze drying) on the physical and chemical properties of bamboo fiber were comparatively studied. The results prove that all three delignification techniques can effectively remove lignin from wood, and by utilizing peroxyformic acid and alkaline sodium sulfite, hemicellulose can be removed to a certain extent. With the selective removal of amorphous hemicellulose and lignin and the hydrolysis of cellulose molecular chains in amorphous regions, all three treatments contributed to an increase in the relative crystallinity of cellulose (ranging from 55% to 60%). Moreover, it was found that the drying methods exerted a certain influence on the mechanical properties of fiber. For instance, drying or air drying would improve the tensile strength of fiber significantly, approximately 2-3.5 times that of original bamboo fiber, and the tensile strength of the drying group reached 850-890 MPa. In addition, the alkaline sodium sulfite treatment had little effect on the thermal stability of bamboo fiber, resulting in high thermal stability of the prepared samples, and the residual mass reached 25-37%. On the contrary, the acetic acid/hydrogen peroxide method exerted great influence on the thermal stability of bamboo fiber, giving rise to a relatively poor thermal stability of prepared fibers, and the residual mass was only about 15%. Among the three drying methods, samples under air drying treatment had the highest residual mass, while those under freeze drying had the lowest. To summarize, the alkaline sodium sulfite method is more suitable for preparing bamboo fiber with higher tensile strength and thermal stability.
PubMed: 36559831
DOI: 10.3390/polym14245464 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2022The effects of CHCOOH and NaSO pretreatment on the structural properties and hydrolyzability of fast-growing were investigated. Acetic acid increased cellulose's...
The effects of CHCOOH and NaSO pretreatment on the structural properties and hydrolyzability of fast-growing were investigated. Acetic acid increased cellulose's crystallinity and hydrolyzability when combined with alkaline sodium sulfite and sodium hydroxide. The cellulose content increased by 21%, the lignin content decreased by 6%, and the product showed better enzymatic digestibility. With a cellulase dose of 30 FPU/g DM, after 72 h hydrolysis, the hydrolysis yields of glucose and xylose were 78% and 83%, respectively, which were 51% and 69% higher than those of untreated materials. When the enzyme dosage was 20 FPU/g DM, after 72 h hydrolysis, the hydrolysis yields of glucose and xylose were 74% and 79%, respectively. The high hydrolyzability, low enzyme loading, and high hydrolysis yield demonstrate the potential of the proposed system for producing platform sugars from fast-growing .
Topics: Acetic Acid; Cellulose; Glucose; Sulfites; Xylose
PubMed: 35628579
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105775 -
Polymers Oct 2022The green macroalga was cooked with 5%, 10%, and 20% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for 4 h (5-N, 10-N, and 20-N groups, respectively); with 5%, 10%, and 20% sodium sulfite...
The green macroalga was cooked with 5%, 10%, and 20% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for 4 h (5-N, 10-N, and 20-N groups, respectively); with 5%, 10%, and 20% sodium sulfite (NaSO) for 4 h (5-NS, 10-NS, and 20-NS groups, respectively); and with 5%, 10%, and 20% NaOH for 2 h and 1% hydrogen peroxide (HO) for 2 h (5-NH, 10-NH, and 20-NH groups, respectively). The 5-NH handsheet showed the best mechanical properties; however, the 10-NH pulp was easier to separate than 5-NH during handsheet making, and 10-NH was more suitable for the industrial process. Thus, the 10-NH group showed the optimal production conditions with an optimal length/width ratio, crystallinity index (CI%), three-dimensional (3D) configuration, and mechanical strength. Substituting 20% 10-NH pulp with wood pulp had no significant effect on the mechanical properties of the 100% wood pulp handsheet. However, the fibers of the NS group were flatter and lost their 3D configuration, resulting in low mechanical strength. Overall, had its own optimal cooking condition, which was not the same as for wood pulp, and it has potential as a substitute for wood pulp in papermaking.
PubMed: 36236109
DOI: 10.3390/polym14194162