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Medical Principles and Practice :... 2011Dental caries is a diet-associated disease which continues to be a serious health problem in most industrialized and developing countries. Strategies to maximize caries... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Dental caries is a diet-associated disease which continues to be a serious health problem in most industrialized and developing countries. Strategies to maximize caries prevention should automatically consider the use of sugar substitutes. It is important that public health authorities are made cognizant of the availability of new polyol-type sugar substitutes.
REVIEW SUMMARY
Clinical studies have shown that xylitol, a natural, physiologic sugar alcohol of the pentitol type, can be used as a safe and effective caries-limiting sweetener. Habitual use of xylitol-containing food and oral hygiene adjuvants has been shown to reduce the growth of dental plaque, to interfere with the growth of caries-associated bacteria, to decrease the incidence of dental caries, and to be associated with remineralization of caries lesions. Numerous public regulatory bodies have endorsed the use of xylitol as a caries-limiting agent. Other sugar alcohols that have been successfully used as sugar substitutes include D-glucitol (sorbitol), which, however, owing to its hexitol nature, normally has no strong effect on the mass and adhesiveness of bacterial plaque and on the growth of mutans streptococci. A tetritol-type alditol, erythritol, has shown potential as a non-cariogenic sugar substitute. Combinations of xylitol and erythritol may reduce the incidence of caries more effectively than either alditol alone.
CONCLUSIONS
Partial sugar substitution with polyols is an important dietary tool in the prevention of dental caries that should be used to enhance existing fluoride-based caries prevention programmes. The most effective method of conveying this information to the public is through a proper health claim for these alditols in food labelling. The present review summarizes clinical and biochemical aspects of the above three dietary polyols and emphasizes the role of sugar substitution as a potential health-promoting strategy.
Topics: Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Erythritol; Humans; Public Health; Sorbitol; Sugar Alcohols; Sweetening Agents; Xylitol
PubMed: 21576989
DOI: 10.1159/000324534 -
American Journal of Obstetrics and... Aug 2022A short cervix is a risk factor for preterm birth. The molecular drivers of a short cervix remain elusive. Metabolites may function as mediators of pathologic processes.
BACKGROUND
A short cervix is a risk factor for preterm birth. The molecular drivers of a short cervix remain elusive. Metabolites may function as mediators of pathologic processes.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to determine if a distinct cervicovaginal metabolomic profile is associated with a short cervix (<25 mm) to unveil the potential mechanisms by which premature cervical remodeling leads to a short cervix.
STUDY DESIGN
This was a secondary analysis of a completed prospective pregnancy cohort. Cervicovaginal fluid was obtained between 20 and 24 weeks' gestation. The participants selected for metabolomic profiling were frequency-matched by birth outcome and cervicovaginal microbiota profile. This analysis included 222 participants with cervical length measured. A short cervix was defined as one having length <25 mm, as measured by transvaginal ultrasound. Unpaired t-tests were performed with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.
RESULTS
There were 27 participants with a short cervix, and 195 with normal cervical length. Of the 637 metabolites detected, 26 differed between those with a short cervix and those with normal cervical lengths; 22 were decreased, of which 21 belonged to the lipid metabolism pathway (all P<.000079). Diethanolamine, erythritol, progesterone, and mannitol or sorbitol were increased in the cases of short cervix. Among participants with Lactobacillus-deficient microbiota, only diethanolamine and mannitol or sorbitol differed between short cervix (n=17) and normal cervical length (n=75), both increased.
CONCLUSION
A short cervix is associated with decreased cervicovaginal lipid metabolites, particularly sphingolipids. This class of lipids stabilizes cell membranes and protects against environmental exposures. Increased diethanolamine-an immunostimulatory xenobiotic-is associated with a short cervix. These observations begin to identify the potential mechanisms by which modifiable environmental factors may invoke cell damage in the setting of biological vulnerability, thus promoting premature cervical remodeling in spontaneous preterm birth.
Topics: Cervical Length Measurement; Cervix Uteri; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lipids; Mannitol; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Premature Birth; Prospective Studies; Sorbitol
PubMed: 35469813
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.04.031 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section F,... Nov 2016Bradyrhizobium japonicum sorbitol dehydrogenase is NADH-dependent and is active at elevated temperatures. The best substrate is D-glucitol (a synonym for D-sorbitol),...
Bradyrhizobium japonicum sorbitol dehydrogenase is NADH-dependent and is active at elevated temperatures. The best substrate is D-glucitol (a synonym for D-sorbitol), although L-glucitol is also accepted, giving it particular potential in industrial applications. Crystallization led to a hexagonal crystal form, with crystals diffracting to 2.9 Å resolution. In attempts to phase the data, a molecular-replacement solution based upon PDB entry 4nbu (33% identical in sequence to the target) was found. The solution contained one molecule in the asymmetric unit, but a tetramer similar to that found in other short-chain dehydrogenases, including the search model, could be reconstructed by applying crystallographic symmetry operations. The active site contains electron density consistent with D-glucitol and phosphate, but there was not clear evidence for the binding of NADH. In a search for the features that determine the thermostability of the enzyme, the T for the orthologue from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, for which the structure was already known, was also determined, and this enzyme proved to be considerably less thermostable. A continuous β-sheet is formed between two monomers in the tetramer of the B. japonicum enzyme, a feature not generally shared by short-chain dehydrogenases, and which may contribute to thermostability, as may an increased Pro/Gly ratio.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Bradyrhizobium; Catalytic Domain; Cloning, Molecular; Crystallography, X-Ray; Enzyme Stability; Escherichia coli; Gene Expression; Hot Temperature; L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase; Models, Molecular; Plasmids; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical; Protein Conformation, beta-Strand; Protein Multimerization; Recombinant Proteins; Rhodobacter sphaeroides; Sorbitol; Substrate Specificity; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 27827356
DOI: 10.1107/S2053230X16016927 -
Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Apr 2019
Topics: Glycine; Humans; Isotonic Solutions; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Sorbitol; Therapeutic Irrigation; Transurethral Resection of Prostate
PubMed: 30967521
DOI: 10.4097/kja.19078 -
ChemSusChem Mar 2022Isosorbide is one of the most interesting cellulosic-derived molecules with great potential to be implemented in wide range of products that shaping our daily life. This... (Review)
Review
Isosorbide is one of the most interesting cellulosic-derived molecules with great potential to be implemented in wide range of products that shaping our daily life. This Review describes the recent developments in the production of isosorbide from sorbitol in batch and continuous-flow systems under hydrothermal conditions using solid acid catalysts. Moreover, the current hurdles and challenges regarding the synthesis of isosorbide from cellulosic biomass in continuous-flow process using solid acid catalysts are summarized, as well as the scaling-up of this process into pilot level, which will lead to an established industrial process with high sustainability metrics.
Topics: Biomass; Catalysis; Dehydration; Humans; Isosorbide; Sorbitol
PubMed: 34931452
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102525 -
Acta Pharmacologica Sinica Jan 2019Epalrestat is an inhibitor of aldose reductase in the polyol pathway and is used for the management of diabetic neuropathy clinically. Our pilot experiments and...
Epalrestat is an inhibitor of aldose reductase in the polyol pathway and is used for the management of diabetic neuropathy clinically. Our pilot experiments and accumulated evidences showed that epalrestat inhibited polyol pathway and reduced sorbitol production, and suggested the potential renal protection effects of epalrestat on diabetic nephropathy (DN). To evaluate the protective effect of epalrestat, the db/db mice were used and exposed to epalrestat for 8 weeks, both the physiopathological condition and function of kidney were examined. For the first time, we showed that epalrestat markedly reduced albuminuria and alleviated the podocyte foot process fusion and interstitial fibrosis of db/db mice. Metabolomics was employed, and metabolites in the plasma, renal cortex, and urine were profiled using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based metabolomic platform. We observed an elevation of sorbitol and fructose, and a decrease of myo-inositol in the renal cortex of db/db mice. Epalrestat reversed the renal accumulation of the polyol pathway metabolites of sorbitol and fructose, and increased myo-inositol level. Moreover, the upregulation of aldose reductase, fibronectin, collagen III, and TGF-β1 in renal cortex of db/db mice was downregulated by epalrestat. The data suggested that epalrestat has protective effects on DN, and the inhibition of aldose reductase and the modulation of polyol pathway in nephritic cells be a potentially therapeutic strategy for DN.
Topics: Albuminuria; Aldehyde Reductase; Animals; Diabetic Nephropathies; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fructose; Inositol; Kidney; Male; Metabolomics; Mice; Protective Agents; Rhodanine; Sorbitol; Thiazolidines
PubMed: 29930278
DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0043-5 -
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal Oct 2020The worldwide prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is around 25%, and that of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) ranges from 1.5% to 6.45%. Patients with...
The worldwide prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is around 25%, and that of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) ranges from 1.5% to 6.45%. Patients with NASH, especially those with fibrosis, are at higher risk for adverse outcomes such as cirrhosis and liver-related mortality. Although vitamin E, pioglitazone, and liraglutide improved liver histology in randomized trials, there are currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for NASH. Five pharmacologic agents-obeticholic acid, elafibranor, cenicriviroc, resmetirom, and aramchol-are being evaluated in large, histology-based phase 3 trials. Within 2 to 4 years, new and effective drugs for the treatment of NASH are expected. Additionally, many phase 2 trials are ongoing for various agents. Based on the results of phase 2 and 3 trials, combination treatments are also being investigated. Future treatment strategies will comprise drug combinations and precision medicine based on the different phenotypes of NASH and treatment response of the individual patient.
Topics: Anhydrides; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; End Stage Liver Disease; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Humans; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Severity of Illness Index; Sorbitol
PubMed: 33115209
DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0115 -
Analytical Chemistry Jul 2008Reported here is the mass spectral identification of sorbitol-based nuclear clarifying agents (NCAs) and the quantitative description of their extractability from common...
Reported here is the mass spectral identification of sorbitol-based nuclear clarifying agents (NCAs) and the quantitative description of their extractability from common laboratory and household plasticware made of polypropylene. NCAs are frequently added to polypropylene to improve optical clarity, increase performance properties, and aid in the manufacturing process of this plastic. NCA addition makes polypropylene plasticware more aesthetically pleasing to the user and makes the product competitive with other plastic formulations. We show here that several NCAs are readily extracted with either ethanol or water from plastic labware during typical laboratory procedures. Observed levels ranged from a nanogram to micrograms of NCA. NCAs were also detected in extracts from plastic food storage containers; levels ranged from 1 to 10 microg in two of the three brands tested. The electron ionization mass spectra for three sorbitol-based nuclear clarifying agents (1,3:2,4-bis-O-(benzylidene)sorbitol, 1,3:2,4-bis-O-(p-methylbenzylidene)sorbitol, 1,3:2,4-bis-O-(3,4-dimethylbenzylidene)sorbitol) are presented for the native and trimethylsilyl-derivatized compounds together with the collision-induced dissociation mass spectra; gas and liquid chromatographic data are also reported. These NCAs now join other well-known plasticizers such as phthalate esters and bisphenol A as common laboratory contaminants. While the potential toxicity of NCAs in mammalian systems is unknown, the current data provide scientists and consumers the opportunity to make more informed decisions regarding the use of polypropylene plastics.
Topics: Molecular Structure; Plastics; Polypropylenes; Sorbitol; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
PubMed: 18533681
DOI: 10.1021/ac8005632 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Jan 2015GAM-1 and GAM-2, two themostable glucoamylases from Aspergillus niger B-30, possess different molecular masses, glycosylation, and thermal stability. In the present...
GAM-1 and GAM-2, two themostable glucoamylases from Aspergillus niger B-30, possess different molecular masses, glycosylation, and thermal stability. In the present study, the effects of additives on the thermal inactivation of GAM-1 and GAM-2 were investigated. The half-lives of GAM-1 and GAM-2 at 70°C were 45 and 216 min, respectively. Data obtained from fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, UV absorption spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering demonstrated that during the thermal inactivation progress, combined with the loss of the helical structure and a majority of the tertiary structure, tryptophan residues were partially exposed and further led to glucoamylases aggregating. The thermal stability of GAM-1 and GAM-2 was largely improved in the presence of sorbitol and trehalose. Results from spectroscopy and Native-PAGE confirmed that sorbitol and trehalose maintained the native state of glucoamylases and prevented their thermal aggregation. The loss of hydrophobic bonding and helical structure was responsible for the decrease of glucoamylase activity. Additionally, sorbitol and trehalose significantly increased the substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency of the two glucoamylases. Our results display an insight into the thermal inactivation of glucoamylases and provide an important base for industrial applications of the thermally stable glucoamylases.
Topics: Aspergillus niger; Circular Dichroism; Enzyme Stability; Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase; Glycosylation; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Kinetics; Molecular Weight; Sorbitol; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Trehalose
PubMed: 25179903
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1406.06045 -
Journal of Virological Methods Nov 2022Adeno-associated virus (AAV) have long been one of the most common and versatile vectors for in vitro and in vivo gene transfer. AAV production protocols are complex and...
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) have long been one of the most common and versatile vectors for in vitro and in vivo gene transfer. AAV production protocols are complex and time consuming, one key concern is the recovery and infectivity of viral vector after purification. The buffer used in the storage of AAV at 4 °C and - 80 °C is a crucial factor and methods to improve it have been thoroughly investigated. Viral core facilities have developed formulas using either 0.001% Pluronic F68 or 5% sorbitol in their storage buffers based on the results of this research. Interestingly, few use formulations that include both a non-ionic surfactant and cryopreservative. In this study, AAV9 stored at 4 °C and at - 80 °C in the standard buffers is compared to a buffer that contains 5% glycerol and 0.001% Pluronic F68. By viral genome quantitation with qPCR, all three formulations show the same extent of viral titer loss at 4 °C, while after several cycles of freeze/thaws at - 80 °C, the viral recovery and infectivity in the preparation with both glycerol and Pluronic F68 was most stable compared to the other buffers.
Topics: Dependovirus; Genetic Vectors; Glycerol; Poloxamer; Sorbitol; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 35940276
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114598